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In the mathematical field of analysis, the Brezis–Lieb lemma is a basic result in measure theory. It is named for Haïm Brézis and Elliott Lieb, who discovered it in 1983. The lemma can be viewed as an improvement, in certain settings, of Fatou's lemma to an equality. As such, it has been useful for the study of many variational problems.

The lemma and its proof

Statement of the lemma

Let (X, μ) be a measure space and let f_n be a sequence of measurable complex-valued functions on X which converge almost everywhere to a function f. The limiting function f is automatically measurable. The Brezis–Lieb lemma asserts that if p is a positive number, then

${\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}{\Big |}|f|^{p}-|f_{n}|^{p}+|f-f_{n}|^{p}{\Big |}\,d\mu =0,}$

provided that the sequence f_n is uniformly bounded in L(X, μ). A significant consequence, which sharpens Fatou's lemma as applied to the sequence |f_n|, is that

${\displaystyle \int _{X}|f|^{p}\,d\mu =\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(\int _{X}|f_{n}|^{p}\,d\mu -\int _{X}|f-f_{n}|^{p}\,d\mu \right),}$

which follows by the triangle inequality. This consequence is often taken as the statement of the lemma, although it does not have a more direct proof.

Proof

The essence of the proof is in the inequalities

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}W_{n}\equiv {\Big |}|f_{n}|^{p}-|f|^{p}-|f-f_{n}|^{p}{\Big |}&\leq {\Big |}|f_{n}|^{p}-|f-f_{n}|^{p}{\Big |}+|f|^{p}\\&\leq \varepsilon |f-f_{n}|^{p}+C_{\varepsilon }|f|^{p}.\end{aligned}}}$

The consequence is that W_n − ε|f − f_n|, which converges almost everywhere to zero, is bounded above by an integrable function, independently of n. The observation that

${\displaystyle W_{n}\leq \max {\Big (}0,W_{n}-\varepsilon |f-f_{n}|^{p}{\Big )}+\varepsilon |f-f_{n}|^{p},}$

and the application of the dominated convergence theorem to the first term on the right-hand side shows that

${\displaystyle \limsup _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}W_{n}\,d\mu \leq \varepsilon \sup _{n}\int _{X}|f-f_{n}|^{p}\,d\mu .}$

The finiteness of the supremum on the right-hand side, with the arbitrariness of ε, shows that the left-hand side must be zero.

References

Footnotes

1. Lions 1985.
2. Brézis & Lieb 1983, Theorem 2; Bogachev 2007, Proposition 4.7.30; Lieb & Loss 2001, Theorem 1.9.
3. Brézis & Lieb 1983, Theorem 1; Evans 1990, Theorem 1.8; Willem 1996, Lemma 1.32.

Sources

• V.I. Bogachev. Measure theory. Vol. I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007. xviii+500 pp. ISBN 978-3-540-34513-8
• Haïm Brézis and Elliott Lieb. A relation between pointwise convergence of functions and convergence of functionals. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 88 (1983), no. 3, 486–490. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1983-0699419-3
• Lawrence C. Evans. Weak convergence methods for nonlinear partial differential equations. CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, 74. Published for the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, DC; by the American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1990. viii+80 pp. ISBN 0-8218-0724-2
• P.L. Lions. The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The limit case. I. Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 1 (1985), no. 1, 145–201.
• Elliott H. Lieb and Michael Loss. Analysis. Second edition. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 14. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001. xxii+346 pp. ISBN 0-8218-2783-9
• Michel Willem. Minimax theorems. Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications, 24. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1996. x+162 pp. ISBN 0-8176-3913-6

• Measure theory