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Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China
Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China

Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
National Emblem of the People's Republic of China
The CMC is housed in the same building as the Ministry of National Defense, the "August 1st Building"
Agency overview
Formed	28 September 1954; 70 years ago (1954-09-28) (party) 18 June 1983; 41 years ago (1983-06-18) (state)
Preceding agency	People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central People's Government (1949–1954)
Type	National level agency
Jurisdiction	China
Headquarters	August 1st Building, Beijing
Agency executives	Xi Jinping, Chairman General Zhang Youxia, Vice Chairman General He Weidong, Vice Chairman
Parent agency	Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party National People's Congress (and its Standing Committee)
Child agencies	People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia of China Ministry of National Defense China Coast Guard
Website	www.81.cn chinamil.com.cn (in English)

People's Liberation Army
Executive departments
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Chairman of the CMC Joint Staff Department of the CMC Political Work Department of the CMC Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CMC
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Domestic troops
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Special operations force
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History of the Chinese military
Military history of China
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The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the highest military leadership body of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which heads the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia of China.

There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. Under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and operate under both the party and state systems. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending.

The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders (who are civilians under the principle that the Party commands the Gun) to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st or 'Eight-One' Building") in western Beijing.

History

The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was consistently named the CCP Central Military Commission. Among Western commentators, “Affairs” is frequently dropped from the title. As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937 the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic's Chinese Red Army were integrated into the Kuomintang's army for the anti-Japanese war, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong.

In the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government. The final coexistence of two military committees was set in 1954, as the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority rested into a National Defense Council of the People's Republic of China chaired by the President in keeping with the 1954 Constitution.

As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman, a post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying. As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution, the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975.

Deng Xiaoping's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC, which was created in 1982 by the constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers.

The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992. This post was held by Yang Shangkun (1945–1954), Huang Kecheng (1954–1959), Luo Ruiqing (1959–1966), Ye Jianying (1966–1977), Luo Ruiqing (1977–1979), Geng Biao (1979–1981), Yang Shangkun (1981–1989), Yang Baibing (1989–1992).

In 2016, the four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of the PLA.

Functions

According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense. The CMC has the ultimate command authority over the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia.

In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council. As one of China's three main decision-making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority.

Structure

There are two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized.

The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members. The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary. The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the 15 general departments and, in turn, to each of the service branches (ground, navy and air forces). In addition, the CMC also has direct control over the Rocket Forces, the three arms of service that were previously part of the former Strategic Support Forces (Aerospace Force, Information Support Force and Cyberspace Force), the National Defense University, and the Academy of Military Sciences.

Departments

Prior to 2016, the PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to the CMC. The new 15 departments are:

1. General Office (Deputy Theater Grade)
2. Joint Staff Department (CMC Member Grade)
3. Political Work Department (CMC Member Grade)
4. Discipline Inspection Commission (CMC Member Grade)
5. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission (Theater Grade)
6. Logistic Support Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
7. Equipment Development Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
8. Training Administration Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
9. National Defense Mobilization Department (Deputy Theater Grade)
10. Science and Technology Commission (Deputy Theater Grade)
11. Office for Strategic Planning (Corps Grade)
12. Office for Reform and Organizational Structure (Corps Grade)
13. Office for International Military Cooperation (Corps Grade)
14. Audit Office (Corps Grade)
15. Agency for Offices Administration (Corps Grade)

The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs.

Joint control organs

The Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the Joint Operation Command Organs of each of the five command theaters.

Members

According to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred the rank of general by the virtue of their office.

The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress.

CMC Chairman

Xi Jinping, also General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, President of China

CMC Vice Chairmen (2)

1. General Zhang Youxia, member of the 19th Politburo and the 20th Politburo
2. General He Weidong, member of the 20th Politburo

CMC Members (3)

1. General Liu Zhenli, Chief of Staff of the Joint Staff Department
2. Admiral Miao Hua, Director of the Political Work Department (Suspended)
3. General Zhang Shengmin Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection

High command

As of 2024, China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as:

Election

According to the CCP constitution, the members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee. In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee. Similarly, the State CMC is constitutionally elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee, but is in practice indistinguishable from the Party CMC. This difference in elections results in the only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the Party Congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the Party CMC in the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, but they entered the State CMC in March 2003, when the 1st Session of the 10th NPC convened.

Notes

1. Chinese: 中共中央軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
2. Chinese: 中共中央革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
3. Chinese: 中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ Rénmín Gémìng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì
4. Chinese: 中华人民共和国国防委员会; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guófáng Wěiyuánhuì
5. Other communist states typically only had state military commissions exclusively composed of party members, such as the GDR's National Defence Council, which was however preceded by a party commission.

References

1. ^ Mulvenon, James C., ed. (2002). "The Pinnacle of the Pyramid: The Central Military Commission". The People's Liberation Army as Organization. RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-3303-1. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
2. ^ Lague, David; Lim, Benjamin Kang (23 April 2019). "How China is replacing America as Asia's military titan". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
3. "Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense". National People's Congress. 26 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
4. ^ Liu, Zhen (18 October 2022). "What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
5. Wang, Yongsheng; Li, Yüping (2007). "Lijie Zhonggong Zhongyang Junshi Weiyuanhui de zucheng ji lishi beijing" 历届中共中央军事委员会的组成及历史背景 [The make-up and historical background of past iterations of the Central Military Commission]. Military History (in Chinese (China)) (6): 11–14.
6. "Rumours swirl after China's defence minister, Li Shangfu, is sacked". The Economist. October 26, 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ...the state's Central Military Commission, a notional body that replicates another one with real power controlled by the party.
7. "Sicherheitskommission beim Politbüro des ZK der SED". Stasi-Unterlagen-Archiv (in German). Archived from the original on 2024-05-18. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
8. Saunders, Phillip C.; Scobell, Andrew, eds. (2020-12-31), "3. The Riddle in the Middle: China's Central Military Commission in the Twenty-first Century", PLA Influence on China's National Security Policymaking, Stanford University Press, pp. 84–119, doi:10.1515/9780804796286-005, ISBN 978-0-8047-9628-6, S2CID 242615158
9. "How China is Ruled: Military Affairs Commission". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
10. ^ "Decoding Chinese Politics: Military". Asia Society. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
11. Saunders et al. 2019, p. 521.
12. "国防部新闻事务局官微发布中央军委机关英文译名". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
13. Erickson, Andrew (2024-04-11). "CMSI Note #5: Admiral Wang Renhua: Exemplifying Jointness and Oversight for China's Navy amid Xi's Grade-and-Rank Reforms". CMSI Notes.
14. "Introduction Appendix: Central Military Commission Reforms". National Defense University Press. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
15. "Regulations on the Military Ranks of Officers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army". National People's Congress. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
16. "新一届中央军委委员中3位是从战火中走出的将军". Sina. 2017-10-27. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
17. "New PRC Central Military Commission vice chairmen, members pledge allegiance to Constitution". Xinhua News Agency. 11 March 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
18. "CMC Departments". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 2024-05-16. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
19. Panyue, Huang (27 October 2022). "Full text of Constitution of Communist Party of China - China Military". China Military. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
20. "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-08-08.

Works cited

Saunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN 978-1070233420.

v t e Chinese Communist Party
Central Committee	Leader Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) Bo Gu (1931–1935) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) Xi Jinping (2012–present) Decision-making bodies General Secretary Politburo (Standing Committee) Secretariat Central Military Commission Departments Organization Department Publicity Department United Front Work Department International Department Social Work Department Political and Legal Affairs Commission Directly administered General Office Office of the General Secretary Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Secrecy Office Cryptography Office Central Archives Policy Research Office Commissions for co-ordination Auditing Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Financial Financial and Economic Affairs Foreign Affairs Cyberspace Affairs Office National Security Science and Technology Spiritual Civilization Institutional Organization Office Secrecy Office Dispatched institutions for co-ordination Working Committee of Central and State Organs Central Financial Work Commission Hong Kong Work Committee Macau Work Committee Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong Leading groups Cryptography Work Office Education Rural Work Inspection Work Military Reform Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Taiwan Office Hong Kong and Macau Office Others Central Party School Chinese Academy of Governance Institute of Party History and Literature People's Daily Qiushi Guangming Daily Executive Leadership Academies Pudong Yan'an Jinggangshan
National Congress	1st (1921) 2nd (1922) 3rd (1923) 4th (1925) 5th (1927) 6th (1928) 7th (1945) 8th (1956) 9th (1969) 10th (1973) 11th (1977) 12th (1982) 13th (1987) 14th (1992) 15th (1997) 16th (2002) 17th (2007) 18th (2012) 19th (2017) 20th (2022)
Leadership sittings	Elected by the Central Committee Politburo Standing Committee 4th: 1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Politburo 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Military Commission 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Approved by the Central Committee Secretariat 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1980–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Standing Committee 7th 1949–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Secretary Zhu De (1949–55) Dong Biwu (1955–68) Chen Yun (1978–87) Qiao Shi (1987–92) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) He Guoqiang (2007–12) Wang Qishan (2012–17) Zhao Leji (2017–22) Li Xi (2022–) Others Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Elected by National Congress Central Committee 1st: 1921–1922 2nd: 1922–1923 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Discipline Inspection 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1933 & 1933–1945 7th: 1949–1955 & 1955–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2022 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027
Wider organisation	People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia (China) Communist Youth League of China Young Pioneers of China United front (China) People's organization
Ideologies	Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought
Groupings	Shanghai clique Tuanpai Tsinghua clique Eight Elders Crown Prince Party Fujian clique New Zhijiang Army Xishan Society Gang of Four 28 Bolsheviks
Related articles	Shuanggui Neoauthoritarianism List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
Category

v t e Organizational structure of the Chinese Communist Party
National Congress Central Committee Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary, deputy secretaries and Secretary General Standing Committee Central Military Commission General Secretary General Secretary Office Chairman and Vice Chairmen Politburo General Office (Central Guard Bureau) Departments: Organization, Publicity, United Front, International, Social Work, and Legal Affairs Research institutions: Central Party School, Institute of Party History and Literature, and Central Policy Research Office Politburo Standing Committee Secretariat Leading Small Groups Local Party branches Other commissions: Spiritual Civilization, Cyberspace Affairs Foreign Affairs, National Security, and Institutional Organization Party organizations within the People's Liberation Army CMC Political Work Department
See also Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party

v t e Central state organs of the People's Republic of China
National People's Congress NPC Standing Committee President State Council Central Military Commission National Supervisory Commission Supreme People's Court Supreme People's Procuratorate

v t e Politics of China
Constitution Laws Ideology
Communist Party	Central Committee Politburo Standing Committee General Secretary Secretariat Military Commission Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary Provincial standing committees Constitution
Central government	Paramount leader National People's Congress Standing Committee Chairman President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premiers State Councilors Ministries Central Military Commission Chairman People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia National Supervisory Commission Supreme People's Court President Supreme People's Procuratorate Procurator-General
United front	Political Consultative Conference Chairperson Minor parties People's organization United Front Work Department
Politics of province-level divisions (current leaders)	Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Xinjiang Tibet (leaders) SARs Hong Kong Macau Claimed province Taiwan
See also Elections

v t e People's Liberation Army
General	History Modernization Budget Equipment Decorations Generals Weapons of mass destruction Information operations and information warfare
Branches	Ground Structure Equipment Infantry [zh] Armored forces [zh] Artillery [zh] Air defense [zh] Aviation aircraft Engineers [zh] Chemical defense [zh] Special operations units Navy Organization Weaponry History Branches: Surface ships aircraft carriers Submarine Coastal Defense Naval Air aircraft Marine Corps special operations units Fleets: North Sea East Sea South Sea Air Aviation aircraft airbases Air Defense Airborne Corps special operations units Rocket Missile operation units Rocket Force corps of engineers [zh] Special operations units
Arms	Aerospace Astronaut Corps astronauts Deep Space Network Cyberspace Cyberspace Force Information Support Information Support Force Joint Logistics Support Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: Wuxi; Guilin; Xining; Shenyang; Zhengzhou
Structure	Central Military Commission Chairman Vice-Chairmen General Office Joint Staff Intelligence Bureau Guard Bureau Guard Unit Political Work Logistic Support Equipment Development Manned Space Agency Training and Administration National Defense Mobilization Discipline Inspection Strategic Planning Reform and Organizational Structure International Military Cooperation Audit Office Offices Administration Theater Commands Eastern Southern Hong Kong Macau Western Tibet Northern Central Military regions (defunct) Shenyang Beijing Lanzhou Jinan Nanjing Guangzhou Chengdu
Ranks	Ground Force Navy Air Force
Uniform	Xingkong (camouflage) Type 07 Type 99 (camouflage) Type 97 Service Dress
Institutions	Academy of Military Science National Defence University National University of Defense Technology Army Command College PLA Air Force Aviation University Academic institutions of the armed forces of China
Publications	PLA Daily August First Film Studio CCTV-7 The Science of Military Strategy Defense White Paper
Paramilitary	People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Special police units Snow Leopard Commando Unit Mountain Eagle Commando Unit Militia Maritime Militia Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Contractors	China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation Norinco China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation Poly Technologies Seven Sons of National Defence
Armed conflicts Korean War Authorized defense products dealer

• Central Military Commission (China)
• Institutions of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
• Defence agencies of China
• Government agencies of China
• Military of the People's Republic of China
• National security councils