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Calophyllum
Calophyllum inophyllum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Calophyllaceae
Genus:	Calophyllum L.
Species
see text
Synonyms
Schmidelia Boehm. (Homotypic) Apoterium Blume Balsamaria Lour. Calaba Mill. Ponna Boehm.

Calophyllum is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Calophyllaceae. They are mainly distributed in Asia, with some species in Africa, the Americas, Australasia, and the Pacific Islands.

History

Members of the genus Calophyllum native to Malaysia and Wallacea are of particular importance to traditional shipbuilding of the larger Austronesian outrigger ships and were carried with them in the Austronesian expansion as they migrated to Oceania and Madagascar. They were comparable in importance to how oaks were in European shipbuilding and timber industries. The most notable species is the mastwood (Calophyllum inophyllum) which grows readily in the sandy and rocky beaches of the island environments that the Austronesians colonized.

Description

Calophyllum are trees or shrubs. They produce a colorless, white, or yellow latex. The oppositely arranged leaves have leathery blades often borne on petioles. The leaves are distinctive, with narrow parallel veins alternating with resin canals. The inflorescence is a cyme or a thyrse of flowers that grows from the leaf axils or at the ends of branches. In the flower the sepals and petals may look similar and are arranged in whorls. There are many stamens. The fruit is a drupe with thin layers of flesh over a large seed.

Uses

Many species are used for their wood. Some are hardwood trees that can reach 30 meters in height. They tend to grow rapidly. The outer sapwood is yellowish, yellow-brown, or orange, sometimes with a pink tinge, and the inner heartwood is light reddish to red-brown. The wood has a streaked, ribboned, or zig-zag grain. The wood has been used to build boats, flooring, and furniture, and made into plywood. Calophyllum wood may be sold under the name bitangor, and the species may be used interchangeably; one shipment may contain boards from several different species.

Plants of the genus are also known for their chemistry, with a variety of secondary metabolites isolated, such as coumarins, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Compounds from the genus have been reported to have cytotoxic, anti-HIV, antisecretory, cytoprotective, antinociceptive, molluscicidal, and antimicrobial properties. Some plants are used in folk medicine to treat conditions such as peptic ulcers, tumors, infections, pain, and inflammation.

C. inophyllum is the source of tamanu oil, a greenish, nutty-scented oil of commercial value. It has been used as massage oil, topical medicine, lamp oil, and waterproofing, and is still used in cosmetics. Tacamahac is the resin of the tree. This species is also cultivated for its wood and planted in coastal landscaping as a windbreak and for erosion control.

Symbolism

A stylized Calophyllum is featured on the national coat of arms of Nauru.

Species

As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online includes:

1. Calophyllum acidus Kosterm.
2. Calophyllum acutiputamen P.F.Stevens
3. Calophyllum aerarium P.F.Stevens
4. Calophyllum africanum Cheek & Q.Luke
5. Calophyllum alboramulum P.F.Stevens
6. Calophyllum amblyphyllum A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin
7. Calophyllum andersonii P.F.Stevens
8. Calophyllum angulare A.C.Sm.
9. Calophyllum apetalum Willd.
10. Calophyllum archipelagi P.F.Stevens
11. Calophyllum ardens P.F.Stevens
12. Calophyllum articulatum P.F.Stevens
13. Calophyllum aurantiacum P.F.Stevens
14. Calophyllum aureobrunnescens M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
15. Calophyllum aureum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
16. Calophyllum australianum F.Muell. ex Vesque
17. Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. ex P.F.Stevens
18. Calophyllum balansae Pit.
19. Calophyllum banyengii P.F.Stevens
20. Calophyllum bicolor P.F.Stevens
21. Calophyllum biflorum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
22. Calophyllum bifurcatum P.F.Stevens
23. Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana
24. Calophyllum brachyphyllum Merr.
25. Calophyllum bracteatum Thwaites
26. Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. – Santa Maria
27. Calophyllum brassii A.C.Sm.
28. Calophyllum calaba L.
29. Calophyllum calcicola P.F.Stevens
30. Calophyllum caledonicum Vieill. ex Planch. & Triana
31. Calophyllum canum Hook.f. ex T.Anderson
32. Calophyllum carrii P.F.Stevens
33. Calophyllum castaneum P.F.Stevens
34. Calophyllum caudatum Kaneh. & Hatus.
35. Calophyllum celebicum P.F.Stevens
36. Calophyllum cerasiferum Vesque
37. Calophyllum ceriferum Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens
38. Calophyllum chapelieri Drake
39. Calophyllum clemensiorum P.F.Stevens
40. Calophyllum collinum P.F.Stevens
41. Calophyllum comorense H.Perrier
42. Calophyllum complanatum P.F.Stevens
43. Calophyllum confertum P.F.Stevens
44. Calophyllum confusum P.F.Stevens
45. Calophyllum cordato-oblongum Thwaites
46. Calophyllum coriaceum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
47. Calophyllum costatum F.M.Bailey
48. Calophyllum costulatum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
49. Calophyllum cucullatum Merr.
50. Calophyllum cuneifolium Thwaites
51. Calophyllum dasypodium Miq.
52. Calophyllum depressinervosum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
53. Calophyllum dioscurii P.F.Stevens
54. Calophyllum dispar P.F.Stevens
55. Calophyllum dongnaiense Pierre
56. Calophyllum drouhardii H.Perrier
57. Calophyllum dryobalanoides Pierre
58. Calophyllum echinatum P.F.Stevens
59. Calophyllum elegans Ridl.
60. Calophyllum enervosum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
61. Calophyllum eputamen P.F.Stevens
62. Calophyllum euryphyllum Lauterb.
63. Calophyllum exiticostatum P.F.Stevens
64. Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl.
65. Calophyllum fibrosum P.F.Stevens
66. Calophyllum flavoramulum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
67. Calophyllum fraseri M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
68. Calophyllum garcinioides P.F.Stevens
69. Calophyllum glaucescens Ridl.
70. Calophyllum goniocarpum P.F.Stevens
71. Calophyllum gracilipes Merr.
72. Calophyllum gracillimum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
73. Calophyllum grandiflorum J.J.Sm.
74. Calophyllum griseum P.F.Stevens
75. Calophyllum havilandii P.F.Stevens
76. Calophyllum heterophyllum P.F.Stevens
77. Calophyllum hirasimum P.F.Stevens
78. Calophyllum honbaense V.S.Dang, H.Toyama & Tagane
79. Calophyllum hosei Ridl.
80. Calophyllum humbertii P.F.Stevens
81. Calophyllum incumbens P.F.Stevens
82. Calophyllum inophyllum L. – mastwood, Alexandrian laurel, tamanu, beauty leaf
83. Calophyllum insularum P.F.Stevens
84. Calophyllum lanigerum Miq.
85. Calophyllum lankaensis Kosterm.
86. Calophyllum laticostatum P.F.Stevens
87. Calophyllum laxiflorum Drake
88. Calophyllum leleanii P.F.Stevens
89. Calophyllum leptocladum A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin
90. Calophyllum leucocarpum A.C.Sm.
91. Calophyllum lineare Kosterm.
92. Calophyllum lingulatum P.F.Stevens
93. Calophyllum lonchophyllum O.Schwarz
94. Calophyllum longifolium Willd.
95. Calophyllum lowei Planch. & Triana
96. Calophyllum macrocarpum Hook.f.
97. Calophyllum macrophyllum Scheff.
98. Calophyllum membranaceum Gardner & Champ.
99. Calophyllum mesoamericanum Vela Díaz
100. Calophyllum milvum P.F.Stevens
101. Calophyllum molle King
102. Calophyllum moonii Wight
103. Calophyllum morobensis P.F.Stevens
104. Calophyllum mukunense P.F.Stevens
105. Calophyllum multitudinis P.F.Stevens
106. Calophyllum neoebudicum Guillaumin
107. Calophyllum nodosum Vesque
108. Calophyllum novoguineense Kaneh. & Hatus.
109. Calophyllum nubicola D'Arcy & R.C.Keating
110. Calophyllum obliquinervium Merr.
111. Calophyllum obscurum P.F.Stevens
112. Calophyllum oliganthum Merr.
113. Calophyllum pachyphyllum Planch. & Triana
114. Calophyllum paniculatum P.F.Stevens
115. Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb.
116. Calophyllum parkeri C.E.C.Fisch.
117. Calophyllum parviflorum Bojer ex Baker
118. Calophyllum parvifolium Choisy
119. Calophyllum pascalianum B.R.Ramesh, Ayyappan & De Franceschi
120. Calophyllum pauciflorum A.C.Sm.
121. Calophyllum peekelii Lauterb.
122. Calophyllum pelewense P.F.Stevens
123. Calophyllum pentapetalum (Blanco) Merr.
124. Calophyllum persimile P.F.Stevens
125. Calophyllum pervillei Drake
126. Calophyllum piluliferum P.F.Stevens
127. Calophyllum pinetorum Bisse
128. Calophyllum pisiferum Planch. & Triana
129. Calophyllum poilanei Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens
130. Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy – poonspar, sirpoontree
131. Calophyllum praetermissum P.F.Stevens
132. Calophyllum pubescens Vela Díaz
133. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy
134. Calophyllum pyriforme P.F.Stevens
135. Calophyllum recedens Jum. & H.Perrier
136. Calophyllum recurvatum P.F.Stevens
137. Calophyllum rigidulum P.F.Stevens
138. Calophyllum rigidum Miq.
139. Calophyllum rivulare Bisse
140. Calophyllum robustum P.F.Stevens
141. Calophyllum roseocostatum P.F.Stevens
142. Calophyllum rotundifolium Ridl.
143. Calophyllum rubiginosum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
144. Calophyllum rufigemmatum Hend. & Wyatt-Sm. ex P.F.Stevens
145. Calophyllum rufinerve Kaneh. & Hatus.
146. Calophyllum rugosum P.F.Stevens
147. Calophyllum rupicola Ridl.
148. Calophyllum sakarium P.F.Stevens
149. Calophyllum savannarum A.C.Sm.
150. Calophyllum sclerophyllum Vesque
151. Calophyllum scriblitifolium M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
152. Calophyllum sil Lauterb.
153. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. – bitangoor boonot, Nicobar canoetree
154. Calophyllum stipitatum P.F.Stevens
155. Calophyllum streimannii P.F.Stevens
156. Calophyllum suberosum P.F.Stevens
157. Calophyllum subhorizontale M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
158. Calophyllum subsessile King
159. Calophyllum sundaicum P.F.Stevens
160. Calophyllum symingtonianum M.R.Hend. & Wyatt-Sm.
161. Calophyllum tacamahaca Willd.
162. Calophyllum tetrapterum Miq.
163. Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.
164. Calophyllum thorelii Pierre
165. Calophyllum thuriferum Poepp.
166. Calophyllum thwaitesii Planch. & Triana
167. Calophyllum tomentosum Wight – pink touriga
168. Calophyllum touranense Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens
169. Calophyllum tournanense Gagnep. ex P.F.Stevens
170. Calophyllum trachycaule Lauterb.
171. Calophyllum trapezifolium Thwaites
172. Calophyllum undulatum P.F.Stevens
173. Calophyllum utile Bisse
174. Calophyllum vanoverberghii Merr.
175. Calophyllum venulosum Zoll.
176. Calophyllum vergens P.F.Stevens
177. Calophyllum vernicosum P.F.Stevens
178. Calophyllum verticillatum P.F.Stevens
179. Calophyllum vexans P.F.Stevens
180. Calophyllum vitiense Turrill
181. Calophyllum waliense P.F.Stevens
182. Calophyllum walkeri Wight
183. Calophyllum wallichianum Planch. & Triana
184. Calophyllum whitfordii Merr.
185. Calophyllum woodii P.F.Stevens

Gallery

• Calophyllum caledonicum
• Calophyllum brasiliense plantation
• Calophyllum antillanum

See also

• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

References

1. ^ "Calophyllum L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
2. Blume 1825, p. 218.
3. Loureiro 1790, p. 468.
4. Ludwig & Böhmer 1760, p. 268.
5. Ludwig & Böhmer 1760, p. 371.
6. ^ Li, Xi-wen; Li, Jie; Stevens, Peter (n.d.). "Calophyllum (Linnaeus) Sp. Pl. 1: 513. 1753., 1841. 红厚壳属 hong hou ke shu". Flora of China. p. 1, 38.
7. Damon, Frederick H. (2016). "A Story of Calophyllum: From Ecological to Social Facts". Trees, Knots, and Outriggers: Environmental Knowledge in the Northeast Kula Ring. Berghahn Books. pp. 180–246. ISBN 9781785332333.
8. Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Anthony, S. (2009). "Calophyllum inophyllum" (PDF). Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry.
9. ^ Díaz, D. M. V. (March 2013). "Multivariate analysis of morphological and anatomical characters of Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae) in South America: Multivariate Analysis of Calophyllum". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (3): 587–626. doi:10.1111/boj.12012.
10. Calophyllum. Archived 2014-09-11 at the Wayback Machine Wood Properties and Uses of Australian Timbers. Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2010.
11. Richter, H. G. and M. J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Calophyllum. Commercial Timbers. DELTA. Version: 25 June 2009.
12. ^ Friday, J. B. and R. Ogoshi. Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum). In: Elevitch, C. R. (ed.) Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources. Holualoa, Hawaii. 2011.
13. Cechinel Filho, V.; Meyre-Silva, C.; Niero, R. (2009). "Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Genus Calophyllum". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 6 (3): 313–327. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200800082. PMID 19319867. S2CID 45018591.