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Canities subita, also called Marie Antoinette syndrome or Thomas More syndrome, is an alleged condition of hair turning white overnight due to stress or trauma. The trivial names come from specific cases in history including that of Queen Marie Antoinette of France whose hair was noted as having turned stark white overnight after her capture following the ill-fated flight to Varennes during the French Revolution. An older case of Sir Thomas More's hair turning white the night before his beheading has also been recorded. Although a number of cases of rapid hair greying have been documented, the underlying patho-physiological changes have not been sufficiently studied.

Causes

The syndrome has been hypothesized to be a variant of alopecia areata diffusa or autoimmune non-scarring hair loss that selectively affects all pigmented hairs, leaving only the white hair behind. Canities subita is caused by high levels of emotional stress, which, in turn, causes less pigmentation of the hair. These form the basis of most uses of the idea in fictional works. It has been found that some hairs can become colored again when stress is reduced.

One study with experiments on mice found that stress caused white hair even if the immune system was suppressed (ruling out auto-immune response) and if the glands producing cortisol were removed. The study concluded that over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system was causing stem cells to stop producing pigment cells in hair follicles.

History

According to some versions of the escape of Wu Zixu, he was able to evade execution when his hair miraculously turned white. Zhou Xingsi, the author of the Thousand Character Classic, is also said to have his hair suddenly turn white upon finishing the emperor's task of sorting 1000 characters into his ode.

Another early recorded claim of sudden whitening of the hair is represented in the Talmud in the story of a Jewish scholar, Eleazar ben Azariah, who developed sudden white hair at age 17, ostensibly from his vigorous studying. A contemporary case of accelerated hair-whitening has been documented in the medical journal Archives of Dermatology in 2009.

In popular culture

The condition has been featured in many works of fiction, characters afflicted by it include but are not limited to;

Literature

• Jean Valjean from the book Les Misérables, from stress and inner turmoil.

• Jonathan Harker in Dracula. His hair turns from dark brown to white while listening to his wife Mina's account of Dracula assaulting her to turn her into a vampire.
• Louis, from the book Pet Sematary from grief and loss of sanity.
• Miu in "Sputnik Sweetheart", after sexual assault.

Television

• Leland Palmer from the TV series Twin Peaks.
• Lagertha, from the History Channel series Vikings, season 5 Part 2.
• Zoidberg, from the animated sitcom Futurama. In the episode Möbius Dick, following an encounter with a four-dimensional space whale, the ordinarily hairless crustacean rapidly grows hair in order that it can immediately turn white from stress.

Anime

• Kaneki Ken from the manga and anime series Tokyo Ghoul, after undergoing days of torture at the hand of Jason, his naturally black hair turns stark white.
• Dabi, from the manga and anime series My Hero Academia, born with a weak constitution, use of his quirk accelerated his body's deterioration and eventual pigment loss in his hair. Likewise, Tomura Shigaraki from the same series also developed this condition. However, his hair went from black to blue from the trauma of killing his family, to white after coming to terms with his trauma.
• Hajime Nagumo, from the light novel and anime series Arifureta, his black hair turns white after he's forced to survive in a monster-infested dungeon for weeks and eat their poisonous flesh.
• In the anime series Gosick, Victorique de Blois' signature long blonde hair turns silver practically overnight as a result of the traumatic events she experiences during World War II. This is a deviation from the light novels, in which her hair turns silver as a result of a coma.

Other

• The White-Haired Girl is a Chinese opera about a young woman who fled to the mountains and had her hair turn white from exhaustion.

• Toby from Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, the musical by Stephen Sondheim.
• Percival de Rolo (and to a lesser extent his sister, Cassandra de Rolo), from the web series Critical Role, played by Taliesin Jaffe. Though he escaped the murder of his family and subsequent take-over of their city by the Briarwoods, the stress and trauma of the event turned his brown hair entirely white. Cassandra also survived, but in her case only a few streaks of her hair turned white.

• The song ‘’Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm’’ by Crash Test Dummies contains a lyric possibly referencing this syndrome: ‘Once there was this kid who / Got into an accident and couldn't come to school / But when he finally came back / His hair had turned from black into bright white / He said that it was from when / The cars had smashed so hard’
• The performance art piece "Rhythm 0" by Marina Abramovic: at the conclusion of the six hour piece, during which Abramovic remained passive while the audience was invited to do whatever they wanted to her using one of 72 objects she had placed on a table-- including a rose, feather, perfume, honey, wine, scissors, a scalpel, nails, a metal bar, a gun, and a bullet--Abramovic alleges that one strand of her hair had turned completely white.

See also

• Greying of hair
• Premature greying of hair

References

1. Trüeb, Ralph M. (2013). Female Alopecia: Guide to Successful Management. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132. ISBN 9783642355035.
2. Kelly, EmilyWilliams; Nahm, Michael; Navarini, AlexanderA (2013). "Canities subita : A reappraisal of evidence based on 196 case reports published in the medical literature". International Journal of Trichology. 5 (2): 63–68. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.122959. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3877474. PMID 24403766.
3. ^ A. Navarini, Alexander; Nobbe, Stephan (2009). "Marie Antoinette Syndrome". Archives of Dermatology. 145 (6): 656. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.51. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 19528420.
4. Trüeb, Ralph M.; Navarini, Alexander A. (2010). "Thomas More Syndrome". Dermatology. 220 (1): 55–56. doi:10.1159/000249512. ISSN 1421-9832. PMID 19828939. S2CID 35750175.
5. Alice Klein (June 6, 2020). "Grey hairs sometimes regain their colour when we feel less stressed". New Scientist.
6. Ayelet Rosenberg; et al. (May 19, 2020). "Human Hair Graying is Naturally Reversible and Linked to Stress". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101964. S2CID 218764733.
7. Zhang, B., Ma, S., Rachmin, I. et al. Hyperactivation of sympathetic nerves drives depletion of melanocyte stem cells. Nature (2020).
8. How Stress Turns Hair White: Harvard Study Points To 'Fight-Or-Flight' Response
9. "Want to be healthier and dispel harmful emotions? Laugh more!". SHINE. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
10. "Chʻien tzu wen the thousand character classic; a Chinese primer". HathiTrust. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
11. Shah, Vidhi V.; Aldahan, Adam S.; Mlacker, Stephanie; Alsaidan, Mohammad; Nouri, Keyvan (2016). "Canities subita: sudden blanching of the hair in history and literature". International Journal of Dermatology. 55 (3): 362–364. doi:10.1111/ijd.13203. PMID 26864494. S2CID 31738508.
12. Navarini, A. A.; Nobbe, S.; Trüeb, R. M. (June 2009). "Marie-Antoinette Syndrome" (PDF). Archives of Dermatology. 145 (6): 656. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2009.51. PMID 19528420.

• Autoimmune diseases
• Conditions of the skin appendages
• Marie Antoinette
• Syndromes