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Biosurfactant

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Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances.

Classification

Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as particulate surfactants.

Examples

Phosphatidylcholine, also known as lecithin, is a pervasive biological surfactant. Shown in red – choline and phosphate group; black – glycerol; green – monounsaturated fatty acid; blue – saturated fatty acid.

Common biosurfactants include:

Microbial biosurfactants are obtained by including immiscible liquids in the growth medium.

Applications

Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.

Oil spill remediation

Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, thus they have the potential to solubilise hydrocarbon contaminants and increase their availability for microbial degradation. In addition, biosurfactants can modify the cell surface of bacteria that biodegrade hydrocarbons, which can also increase the biodegradability of these pollutants to cells. These compounds can also be used in enhanced oil recovery and may be considered for other potential applications in environmental protection.

References

  1. ^ Mulligan, Catherine N. (2005). "Environmental applications for biosurfactants". Environmental Pollution. 133 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.06.009. PMID 15519450.
  2. ^ Ron, Eliora Z.; Rosenberg, Eugene (2001). "Natural roles of biosurfactants. Minireview". Environmental Microbiology. 3 (4): 229–236. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00190.x. PMID 11359508.
  3. ^ Gutnick, D. L.; Bach, H. (2000). "Engineering bacterial biopolymers for the biosorption of heavy metals; new products and novel formulations". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 54 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1007/s002530000438. PMID 11092618. S2CID 23991659.
  4. Zahed MA, Matinvafa MA, Azari A, Mohajeri L (April 2022). "Biosurfactant, a green and effective solution for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment". Discover Water. 2 (1): 5. Bibcode:2022DiWat...2....5Z. doi:10.1007/s43832-022-00013-x.
  5. Desai JD, Banat IM (1997). "Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 61 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 232600. PMID 9106364.
  6. Bhagavan, N.V.; Ha, Chung-Eun (2015). "Gastrointestinal Digestion and Absorption". Essentials of Medical Biochemistry. pp. 137–164. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416687-5.00011-7. ISBN 9780124166875.
  7. Oliveira, F. J. S.; Vazquez, L.; de Campos, N. P.; de França, F. P., Production of rhamnolipids by a Pseudomonas alcaligenes strain. Process Biochemistry 2009, 44 (4), 383-389
  8. ^ Desai, Jitendra D.; Banat, Ibrahim M. (1997). "Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 61 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.1.47-64.1997. PMC 232600. PMID 9106364.
  9. Rosenberg E, Ron EZ (August 1999). "High- and low-molecular-mass microbial surfactants". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1007/s002530051502. PMID 10499255. S2CID 23857287.
  10. Del'Arco JP, de França FP (2001). "Influence of oil contamination levels on hydrocarbon biodegradation in sandy sediment". Environ. Pollut. 112 (3): 515–519. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00128-7. PMID 11291458.
  11. Kaczorek, Ewa; Pacholak, Amanda; Zdarta, Agata; Smułek, Wojciech (2018-08-26). "The Impact of Biosurfactants on Microbial Cell Properties Leading to Hydrocarbon Bioavailability Increase". Colloids and Interfaces. 2 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/colloids2030035. ISSN 2504-5377.
  12. Shulga A, Karpenko E, Vildanova-Martsishin R, Turovsky A, Soltys M (1999). "Biosurfactant enhanced remediation of oil-contaminated environments". Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 18 (2): 171–176. doi:10.1260/0263617001493369.

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