Outline of birds - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Bird behavior) Overview of and topical guide to birds

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to birds:

Birds (class Aves) – winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are around 10,000 living species, making them the most varied of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic, to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich.

What type of thing is a bird?

A bird can be described as all of the following:

Life form – entity or being that is living or alive.
- Animal – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently.

Biological classification

Further information: Biological classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Nature of birds

Bird

Bird anatomy

Bird behavior

Types of birds

Orders

v t e Order: Accipitriformes
Family	Sagittariidae (secretarybird) Pandionidae (osprey) Accipitridae (buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures) Cathartidae (New World vultures)

v t e Flamingos (order: Phoenicopteriformes · family: Phoenicopteridae)
Phoeniconaias	Lesser flamingo
Phoenicopterus	Greater flamingo Chilean flamingo James's flamingo Andean flamingo American flamingo (Caribbean flamingo)

v t e Grebes (order: Podicipediformes · family: Podicipedidae)
Genus	Species
Tachybaptus	Little grebe Tricolored grebe Australasian grebe Madagascar grebe Alaotra grebe Least grebe
Podilymbus	Pied-billed grebe Atitlán grebe
Rollandia	White-tufted grebe Titicaca grebe
Poliocephalus	Hoary-headed grebe New Zealand grebe
Podiceps	Red-necked grebe Great crested grebe Horned grebe (or Slavonian grebe) Black-necked grebe (or eared grebe) Colombian grebe Great grebe Silvery grebe Junin grebe Hooded grebe
Aechmophorus	Western grebe Clark's grebe

v t e Loons or divers
Order: Gaviiformes, Family: Gaviidae, Genus: Gavia
Species	Black-throated loon (Arctic loon or black-throated diver) Common loon (great northern diver) Pacific loon (Pacific diver) Red-throated loon (red-throated diver) Yellow-billed loon (white-billed diver)

v t e Mousebirds (order: Coliiformes · family: Coliidae)
Genus	Species
Colius	Speckled mousebird White-headed mousebird Red-backed mousebird White-backed mousebird
Urocolius	Blue-naped mousebird Red-faced mousebird

Order: Pelecaniformes

Pelicans (family: Pelecanidae · genus: Pelecanus)

Genus	Species
Pelecanus	Brown pelican Peruvian pelican American white pelican Great white pelican Dalmatian pelican Pink-backed pelican Spot-billed pelican Australian pelican

Shoebill (family: Balaenicipitidae · genus: Balaeniceps)

Genus	Species
Balaeniceps	Shoebill

Hamerkop (family: Scopidae · genus: Scopus)

Genus	Species
Scopus	Hamerkop

v t e Penguins
(order: Sphenisciformes · family: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
Genus	Species
Aptenodytes (great penguins)	King penguin Emperor penguin
Pygoscelis (brush-tailed penguins)	Adélie penguin Chinstrap penguin Gentoo penguin
Eudyptula (little penguins)	Little penguin (or little blue penguin) White-flippered penguin (or northern little penguin)
Spheniscus (banded penguins)	Magellanic penguin Humboldt penguin Galapagos penguin African penguin
Megadyptes	Yellow-eyed penguin Waitaha penguin (extinct)
Eudyptes (crested penguins)	Fiordland penguin Snares penguin Erect-crested penguin Southern rockhopper penguin Northern rockhopper penguin Royal penguin Macaroni penguin Chatham penguin (extinct)

v t e Order: Procellariiformes
Families	Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) Procellariidae (Shearwaters and petrels) Hydrobatidae (Northern storm petrels) Oceanitidae (Austral storm petrels) †Diomedeoididae (Diomedeoidids)
Related subjects	List of Procellariidae Stomach oil Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels

Sandgrouse
- order: Pterocliformes
- family: Pteroclidae

Genus

Species

Syrrhaptes

Pterocles

Tinamous (order: Tinamiformes · family: Tinamidae)

Subfamily

Genus

Species

Tinaminae

Tinamus	White-throated tinamou Grey tinamou Solitary tinamou Black tinamou Great tinamou
Nothocercus	Highland tinamou Tawny-breasted tinamou Hooded tinamou
Crypturellus	Berlepsch's tinamou Little tinamou Cinereous tinamou Tepui tinamou Brown tinamou Undulated tinamou Pale-browed tinamou Brazilian tinamou Grey-legged tinamou Red-legged tinamou Magdalena tinamou Santa Marta tinamou Colombian tinamou Yellow-legged tinamou Black-capped tinamou Thicket tinamou Slaty-breasted tinamou Choco tinamou Variegated tinamou Rusty tinamou Bartlett's tinamou Small-billed tinamou Barred tinamou Tataupa tinamou

Nothurinae

Rhynchotus	Red-winged tinamou Huayco tinamou Taczanowski's tinamou Ornate tinamou Chilean tinamou Brushland tinamou Andean tinamou Curve-billed tinamou
Nothura	White-bellied nothura Lesser nothura Darwin's nothura Spotted nothura Dwarf or least tinamou
Eudromia	Elegant crested tinamou Quebracho crested tinamou
Tinamotis	Puna or Pentland's tinamou Patagonian or Ingouf's tinamou

v t e Tropicbirds (order: Phaethontiformes · family: Phaethontidae · genus: Phaethon)
Species	Red-billed tropicbird Red-tailed tropicbird White-tailed tropicbird

Families

v t e Bee-eaters (family: Meropidae)
Genus	Species
Nyctyornis	Red-bearded bee-eater Blue-bearded bee-eater
Meropogon	Purple-bearded bee-eater* Blue-breasted bee-eater
Merops	Little bee-eater Blue-cheeked bee-eater Asian green bee-eater African green bee-eater Arabian green bee-eater White-throated bee-eater Swallow-tailed bee-eater Blue-tailed bee-eater Black bee-eater Blue-headed bee-eater Blue-moustached bee-eater Rufous-crowned bee-eater Red-throated bee-eater White-fronted bee-eater Blue-breasted bee-eater Ethiopian bee-eater Cinnamon-chested bee-eater Black-headed bee-eater Somali bee-eater Böhm's bee-eater Blue-throated bee-eater Olive bee-eater Rainbow bee-eater European bee-eater Chestnut-headed bee-eater Rosy bee-eater Northern carmine bee-eater Southern carmine bee-eater
Category Commons

Birds-of-paradise (family: Paradisaeidae)

Genera and species

Genus

Species

Lycocorax

Manucodia

Paradigalla

Astrapia

Parotia

Pteridophora

King of Saxony bird-of-paradise

Lophorina

Ptiloris

Epimachus

Drepanornis

Cicinnurus

Semioptera

Standardwing

Seleucidis

Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise

Paradisaea

Incomplete list of likely hybrid birds-of-paradise

Cockatoos (family: Cacatuidae)

Appearance

Genus

Species

Small

Nymphicus	Cockatiel Cockatiel colour genetics

Black

Probosciger	Palm cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus	Red-tailed black cockatoo Glossy black cockatoo
Zanda	Yellow-tailed black cockatoo Carnaby's black cockatoo Baudin's black cockatoo

Pink or grey

Callocephalon	Gang-gang cockatoo
Eolophus	Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)

White

Cacatua

Cacatua (subgenus)	Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo) Citron-crested cockatoo Sulphur-crested cockatoo Eleonora cockatoo Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo Mathews cockatoo Triton cockatoo Blue-eyed cockatoo White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo) Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)
Licmetis (subgenus)	Long-billed corella Western corella Muir's corella Butler's corella Little corella Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo) Solomons cockatoo Red-vented cockatoo
Lophochroa (subgenus)	Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)

Extant species of family Corvidae

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes

Family Corvidae

Choughs

Pyrrhocorax	Alpine chough (P. graculus) Red-billed chough (P. pyrrhocorax)

Treepies

Crypsirina	Hooded treepie (C. cucullata) Black racket-tailed treepie (C. temia)
Dendrocitta	Andaman treepie (D. bayleyi) Bornean treepie (D. cinerascens) Grey treepie (D. formosae) Black-faced treepie (D. frontalis) White-bellied treepie (D. leucogastra) Sumatran treepie (D. occipitalis) Rufous treepie (D. vagabunda)
Platysmurus	Malayan black magpie (P. leucopterus) Bornean black magpie (P. aterrimus)
Temnurus	Ratchet-tailed treepie (T. temnurus)

Oriental
magpies

Cissa	Common green magpie (C. chinensis) Indochinese green magpie (C. hypoleuca) Bornean green magpie (C. jefferyi) Javan green magpie (C. thalassina)
Urocissa	Taiwan blue magpie (U. caerulea) Red-billed blue magpie (U. erythrorhyncha) Yellow-billed blue magpie (U. flavirostris) Sri Lanka blue magpie (U. ornata) White-winged magpie (U. whiteheadi)

Old World jays

Garrulus	Eurasian jay (G. glandarius) Lanceolated jay (G. lanceolatus) Lidth's jay (G. lidthi)
Podoces (Ground jays)	Xinjiang ground jay (P. biddulphi) Mongolian ground jay (P. hendersoni) Turkestan ground jay (P. panderi) Iranian ground jay (P. pleskei)
Ptilostomus	Piapiac (P. afer)

Stresemann's
bushcrow

Zavattariornis	Stresemann's bushcrow (Z. stresemanni)

Family Corvidae (continued)

Nutcrackers

Nucifraga	Spotted nutcracker (N. caryocatactes) Clark's nutcracker (N. columbiana) Kashmir nutcracker (N. multipunctata)

Holarctic
magpies

Pica	Black-billed magpie (P. hudsonia) Yellow-billed magpie (P. nuttalli) Eurasian magpie (P. pica) Oriental magpie (P. sericea) Maghreb magpie (P. mauritanica) Asir magpie (P. asirensis) Black-rumped magpie (P. bottanensis)

True crows

Corvus

Australian and Melanesian species: Little crow (C. bennetti); Australian raven (C. coronoides); Bismarck crow (C. insularis); Brown-headed crow (C. fuscicapillus); Bougainville crow (C. meeki); Little raven (C. mellori); New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides); Torresian crow (C. orru); Forest raven (C. tasmanicus); Grey crow (C. tristis); Long-billed crow (C. validus); White-billed crow (C. woodfordi)

Pacific island species: Hawaiian crow (C. hawaiiensis); Mariana crow (C. kubaryi)

Tropical Asian species: Slender-billed crow (C. enca); Small crow (C. samarensis); Palawan crow (C. pusillus); Flores crow (C. florensis); Large-billed crow (C. macrorhynchos); Eastern jungle crow (C. levaillantii); Indian jungle crow (C. culminatus); House crow (C. splendens); Collared crow (C. torquatus); Piping crow (C. typicus); Banggai crow (C. unicolor); Violet crow (C. violaceus)

Eurasian and North African species: Mesopotamian crow (C. capellanus); Hooded crow (C. cornix); Carrion crow (C. corone); Rook (C. frugilegus); Eastern carrion crow (C. orientalis); Fan-tailed raven (C. rhipidurus); Brown-necked raven (C. ruficollis)

Holarctic species: Common raven (C. corax)

North and Central American species: American crow (C. brachyrhynchos); Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus); Tamaulipas crow (C. imparatus); Jamaican crow (C. jamaicensis); White-necked crow (C. leucognaphalus); Cuban palm crow (C. minutus); Cuban crow (C. nasicus); Fish crow (C. ossifragus); Hispaniolan palm crow (C. palmarum); Sinaloan crow (C. sinaloae)

Tropical African species: White-necked raven (C. albicollis); Pied crow (C. albus); Cape crow (C. capensis); Thick-billed raven (C. crassirostris); Somali crow (C. edithae)

Jackdaws

Coloeus	Daurian jackdaw (C. dauuricus) Western jackdaw (C. monedula)

Family Corvidae (continued)

Azure-winged
magpies

Cyanopica	Iberian magpie (C. cooki) Azure-winged magpie (C. cyanus)

Grey jays

Perisoreus	Canada jay (P. canadensis) Siberian jay (P. infaustus) Sichuan jay (P. internigrans)

New World jays

Aphelocoma (Scrub jays)	California scrub jay (A. californica) Island scrub jay (A. insularis) Woodhouse's scrub jay (A. woodhouseii) Florida scrub jay (A. coerulescens) Transvolcanic jay (A. ultramarina) Unicolored jay (A. unicolor) Mexican jay (A. wollweberi)
Calocitta (Magpie-Jays)	Black-throated magpie-jay (C. colliei) White-throated Magpie-jay (C. formosa)
Cyanocitta	Blue jay (C. cristata) Steller's jay (C. stelleri)
Cyanocorax	Black-chested jay (C. affinis) Purplish-backed jay (C. beecheii) Azure jay (C. caeruleus) Cayenne jay (C. cayanus) Plush-crested jay (C. chrysops) Curl-crested jay (C. cristatellus) Purplish jay (C. cyanomelas) White-naped jay (C. cyanopogon) Tufted jay (C. dickeyi) Azure-naped jay (C. heilprini) Bushy-crested jay (C. melanocyaneus) Brown jay (C. morio) White-tailed jay (C. mystacalis) San Blas jay (C. sanblasianus) Violaceous jay (C. violaceus) Green jay (C. ynca) Yucatan jay (C. yucatanicus)
Cyanolyca	Silvery-throated jay (C. argentigula) Black-collared jay (C. armillata) Azure-hooded jay (C. cucullata) White-throated jay (C. mirabilis) Dwarf jay (C. nana) Beautiful jay (C. pulchra) Black-throated jay (C. pumilo) Turquoise jay (C. turcosa) White-collared jay (C. viridicyana)
Gymnorhinus	Pinyon jay (G. cyanocephalus)

Cranes (order: Gruiformes · family: Gruidae)

Balearicinae
(crowned cranes)

Balearica	Black crowned crane (B. pavonina) Grey crowned crane (B. regulorum)

Gruinae
(typical cranes)

Leucogeranus	Siberian crane (L. leucogeranus)
Antigone	Sandhill crane (A. canadensis) White-naped crane (A. vipio) Sarus crane (A. antigone) Brolga (A. rubicunda)
Grus	Wattled crane (G. carunculata) Red-crowned crane (G. japonensis) Whooping crane (G. americana) Common crane or Eurasian crane (G. grus) Hooded crane (G. monacha) Black-necked crane (G. nigricollis) Blue crane (G. paradisea) Demoiselle crane (G. virgo)

15 living species in four genera (List of species)

v t e New World vultures (family: Cathartidae)
Genus	Species
Coragyps	American black vulture
Cathartes	Turkey vulture Lesser yellow-headed vulture Greater yellow-headed vulture
Gymnogyps	California condor
Vultur	Andean condor
Sarcoramphus	King vulture

New Zealand wattlebirds (family: Callaeidae)

Genus

Species (the three genera are monotypic)

Callaeas

Philesturnus

Heteralocha

Huia (extinct 1907)

v t e Gulls (family: Laridae)
Genus	Species († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Larus	Pacific gull Belcher's gull Olrog's gull Black-tailed gull Heermann's gull Common gull Short-billed gull Ring-billed gull California gull Great black-backed gull Kelp gull (or Cape gull) Glaucous-winged gull Western gull Yellow-footed gull Glaucous gull Iceland gull Thayer's gull European herring gull American herring gull Yellow-legged gull Caspian gull Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull) Armenian gull Slaty-backed gull Lesser black-backed gull Heuglin's gull
Ichthyaetus	White-eyed gull Sooty gull Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull) Audouin's gull Mediterranean gull Relict gull
Leucophaeus	Dolphin gull Laughing gull Franklin's gull Lava gull Grey gull
Chroicocephalus	Silver gull Red-billed gull Huahine gull † Hartlaub's gull Brown-hooded gull Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull) Andean gull Black-billed gull Brown-headed gull Black-headed gull Slender-billed gull Bonaparte's gull Saunders's gull
Hydrocoloeus	Little gull
Rhodostethia	Ross's gull
Rissa	Black-legged kittiwake Red-legged kittiwake
Pagophila	Ivory gull
Xema	Sabine's gull
Creagrus	Swallow-tailed gull
Gull eggs as food Hybridisation in gulls

Kea, Kākā and kākāpō (family: Strigopidae)

Family

Genus

Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct; ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)

Nestoridae

Nestor	Kea New Zealand kākā Norfolk kākā Chatham kākā

Strigopidae

Strigops	Kākāpō Sirocco

v t e Old World sparrows (family: Passeridae)
Genus	Species
Hypocryptadius	Cinnamon ibon
Passer	Saxaul sparrow House sparrow Spanish sparrow Italian sparrow Sind sparrow Somali sparrow Russet sparrow or cinnamon sparrow Plain-backed sparrow or Pegu sparrow Dead Sea sparrow Great sparrow Socotra sparrow Abd al-Kuri sparrow Kenya sparrow Kordofan sparrow Shelley's sparrow Iago sparrow Cape sparrow Northern grey-headed sparrow Swainson's sparrow Parrot-billed sparrow Swahili sparrow Southern grey-headed sparrow Desert sparrow Zarudny's sparrow Eurasian tree sparrow Sudan golden sparrow Arabian golden sparrow Chestnut sparrow Passer predomesticus
Carpospiza	Pale rockfinch
Petronia	Rock sparrow
Gymnoris	Yellow-throated bush sparrow Sahel bush sparrow Yellow-spotted bush sparrow Yellow-throated sparrow
Montifringilla	White-winged snowfinch Tibetan snowfinch Black-winged snowfinch
Onychostruthus	White-rumped snowfinch
Pyrgilauda	Père David's snowfinch Rufous-necked snowfinch Blanford's snowfinch Afghan snowfinch

Swallows (family: Hirundinidae)

River martins (subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae · genus: Pseudochelidon)

Genus

Species

Pseudochelidon

All other swallows and martins (subfamily: Hirundininae)

Genus

Species

Psalidoprocne
(saw-wings)

Pseudhirundo

Grey-rumped swallow

Cheramoeca

White-backed swallow

Phedina

Mascarene martin

Phedinopsis

Brazza's martin

Riparia
(sand martins)

Neophedina

Banded martin

Tachycineta
(tree swallows)

Progne

Orochelidon

Atticora

Pygochelidon

Stelgidopteryx

Alopochelidon

Tawny-headed swallow

Hirundo
(barn swallows)

Ptyonoprogne
(crag martins)

Delichon
(house martins)

Cecropis

Petrochelidon

Cheramoeca

White-backed swallow

Trogons (order: Trogoniformes · family: Trogonidae)
Genus	Species
Apaloderma	Narina trogon Bare-cheeked trogon Bar-tailed trogon
Apalharpactes	Javan trogon Sumatran trogon
Harpactes	Malabar trogon Red-naped trogon Diard's trogon Philippine trogon Whitehead's trogon Cinnamon-rumped trogon Scarlet-rumped trogon Red-headed trogon Orange-breasted trogon Ward's trogon
Priotelus	Cuban trogon Hispaniolan trogon
Trogon	Black-headed trogon Citreoline trogon White-tailed trogon Baird's trogon Guianan trogon Amazonian trogon Gartered trogon Mountain trogon White-eyed trogon Collared trogon Elegant trogon Orange-bellied trogon Masked trogon Black-throated trogon Amazonian Atlantic Choco Northern Surucua trogon Northern Surucua trogon Blue-crowned trogon Black-tailed trogon Green-backed trogon Ecuadorian trogon Slaty-tailed trogon Lattice-tailed trogon
Euptilotis	Eared quetzal
Pharomachrus	Resplendent quetzal Crested quetzal White-tipped quetzal Golden-headed quetzal Pavonine quetzal

v t e Turacos (family: Musophagidae)
Genus	Species
Tauraco	Guinea turaco Zenker's Turaco Livingstone's turaco Schalow's turaco Knysna turaco Black-billed turaco White-crested turaco Fischer's turaco Yellow-billed turaco Bannerman's turaco Red-crested turaco Hartlaub's turaco Violet turaco Ross's turaco
Gallirex	Purple-crested turaco Rwenzori turaco
Menelikornis	White-cheeked turaco Ruspoli's turaco
Crinifer	Western plantain-eater Eastern plantain-eater Bare-faced go-away-bird Grey go-away-bird White-bellied go-away-bird
Corythaeola	Great blue turaco

v t e Vangas (order: Passeriformes · family: Vangidae)
Genus	Species
Calicalicus	Red-tailed vanga Red-shouldered vanga
Schetba	Rufous vanga
Vanga	Hook-billed vanga
Xenopirostris	Lafresnaye's vanga Van Dam's vanga Pollen's vanga
Falculea	Sickle-billed vanga
Artamella	White-headed vanga
Leptopterus	Chabert vanga
Cyanolanius	Blue vanga (including Comoro blue vanga)
Oriolia	Bernier's vanga
Euryceros	Helmet vanga
Tylas	Tylas vanga
Hypositta	Nuthatch vanga (or coral-billed nuthatch-vanga)
Newtonia	Dark newtonia Common newtonia Archbold's newtonia Red-tailed newtonia
Mystacornis	Crossley's vanga
Pseudobias	Ward's flycatcher

Subfamilies

v t e Old World vultures (subfamily: Aegypiinae)
Genus	Species
Aegypius	Cinereous vulture
Gypaetus	Bearded vulture
Gypohierax	Palm-nut vulture
Gyps	Eurasian griffon vulture White-rumped vulture Rüppell's vulture Indian vulture Slender-billed vulture Himalayan griffon vulture White-backed vulture Cape vulture
Necrosyrtes	Hooded vulture
Neophron	Egyptian vulture
Sarcogyps	Red-headed vulture
Torgos	Lappet-faced vulture
Trigonoceps	White-headed vulture

Subfamily: Buteoninae

Genus	Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Geranoaetus	Black-chested buzzard-eagle Variable hawk White-tailed hawk
Buteo	Common buzzard Eastern buzzard Himalayan buzzard Cape Verde buzzard Socotra buzzard Red-tailed hawk Long-legged buzzard Rough-legged buzzard Ferruginous hawk Red-shouldered hawk Broad-winged hawk Swainson's hawk Ridgway's hawk White-rumped hawk Short-tailed hawk White-throated hawk Galapagos hawk Gray hawk Zone-tailed hawk Hawaiian hawk Rufous-tailed hawk Forest buzzard Mountain buzzard Madagascar buzzard Upland buzzard Red-necked buzzard Jackal buzzard Archer's buzzard Augur buzzard
Rupornis	Roadside hawk
Parabuteo	Harris's hawk White-rumped hawk
Buteogallus	Rufous crab hawk Common black hawk Cuban black hawk Great black hawk Savanna hawk
Busarellus	Black-collared hawk
Leucopternis	White-browed hawk White-necked hawk Black-faced hawk Plumbeous hawk Barred hawk Slate-colored hawk Semiplumbeous hawk
Pseudastur	Grey-backed hawk White hawk Mantled hawk
Kaupifalco	Lizard buzzard
Butastur	Rufous-winged buzzard Grasshopper buzzard White-eyed buzzard Grey-faced buzzard
Harpyhaliaetus	Chaco eagle Solitary eagle