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Cellular V2X

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Cellular V2X (C-V2X) is an umbrella term that comprises all 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) V2X technologies for connected mobility and self-driving cars. It includes both direct and cellular network communications and is an alternative to 802.11p, the IEEE specified standard for V2V and other forms of V2X communications.

Cellular V2X uses 3GPP standardised 4G LTE or 5G mobile cellular connectivity to exchange messages between vehicles, pedestrians, and wayside traffic control devices such as traffic signals. It commonly uses the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which is the officially designated intelligent transportation system (ITS) frequency in most countries. C-V2X can function without network assistance and exceeds the range of DSRC by about 25%.

C-V2X was developed within the 3GPP to replace DSRC in the US and C-ITS in Europe.

History

In 2014, 3GPP Release 13 spurred studies to test the applicability of the then current standards to V2X. This resulted in the 3GPP Release 14 specifications for C-V2X communications, finalised in 2017. 3GPP Release 15 introduced 5G for V2N use-cases and 3GPP Release 16 includes work on 5G NR direct communications for V2V/V2I.

In Europe, the EU announced in July 2019 that it was adopting a technology-neutral approach to C-ITS, leaving the way forward for 4G, 5G and other advanced technologies to be part of V2X applications and services.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission proposed late in 2019 that 20 MHz and possibly 30 MHz of the 5.9 GHz band be allocated to C-V2X. In November 2020, this proposal was accepted, and the upper 30 MHz (5.895–5.925 GHz) were allocated to C-V2X.

After a slow start linked to the slower-than-expected roll-out of 5G cellular networks, there were more than 50 C-V2X devices on the market in the first half of 2024.

Modes

C-V2X has the following modes:

  • Device-to-network: communication using conventional cellular links for vehicle-to-network (V2N) applications such as cloud services in end-to-end solutions
  • Device-to-device: direct communication without the use of network scheduling for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) applications such as vulnerable road user protection and tolling

C-V2X mode 4 communication relies on a distributed resource allocation scheme, namely sensing-based semipersistent scheduling which schedules radio resources in a stand-alone fashion in each user equipment (UE).

Technical limitations

Although the roll-out of 5G services globally promises a dramatic reduction in latency where a signal is strong as well as an increase in security compared with previous networks, all communications systems based entirely on wireless communication, especially older and rural networks, suffer from limitations inherent to wireless communication, including:

  • Limited channels, This limit will affect especially metropolitan areas.
  • Limited data rates,
  • Wireless communication is susceptible to external influences, which may be hostile.
  • In metropolitan areas, limits of data propagation due to surroundings such as buildings, tunnels and also Doppler effects, causing propagation speed reduction by repetitive transmissions required.
  • Possible abuse of this technology leading to mass surveillance.

Integrating non-terrestrial network coverage in addition to cellular and direct communications is one potential way to address coverage caps and latency concerns. The 5G Automotive Association and European Space Agency have discussed the role of non-terrestrial networks in the connectivity of the car of the future and concluded that it offers many benefits, such as extending more reliable connectivity to rural areas at a comparatively low cost. This, in turn, would enable better digital services and autonomous driving applications.

Outlook

The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), which comprises companies from the automotive, technology, and telecommunications industries, has published several "roadmaps" that highlight both the potential benefits of C-V2X technologies and the technical, regulatory and market challenges it faces. Most implementations to-date have focused on road safety and improving traffic management, which reduces congestion and pollution.

Artificial intelligence offers one potential solution for managing the large flow of data that will grow as C-V2X communications applications expand in the market. Doubts in artificial intelligence (AI) and decision making by AI exist.

See also: Self-driving car liability

Tests

C-V2X technology is being tested world-wide both at the company and industry level and in publicly funded pilots. For example, ETSI, in partnership with the 5GAA and co-funded by the European Commission, and the European Free Trade Association, has organized several annual C-V2X testing events called "Plugfests". These enable companies manufacturing on-board-C-V2X units, roadside units and public key infrastructure to run interoperability test sessions to assess the level of interoperability of their implementations of C-V2X technology and validate their understanding of the standards.

In October 2023, the 5GAA organized several live demonstrations of the potential of C-V2X technology to protect drivers, pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users at the Mcity Test Facility at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

In June 2024 the U.S. Department of Transportation announced that it is awarding $60 million in grants to advance connected and interoperable vehicle technologies under a program called "Saving Lives with Connectivity: Accelerating V2X Deployment program". It said the grants to recipients in Arizona, Texas and Utah would serve as national models to accelerate and spur new deployments of V2X technologies.

Literature

References

  1. ^ "Cellular V2X as the Essential Enabler of Superior Global Connected Transportation Services". IEEE 5G Tech Focus. 1 (2). IEEE. June 2017.
  2. Zhong, Ziyi; Cordova, Lauren; Halverson, Matthew; Leonard, Blaine. "Field Tests On DSRC And C-V2X Range Of Reception". Utah Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  3. Mark Patrick, Benjamin Kirchbeck (January 27, 2018). "V2X-Kommunikation: LTE vs. DSRC" (in German).
  4. GSA: C-V2X Market Report (retrieved 15 October 2019)
  5. Capacity: EU ambassadors reject ‘Wifi-only’ move for autonomous cars (4 July 2019)
  6. Eggerton, John (November 25, 2019). "FCC to split up 5.9 GHZ". Broadcasting & Cable: 20.
  7. "FCC Modernizes 5.9 GHz Band to Improve Wi-Fi and Automotive Safety". Federal Communications Commission. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  8. "2024 list c-v2x devices". 5GAA. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  9. ^ "Autonomous and connected vehicles: navigating the legal issues" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  10. JJ Anaya, P Merdrignac, O Shagdar (17 July 2014). "Vehicle to pedestrian communications for protection of vulnerable road users". 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings (PDF). pp. 1037–1042. doi:10.1109/IVS.2014.6856553. ISBN 978-1-4799-3638-0. S2CID 9647051.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)doi:10.1109/IVS.2014.6856553
  11. Toghi, Behrad; Saifuddin, Md; Fallah, Yaser; Hossein, Nourkhiz Mahjoub; M O, Mughal; Jayanthi, Rao; Sushanta, Das (5–7 December 2018). "Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks". 2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). pp. 1–8. arXiv:1809.02678. Bibcode:2018arXiv180902678T. doi:10.1109/VNC.2018.8628416. ISBN 978-1-5386-9428-2. S2CID 52185034.
  12. Jun, Sunmi; Kang, Yoohwa; Kim, Jaeho; Kim, Changki (October 2020). "Ultra-low-latency services in 5G systems: A perspective from 3GPP standards". ETRI Journal. 42 (5): 721–733. doi:10.4218/etrij.2020-0200. ISSN 1225-6463.
  13. Nath Mitra, Rupendra; Marina, Mahesh K. (2021). "Wiley Data and Cybersecurity". IEEE. doi:10.1002/9781394197934 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved July 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  14. Hong-Chuan Yang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini (24 May 2018). "Wireless Transmission of Big Data: Data-Oriented Performance Limits and Their Applications". arXiv:1805.09923 .
  15. Patrick Nelson (December 7, 2016). "Just one autonomous car will use 4,000GB of data per day". Network World.
  16. Gil Press. "6 Ways To Make Smart Cities Future-Proof Cybersecurity Cities". Forbes.
  17. "Tall structures and their impact on broadcast and other wireless services" (PDF).
  18. "5GAA discusses the role of non-terrestrial networks in the connectivity of the car of the future". 5GAA. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  19. "5GAA Publishes Updated 2030 Roadmap for Advanced Driving Use Cases, Connectivity Technologies, and Radio Spectrum Needs". 5GAA. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  20. Suhasini Gadam (2019-01-12). "Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Vehicles".
  21. "Neuromorphic computing meets the automotive world". Design&Test. October 30, 2017.
  22. "How will AI, Machine Learning and advanced algorithms impact our lives, our jobs and the economy?". Harvard Business.
  23. Christoffersen, Therese. "4th C-V2X PLUGTESTS". ETSI. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  24. 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) (2024-04-04). 5GAA Detroit Live Showcases. Retrieved 2024-07-10 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. "USDOT Awards Nearly $60 Million in Advanced Vehicle Technology Grants to Arizona, Texas and Utah to Serve as National Models and Help Save Lives on Our Nation's Roadways". June 20, 2024.

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