Buddhist ethics as an academic discipline is relatively new, blossoming in the mid-1990s. Much like Critical Buddhism and Buddhist modernism, it is a result of recent exchanges of Eastern and Western thought. While generally thought of as a sub-field of Buddhist studies, the discipline of Buddhist ethics draws together history, philosophy, religious studies, anthropology, and more in an attempt to understand what may be the fundamental question of Buddhism: how ought man live?
Specific work has been produced on Buddhist ethics dating back to the 1920s. Early descriptive accounts of Buddhist ethics include Tachibana's Ethics of Buddhism (1926), focused on Theravādin ethics, and Poussin's La Morale Bouddhique (1927), based on Mahāyāna texts. Other early authors that expressed interest in Buddhist ethics include Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids and Isaline Blew Horner. In 1979 the Journal of Religious Ethics featured a section devoted to the study of Theravādin ethics. featuring four prominent scholars in Buddhist studies.
History
Buddhist ethics emerged as an academic discipline in 1992, with the publication of Damien Keown's book The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. His subsequent co-founding of the Journal of Buddhist Ethics in 1994 further solidified the birth of a new field in the discipline of Buddhist studies. Prior to Keown's book, only a handful of books and articles existed that attempted to delve into the questions of a specifically Buddhist ethic. Even more daunting, however, has been the separation of 'ethics' from the rest of Buddhism. It has also been argued, by Keown and others, that the very question the Buddha sought to answer was a purely ethical one, namely, "the perennial problem of the best kind of life for man to lead."
Trends
Aristotle / virtue
See also: Virtue ethicsIn Buddhist Ethics as Virtue Ethics, Nick Gier compares Buddha's ethical teachings to Aristotle's, "Like Greek virtue ethics, Buddhist ethics is also humanistic and thoroughly personalist."
Damien Keown devotes a great deal of his work to debunking claims that Buddhism is utilitarian in nature. His work then goes on to examine the structure of Buddhist ethics, focusing specifically on morality (Pali: siila). His conclusion is that Buddhist ethics most closely resembles the ancient Greek virtue ethics found in Aristotle.
James Whitehill, in Buddhist Ethics in Western Context: The Virtues Approach, says, "Buddhism's legitimation in the West can be partially met by demonstrating that Buddhist morality is a virtue-oriented, character-based, community-focused ethics, commensurate with the Western 'ethics of virtue' tradition."
Bentham/Mill - utilitarian
See also: Utilitarianism and Negative utilitarianismMark Siderits suggests that the doctrine of anatta provides the grounding for an "aretaic consequentialism" in which the goal is the alleviation of suffering for all beings (realizing that there is no "self" to be freed apart from others). He follows a long line of thinkers in Buddhist ethics.
Philosopher David Pearce compares Buddhist ethics and utilitarianism and suggests that although both have the abolition of suffering as a common aim, in practice these two ethical systems often disagree about means. Specifically, Pearce writes that “ost Buddhists would challenge the idea that technology offers an escape-route from the pain of earthly existence.” Pearce also questions the Buddhist idea that desire always leads to suffering, giving melancholia and anhedonia and hyperthymia as counter-examples.
Traditional Buddhist ethics
Two key teachers of traditional Buddhist ethics are Hammalawa Saddhatissa and Padmasiri De Silva. Saddhatissa was a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk who wrote Buddhist Ethics in 1970 (reprinted in 1987, 1997 & 2003). De Silva has a similar work, Buddhism, Ethics and Society: The Conflicts and Dilemmas of Our Times (2002). A third, and less notable work is The Way to Social Harmony (1989, available online) by Venerable U Pyinnyathiha.
These works can be invaluable as an introduction into key Buddhist canonical texts such as the Sigalovada Sutta.
Further reading
- Aitken, Robert. The Mind of Clover: Essays in Zen Buddhist Ethics. North Point Press, San Francisco, 1984
- Cokelet, Bradford. Reflections on Kant and Karma. JBE 2005 Reflections on Kant and Karma
- Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. Macmillan/Palgrave, 1992/2001 (a survey and Aristotelian interpretation)
- Siderits, Mark. "Buddhist Reductionism and the Structure of Buddhist Ethics." Indian Ethics: Classical and Contemporary Challenges. Edited by P. Bilimoria, J. Prabhu and R. Sharma. Abingdon, UK: Ashgate, 2005. (a utilitarian interpretation)
References
- This is a contestable point. The reason that the "mid-1990s" is stated is due to the sharp increase in activity in the field at that time: the publication of the first systematic study of the topic, the founding of the first academic journal devoted to the topic, and an American Academy of Religion panel (Philadelphia, 20 November 1995) devoted to "Revisioning Buddhist Ethics". Before this short span, there were ventures into Buddhist ethics, but no period marks such a dramatic "burst" in academic activity as the mid-1990s.
- Keown, Damien (1992). The Nature of Buddhist Ethics, p. 1.
- (1979 Vol. 7 (1) pp.1-64)
- Keown, Damien (1992). The Nature of Buddhist Ethics, p. 1.
- Buddhist Ethics as Virtue Ethics
- Keown, Damien (24 June 1992). "Chapter 8: Buddhism and Aristotle". The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–227. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-22092-2_8.
- Buddhist Ethics in Western Context: The Virtues Approach Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Siderits, "Buddhist Reductionism..." p.293
- At the same time elsewhere Pearce cites the 14th Dalai Lama at the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting 2015, who said: “If it was possible to become free of negative emotions by a riskless implementation of an electrode - without impairing intelligence and the critical mind - I would be the first patient." (Pearce, David (1 May 2009). "A World Without Suffering?". The Hedonistic Imperative. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.) (Chatterjee, Anjan; Farah, Martha J., eds. (2013). Neuroethics in Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 245. ISBN 9780195389784.)
- Pearce, David. "Buddhism and the Conquest of Suffering". BLTC Research. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Pearce, David (2017). "Life in the Far North". In Vinding, Magnus (ed.). Can Biotechnology Abolish Suffering?. North Carolina: The Neuroethics Foundation.
- "THE WAY TO SOCIAL HARMONY / Pyinya.HTM". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- "Sigalovada Sutta: The Discourse to Sigala".
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