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Christopher Columbus Andrews
Christopher Columbus Andrews
Born	(1829-10-27)October 27, 1829 Hillsborough, New Hampshire, U.S.
Died	September 21, 1922(1922-09-21) (aged 92) Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
Place of burial	Oakland Cemetery, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service / branch	United States Army Union Army
Years of service	1861–1866
Rank	Brigadier General Brevet Major General
Commands	3rd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Battles / wars	American Civil War Vicksburg Campaign Battle of Fort Blakeley
Other work	Ambassador to Sweden and Norway

Christopher Columbus Andrews (October 27, 1829 – September 21, 1922) was an American soldier, diplomat, newspaperman, author, and forester.

Early life and career

Andrews was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, the son of a rural farmer. He attended school during the winter months until 1843 when he traveled to Boston. He attended the Francestown Academy, completed his education, and studied law in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1848. He passed his bar examination two years later and established a law practice in Newton, Massachusetts, where he served as a member of the city school board in 1851–1852.

He briefly relocated to Boston in 1853, but left the following year for the West, settling in Kansas. He went to Washington, D.C., to help promote Kansas's interest to the United States Congress, and spent two years working as a law clerk in the United States Treasury Department. He then moved to St. Cloud, Minnesota, in 1856, and three years later, was elected to the Minnesota State Senate. During the presidential election of 1860, he actively supported the Northern Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and was nominated as a presidential elector. Despite his support for Douglas, in 1861, he was instrumental in establishing a newspaper, the Minnesota Union, supporting the policies of President Abraham Lincoln, and served as an editor before enlisting in the Union Army.

Civil War

During the Civil War, Andrews rose to the rank of brigadier general and at its close was brevetted as a major general. He originally enlisted as a private, but was commissioned captain in the 3rd Minnesota Infantry. Captured by Confederates in Tennessee in July 1862, he was held as a prisoner of war until October, when he was exchanged. He returned to his regiment as lieutenant colonel and participated in the Vicksburg Campaign.

In July 1863, Andrews was promoted to colonel and commanded a brigade in the operations to capture Little Rock, Arkansas, later in the year. Throughout the balance of the year and into early 1864, Andrews helped organize and foster the Unionists in Arkansas and was influential in the reorganization of Arkansas as a free state. He was promoted to brigadier general in acknowledgement of his efforts while commanding troops near Augusta, Arkansas. Andrews was assigned to the command of the Second Division of the XIII Corps, and participated in the siege and storming of Fort Blakeley in Alabama. On March 9, 1865, he was brevetted Major General and assigned command of the district of Mobile.

Postbellum

Andrews was dispatched to Houston, Texas, to supervise the early stages of Reconstruction in the region and to keep the order while a new provisional civil government was put in place under Governor Andrew J. Hamilton. He mustered out of the service on January 15, 1866. He was a companion of the Minnesota Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the American Civil War.

Andrews was appointed by President Grant as United States Minister to Denmark on April 16, 1869, and was sworn into office but never proceeded to his post. He was then appointed as United States Minister to Sweden and Norway and served from 1869 to 1877. He served as United States Consul-General to the Empire of Brazil from 1882 to 1885. He helped supervise the 1880 census for Minnesota.

Interested in scientific forestry, Andrews after the war worked to stir public sentiment for responsible logging and forest practices, but without much success until the Great Hinckley Fire of 1894 burned several towns in east-central Minnesota, garnering widespread public attention. He maintained that proper forestry would renew the state's ravaged timberlands and make them fire-resistant. Eventually, leading foresters and companies began to implement Andrews' ideas and practices. He was Minnesota state Forestry Commissioner when the Baudette Fire of 1910 burned, further strengthening his argument for regulation of forestry.

A prolific writer, his publications include a History of the Campaign of Mobile (1867) and Brazil, Its Conditions and Prospects (1887; third edition, 1895).

Personal life

Andrews married Mary Baxter in December 1868.

See also

• List of American Civil War generals (Union)
• General C. C. Andrews State Forest, Pine County, Minnesota

Notes

1. ^ Marquis Who's Who, Inc. Who Was Who in American History, the Military. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975. P. 12 ISBN 0837932017 OCLC 657162692
2. Andrews was nominated March 9, 1865, to rank from March 9, 1865, and confirmed March 10, 1865, which was an unusually fast process for most promotions or brevet awards. Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 710
3. Pyne, Stephen J. (2008). Year of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 228–235. ISBN 978-0-87842-544-0.

References

• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

External links

•  "Andrews, Christopher Columbus". The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1. 1906. p. 118.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Works by Christopher Columbus Andrews at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Christopher Columbus Andrews at the Internet Archive
• Works by C. C. Andrews at Open Library
• "Christopher Columbus Andrews". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-02-12.

v t e United States ambassadors to Denmark
Chargé d'Affaires	Wheaton Woodside Jackson Irwin Flenniken Forward Ogle Grieve Bedinger
Minister Resident	Bedinger Buchanan Wood Yeaman Andrews Cramer Payson (chargé d'affaires) Wickersham Hoffman R. Anderson Enander Carr
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	Carr Risley Swenson O'Brien Egan Hapgood Grew Prince Dodge Booth Coleman Owen Owsley Atherton Davis Marvel
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	Marvel E. Anderson Coe Peterson Blair White Duke Dudley Russell Crowe Dean Manshel Loeb Todman Brown Stone Elson Swett Bernstein Cain Fulton Gifford Sands Leventhal

v t e United States ambassadors to Sweden
Minister Plenipotentiary	Russell
Chargé d'Affaires	Lawrence Hughes Somerville Appleton Hughes Lay Ellsworth Schroeder
Minister Resident	Schroeder Angel Haldeman Campbell Bartlett Andrews Stevens Thomas Magee
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	Magee Thomas Ferguson Thomas Graves Morris Bliss Harrison Morehead Steinhardt Dearing Sterling Johnson Dreyfus Matthews
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	Matthews Butterworth Cabot White Bonbright Parsons Heath Holland Strausz-Hupé Smith Kennedy-Minott Forsberg Newell Redman Siebert Olson Heimbold Bivins Wood Barzun Brzezinski Raji Howery Ramanathan

• 1829 births
• 1922 deaths
• People from Hillsborough, New Hampshire
• Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
• American conservationists
• History of forestry in the United States
• Union army generals
• People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
• 19th-century American newspaper editors
• Ambassadors of the United States to Denmark
• 19th-century American diplomats
• Activists from New Hampshire
• School board members in Massachusetts
• 19th-century members of the Minnesota Legislature