Camillien Houde

Canadian politician (1889–1958)

His WorshipCamillien HoudeCBE OStJ
Camillien Houde in 1930

34th Mayor of Montreal
In office 1928–1932
Preceded by	Médéric Martin
Succeeded by	Fernand Rinfret
In office 1934–1936
Preceded by	Fernand Rinfret
Succeeded by	Adhémar Raynault
In office 1938–1940
Preceded by	Adhémar Raynault
Succeeded by	Adhémar Raynault
In office 1944–1954
Preceded by	Adhémar Raynault
Succeeded by	Jean Drapeau
Leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec
In office 1929–1932
Preceded by	Arthur Sauvé
Succeeded by	Charles Ernest Gault
MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie
In office 1923–1927
Preceded by	Joseph Gauthier
Succeeded by	Joseph Gauthier
In office 1928–1931
Preceded by	Joseph Gauthier
Succeeded by	Gaspard Fauteux
In office 1939–1944
Preceded by	Candide Rochefort
Succeeded by	Camille Côté
Member of Parliament for Papineau
In office 1949–1953
Preceded by	Riding created
Succeeded by	Adrien Meunier

Personal details
Born	(1889-08-13)August 13, 1889 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died	September 11, 1958(1958-09-11) (aged 69) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Resting place	Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
Political party	Conservative Party of Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Independent

Camillien Houde CBE OStJ (August 13, 1889 – September 11, 1958) was a Quebec politician, a Member of Parliament, and a four-time mayor of Montreal. He is of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government. During World War II, Houde was interned under the War Measures Act for campaigning against conscription.

Political career

Houde was born in Montreal on August 13, 1889 and died there on September 11, 1958. He was nicknamed "l'imprévisible"—the unpredictable. He was the only surviving child of Azade Houde and Josephine Frenette. He is descended from the first Houde ancestor, Louis Houde, who came from Manou, Eure-et-Loir, France to New France in 1647. Louis Houde's son was Louis H. who married Marie Lemay in 1685.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Conservative Party for the riding of Montréal–Sainte-Marie in the 1923 election. He was defeated in the 1927 election, but re-elected in a by-election on October 24, 1928. He was elected leader of the Conservative Party on July 10, 1929, led the party to defeat in the 1931 election, and failed to win a seat in Montréal–Saint-Jacques after vacating his previous seat. He resigned as Conservative leader on September 19, 1932.

In 1930, Jews in Montreal expressed anger over antisemitic statements made by Houde. During a speech, an audience member had yelled, "To hell with the Jews!" Houde replied, "Well said. They have a new country and if they won't meet your demands they can go to Palestine, their country."

When George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Montreal on the 1939 royal tour of Canada and were greeted by cheering crowds, Houde turned to the King and said: "You know, Your Majesty, some of this is for you."

He moved to federal politics and lost in a bid for election as a Conservative candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in a 1938 by-election in the Montreal riding of St. Mary. In 1940, he was arrested and charged under the Defence of Canada Regulations. He was imprisoned at Camp Petawawa in Ontario until the end of the war. He ran again in St. Mary, this time as an independent candidate, in the 1945 federal election, but was again defeated. He won a seat as an independent candidate in the riding of Papineau in the 1949 federal election by less than 100 votes. He did not run for re-election in the 1953 election.

Houde became a figure of ridicule in parts of English Canada because of his conduct in opposition to conscription. During the 1949 federal election, the Toronto Star, which openly supported the Liberal Party, attempted to link the unpopular Houde with George Drew, then leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada even though Houde was running as an independent candidate against an official Progressive Conservative candidate. The Star accused Drew of making a secret pact with Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis to appoint Houde to the Cabinet as Drew's Quebec lieutenant should the Tories win the election. The newspaper's campaign reached its culmination the Saturday before the election with a banner front-page headline reading:

KEEP CANADA BRITISH
DESTROY DREW'S HOUDE
GOD SAVE THE KING

(in later editions, the last line was changed to "VOTE ST. LAURENT").

Concurrent to his career in provincial and federal politics, Houde was mayor of Montreal from 1928 to 1932, from 1934 to 1936, from 1938 to 1940, and from 1944 to 1954.

World War II controversy

In 1939, Houde said that "French-Canadians are Fascists by blood", and stating that if there was a war between Britain and Fascist Italy, he would prefer to side with Italy.

During World War II, Houde campaigned against conscription. On August 2, 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government. Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick for four years. Upon his release on August 18, 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers, and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election.

After the war, Houde signed a petition protesting Nazi collaborator Jacques de Bernonville's extradition to France.

Honours

Houde was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1935 and an Officer of the Order of St John in 1953.

Headstone at Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges

Legacy

On his death in 1958, Camillien Houde was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, Quebec in an Italian marble replica of Napoleon's tomb.

Mayor Houde was a reform-minded mayor in the areas of patronage, unemployment, and organized crime. He was also responsible for some of the major public park improvements in Montreal including the park on Mont Royal with its man-made lake and park facilities. "Camilliennes" were public washrooms built by Houde during the Great Depression.

After his death, Mayor Jean Drapeau named a new road over Mount Royal after Houde, an act many considered ironic, as Houde and many others had long opposed building roads over the city's famous mountain.

Other information

Mayor Houde threw a party for the then-new fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous, which was described by Bill W in the book Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age as "probably the first official reception that any A.A. group ever had."

References

"Montreal Mayor Openly Anti-semitic at Discussion of Jewish School Question". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
Shawcross, William (2009). The Queen Mother. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 458.
Templeton, Charles (1983). "Inside the Toronto Star". Charles Templeton, an anecdotal memoir. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-77108545-1. OCLC 11158533.
TIME (20 February 1939). "CANADA: Houde for Dictators". TIME. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
"Canadian Registration Act Defied by Montreal Mayor". St. Petersburg Times. 3 August 1940. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
"Lapointe Orders Houde Interned". Windsor Daily Star. 6 August 1940. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
"Houde say term threat to French". Montreal Gazette. 6 December 1944. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
"Canada: QUEBEC: Houde's Hero". Time. 20 September 1948. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
"No. 34119". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1935. p. 11.
"No. 39743". The London Gazette. 2 January 1953. p. 95.
"Camillien Houde is Dead, 7-Time Mayor". Montreal Gazette. 12 September 1958. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
Montpetit, Jonathan (12 April 2017). "Public washrooms make comeback in Montreal, 85 years after Camillien Houde's make-work initiative". CBC News. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age, 1957, page 85.

External links

"Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
Camillien Houde – Parliament of Canada biography
Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec: Fonds Camillien Houde (in French)
Répertoire des fonds d'archives de parlementaires québécois - Camillien Houde (in French)
City of Montreal - Camillien Houde
Camillien Houde (1889-1958): Homme politique (in French)
New Brunswick Internment Camp Museum - Internees Phase II (1941 - 1945)

National Assembly of Quebec
Preceded byJoseph Gauthier	MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie 1923–1927	Succeeded byJoseph Gauthier
Preceded byJoseph Gauthier	MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie 1928–1931	Succeeded byGaspard Fauteux
Preceded byCandide Rochefort	MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie 1939–1944	Succeeded byCamille Côté
Parliament of Canada
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Papineau 1949–1953	Succeeded byAdrien Meunier
Party political offices
Preceded byCharles Ernest Gault	Leader of the Quebec Conservative Party 1929–1932	Succeeded byMaurice Duplessis
Political offices
Preceded byArthur Sauvé	Leader of the Opposition in Quebec 1929–1931	Succeeded byCharles Ernest Gault
Preceded byMédéric Martin	Mayor of Montreal 1928–1932	Succeeded byFernand Rinfret
Preceded byFernand Rinfret	Mayor of Montreal 1934–1936	Succeeded byAdhémar Raynault
Preceded byAdhémar Raynault	Mayor of Montreal 1938–1940	Succeeded byAdhémar Raynault
Preceded byAdhémar Raynault	Mayor of Montreal 1944–1954	Succeeded byJean Drapeau

v t e Mayors of Montreal
Viger McGill Bourret Ferrier Mills Bourret Fabre Wilson Nelson Starnes Rodier Beaudry Starnes Workman Coursol Cassidy Bernard Hingston Beaudry Rivard Beaudry Beaugrand Abbott Grenier McShane Desjardins Villeneuve Wilson-Smith Préfontaine Cochrane Laporte Ekers Payette Guerin Lavallée Martin Duquette Martin Houde Rinfret Houde Raynault Houde Raynault Houde Drapeau Fournier Drapeau Doré Bourque Tremblay Cowell-Poitras Applebaum Cowell-Poitras Blanchard Coderre Plante

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