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Callitrichidae
Major extant callitrichid genera: Callithrix, Leontopithecus, Saguinus, Cebuella, Mico, Callimico.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Parvorder:	Platyrrhini
Family:	Callitrichidae Thomas, 1903
Type genus
Callithrix Erxleben, 1777
Genera
See text
The range of Callitrichidae species.
Synonyms
Callitrichidae Napier and Napier, 1967 Hapalidae Wagner, 1840

The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae.

This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.

Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin.

All callitrichids are arboreal. They are the smallest of the simian primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree exudates, with some species (e.g. Callithrix jacchus and Cebuella pygmaea) considered obligate exudativores.

Callitrichids typically live in small, territorial groups of about five or six animals. Their social organization is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring.

They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females. The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

Species and subspecies list

Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are:

• Family Callitrichidae
  • Genus Saguinus
    • Subgenus Saguinus
      • Red-handed tamarin, Saguinus midas
      • Western black tamarin, Saguinus niger
      • Eastern black-handed tamarin, Saguinus ursulus
      • Pied tamarin, Saguinus bicolor
      • Martins's tamarin, Saguinus martinsi
        • Saguinus martinsi martinsi
        • Saguinus martinsi ochraceus
      • White-footed tamarin, Saguinus leucopus
      • Cottontop tamarin, Saguinus oedipus
      • Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi
    • Subgenus Tamarinus
      • Moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax
        • Spix's moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax mystax
        • Red-capped moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax pileatus
        • White-rump moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax pluto
      • White-lipped tamarin, Saguinus labiatus
        • Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus labiatus
        • Gray's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus rufiventer
        • Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus thomasi
      • Emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator
        • Black-chinned emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator imperator
        • Bearded emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator subgrisescens
      • Mottle-faced tamarin, Saguinus inustus
  • Genus Leontocebus
    • Black-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis
      • Spix's black-mantle tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis
      • Graells's tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi
      • Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi
    • Brown-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis
      • Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi
      • Spix's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis
      • Mura's saddleback tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis mura
      • Lako's saddleback tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus
    • Andean saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus leucogenys
    • Lesson's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscus
    • Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus cruzlimai
    • Weddell's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli
      • Weddell's tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli weddelli
      • Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli crandalli
      • White-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus
    • Golden-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus tripartitus
    • Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus illigeri
    • Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus lagonotus
    • Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus nigrifrons
  • Genus Leontopithecus
    • Golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia
    • Golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas
    • Black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus
    • Superagui lion tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara
  • †Genus Patasola
    • †Patasola magdalenae
  • †Genus Micodon
    • †Micodon kiotensis
  • Genus Callimico
    • Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii
  • Genus Mico
    • Silvery marmoset, Mico argentatus
    • Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, Mico humilis
    • White marmoset, Mico leucippe
    • Black-tailed marmoset, Mico melanurus
    • Schneider's marmoset, Mico schneideri
    • Hershkovitz's marmoset, Mico intermedia
    • Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae
    • Black-headed marmoset, Mico nigriceps
    • Marca's marmoset, Mico marcai
    • Santarem marmoset, Mico humeralifer
    • Gold-and-white marmoset, Mico chrysoleucos
    • Maués marmoset, Mico mauesi
    • Sateré marmoset, Mico saterei
    • Rio Acarí marmoset, Mico acariensis
    • Rondon's marmoset, Mico rondoni
    • Munduruku marmoset, Mico munduruku
  • Genus Cebuella
    • Western pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea
    • Eastern pygmy marmoset, Cebuella niveiventris
  • Genus Callithrix
    • Common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
    • Black-tufted marmoset, Callithrix penicillata
    • Wied's marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii
    • White-headed marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi
    • Buffy-tufted marmoset, Callithrix aurita
    • Buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 129–136. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
2. Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
3. Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra; Costa, Henrique C. (2015). "Some nomenclatural notes regarding authorship and dates of New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini)" (PDF). Shernornia. 2 (3): 21–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
4. Hershkovitz, P. Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) with an Introduction to the Primates. University of Chicago 1977.
5. ^ Ford, S. M. (1980-01-01). "Callitrichids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the Callitrichidae in Platyrrhini". Primates. 21 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1007/BF02383822. ISSN 0032-8332. S2CID 30520772.
6. Naish, Darren. Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics. Scientific American November 27, 2012
7. Harrison, M. L.; Tardif, S. D. (1994). "Social implications of gummivory in marmosets". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 95 (4): 399–408. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950404. PMID 7864061.
8. Sussman, R.W. (2003). "Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles". Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-536-74363-3.
9. Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ( Saguinus o. oedipus). Animal Behaviour (1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444
10. Garbino, Guilherme S.T.; Martins-Junior, Antonio M.G. (2018). "Phenotypic evolution in marmoset and tamarin monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a revised genus-level classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 156–171. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.002. PMID 28989098.
11. Rylands, Anthony B.; Eckhard W. Heymann; Jessica Lynch Alfaro; Janet C. Buckner; Christian Roos; Christian Matauschek; Jean P. Boubli; Ricardo Sampaio; Russell A. Mittermeier (2016). "Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 177 (4): 1003–1028. doi:10.1111/zoj.12386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
12. Cortés-Ortiz, Lilliana (2009). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an Emphasis on the Marmosets and Callimico". In Ford, S.; Porter, L.; Davis, L. (eds.). The Smallest Anthropoids: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Boston: Springer. pp. 3–24. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4419-0292-4.
13. Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data". bioRxiv 10.1101/178111.
14. Sampaio; et al. (April 2015). "Re-description and assessment of the taxonomic status of Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 (Primates, Callitrichinae)". Primates. 56 (2): 131–144. doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0458-2. PMID 25688005. S2CID 11577316.

v t e Haplorhini
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates
Haplorhini †"Omomyidae" Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius Microchoerinae Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex "Anaptomorphinae" Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina "Omomyinae" Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius Tarkadectinae Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops Tarsiiformes †Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"? Tarsiidae Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis? Simiiformes see below↓
Simiiformes Simiiformes †Altiatlasius? †Amamria †Aseanpithecus †Nosmips? †Phileosimias? †Afrotarsiidae? Afrasia Afrotarsius †Eosimiidae Bahinia Eosimias Phenacopithecus †Amphipithecidae Amphipithecus Bugtipithecus? Ganlea Krabia Myanmarpithecus Pondaungia Siamopithecus †Parapithecoidea Arsinoea Biretia Proteopithecidae Proteopithecus Serapia Parapithecidae Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus Platyrrhini †Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico Aotidae Aotus †Tremacebus Pitheciidae †Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix Atelidae Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia Cebidae †Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus Callitrichidae Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus Catarrhini see below↓
Catarrhini Catarrhini †Micropithecus †Saadanius †Oligopithecidae Catopithecus Oligopithecus Talahpithecus †Propliopithecidae Aegyptopithecus Propliopithecus †Pliopithecoidea Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi Pliopithecidae Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus Dionysopithecidae Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus Crouzeliidae Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates Cercopithecoidea †Alophe †Victoriapithecidae Noropithecus Nsungwepithecus? Prohylobates? Victoriapithecus Zaltanpithecus Colobinae †Cercopithecoides Colobus †Dolichopithecus †Kuseracolobus †Libypithecus †Mesopithecus †Microcolobus Nasalis †Paracolobus †Parapresbytis Piliocolobus Presbytis Procolobus Pygathrix †Rhinocolobus Rhinopithecus †Sawecolobus Semnopithecus Simias Trachypithecus Cercopithecinae Cercopithecini Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus Papionini Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus Hominoidea see below↓
Hominoidea Hominoidea †Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus †Dendropithecidae Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus Hylobatidae †Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus Hominidae †Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus Ponginae †Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus Homininae †Dryopithecini Anoiapithecus Danuvius Dryopithecus Hispanopithecus? Pierolapithecus? Rudapithecus Gorillini †Chororapithecus? Gorilla †Nakalipithecus? Hominini Pan Hominina †Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus

• Callitrichidae
• Primate families
• Primates of South America
• Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
• Taxa described in 1903