In 1949, shortly before he died, the English author George Orwell prepared a list of notable writers and other people he considered to be unsuitable as possible writers for the anti-communist propaganda activities of the Information Research Department, a secret propaganda organisation of the British state under the Foreign Office. A copy of the list was published in The Guardian in 2003 and the original was released by the Foreign Office soon after.
Background
The Information Research Department (IRD) was a secret propaganda wing of the UK Foreign Office, dedicated to disinformation warfare, anti-communism, and pro-colonial propaganda. The IRD was created in 1948 by Clement Attlee's Labour government, and became both the largest wing of the Foreign Office and the longest running covert government propaganda department in British history.
Celia Kirwan, a close friend of Orwell, who had just started working as Robert Conquest's assistant at the IRD, visited Orwell in March 1949, at a sanatorium where he was being treated for tuberculosis. Orwell wrote a list of names of people he considered sympathetic to Stalinism and therefore unsuitable as writers for the Department, and enclosed it in a letter to Kirwan. The list became public in 2003.
Having worked for Cyril Connolly's Horizon magazine, and briefly as an editorial assistant for Humphrey Slater's Polemic, Kirwan was Arthur Koestler's sister-in-law and one of the four women to whom Orwell proposed after the death of his wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy in 1945. Although Koestler had supported such a match, Kirwan turned him down.
Notebook
Orwell based his list on a private notebook he had maintained since the mid-1940s of possible "cryptos", "F.T." (his abbreviation for fellow travellers), members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, agents and sentimental sympathisers. The notebook, now at the Orwell Archive at University College London, contains 135 names in all, including US writers and politicians. Ten names had been crossed out, either because the person had died or because Orwell had decided that they were neither crypto-communists nor fellow travellers. The people named were a mélange: "some famous, some obscure, some he knew personally and others he did not." Orwell commented in New Leader in 1947:
The important thing to do with these people – and it is extremely difficult, since one has only inferential evidence – is to sort them out and determine which of them is honest and which is not. There is, for instance, a whole group of M.P.s in the British Parliament (Pritt, Zilliacus, etc.) who are commonly nicknamed "the cryptos". They have undoubtedly done a great deal of mischief, especially in confusing public opinion about the nature of the puppet regimes in Eastern Europe; but one ought not hurriedly to assume that they all hold the same opinions. Probably some of them are actuated by nothing worse than stupidity.
The notebook contained columns with names, comments and various markings. Typical comments were: Stephen Spender – "Sentimental sympathiser... Tendency towards homosexuality"; Richard Crossman – "Too dishonest to be outright F. T."; Kingsley Martin –"Decayed liberal. Very dishonest"; and Paul Robeson – "very anti-white. Wallace supporter". Journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft considered Orwell's remarks "perceptive and sometimes even generous", going on to say that "DN Pritt is described as an 'almost certainly underground' Communist but also a "Good MP (i.e. locally). Very able and courageous'". Among the names, Orwell selected 38 which he forwarded to Kirwan.
Richard Rees discussed the names with Orwell, later commenting that it was "a sort of game we played – discussing who was a paid agent of what and estimating to what lengths of treachery our favourite bêtes noires would be prepared to go." Orwell asked Rees to fetch the notebook from Orwell's former residence on the Scottish island of Jura, Scotland, in early 1949, thanking him in a letter of 17 April.
One of Orwell's biographers, Bernard Crick, thought there were 86 names in the list and that some of the names were written in the hand of Koestler, who also co-operated with the IRD in producing anti-Communist propaganda.
Orwell was an ex-colonial policeman in Burma and, according to Timothy Garton Ash, he liked making lists: 'In a "London Letter" to Partisan Review in 1942 he wrote, "I think I could make out at least a preliminary list of the people who would go over to the Nazi side if the Germans occupied England."'
Reactions to the list
The British press had known about the list for several years before it was officially made public in 2003. In 1996, The Independent discussed the list and who was named on it in an article headlined, "Orwell's little list leaves the left gasping for more". In 1998, The Daily Telegraph used the headline "Socialist Icon Who Became an Informer".
Michael Foot, the former leader of the Labour Party, and a friend of Orwell in the 1930s and 1940s, was "amazed" by the revelation. Richard Gott, who in 1994 had resigned as literary editor of The Guardian after admitting that he had accepted travel expenses from the KGB in an unrelated case, referred to Orwell's list as only a "small surprise".
The journalist and activist Norman MacKenzie, who was on the list, noted "Tubercular people often could get very strange towards the end. I'm an Orwell man, I agreed with him on the Soviet Union, but he went partly ga-ga I think. He let his dislike of the New Statesman crowd, of what he saw as leftish, dilettante, sentimental socialists who covered up for the Popular Front in Spain get the better of him."
Bernard Crick justified Orwell wanting to help the post-war Labour government. "He did it because he thought the Communist Party was a totalitarian menace," he said. "He wasn't denouncing these people as subversives. He was denouncing them as unsuitable for a counter-intelligence operation."
The journalist and writer Alexander Cockburn was strongly critical of Orwell's actions, referring to the notebook as "a snitch list". Cockburn attacked Orwell's description of Paul Robeson as "anti-white", pointing out Robeson had campaigned to help Welsh coal miners. Cockburn also said the list revealed Orwell as a bigot: "There seems to be general agreement by Orwell's fans, left and right, to skate gently over Orwell's suspicions of Jews, homosexuals and blacks".
Professor Peter Davison, editor of Orwell's Complete Works, said those who would be really disappointed would be those who claimed to have been on the list but were not.
The historian John Newsinger considered it "a terrible mistake on his part, deriving in equal measure from his hostility to Stalinism and his illusions in the Labour government. What it certainly does not amount to, however, is an abandonment of the socialist cause or transformation into a footsoldier in the Cold War. Indeed, Orwell made clear on a number of occasions his opposition to any British McCarthyism, to any bans and proscriptions on Communist Party members (they certainly did not reciprocate this) and any notion of a preventive war. If he had lived long enough to realise what the IRD was actually about there can be no doubt that he would have broken with it".
The journalist Neal Ascherson was critical of Orwell's decision to give the information to the IRD, claiming "there is a difference between being determined to expose the stupidity of Stalinism and the scale of the purges and throwing yourself into the business of denouncing people you know". The journalist and activist Paul Foot said the revelations would not detract from Orwell's reputation as a great writer, noting "I am a great admirer of Orwell, but we have to accept that he did take a McCarthyite position towards the end of his life". In 2003, Celia Kirwan (Celia Goodman) said that Orwell was quite right to do it because "the only thing that was going to happen to them was that they wouldn't be asked to write for the Information Research Department". In a 2002 essay for the New York Review of Books, Christopher Hitchens wrote: "All too much has been made of this relatively trivial episode, the last chance for Orwell's enemies to vilify him for being correct".
The list
Sources vary as to the number of names on the list (figures range from 35 to 38). Names on the list include the following 39
Writers and journalists
- "Aldred", novelist and author of Of Many Men (first name unknown, possibly James Aldridge)
- John Anderson, journalist, Industrial correspondent for The Manchester Guardian
- John Beavan, editor
- Arthur Calder-Marshall, writer
- E. H. Carr, historian
- Isaac Deutscher, former Trotskyist writer, correspondent for The Economist and The Observer (1942–1947)
- Cedric Dover, journalist
- Walter Duranty, New York Times Moscow correspondent
- Douglas Goldring, novelist
- "Major Hooper" (Arthur Sanderson Hooper), writer on military history
- Alaric Jacob, Moscow Correspondent for the Daily Express during the Second World War
- Marjorie Kohn, journalist
- Stefan Litauer, journalist
- Norman Ian MacKenzie, assistant editor of the New Statesman
- Kingsley Martin, editor of the New Statesman
- Hugh MacDiarmid, poet and Scottish nationalist
- Naomi Mitchison, novelist
- Nicholas Moore, poet
- Iris Morley, Moscow Correspondent for The Observer during the Second World War
- R. Neumann, novelist
- George Padmore, Trinidadian journalist and anti-imperialist campaigner
- Ralph Parker, journalist, News Chronicle
- J. B. Priestley, novelist and playwright
- Peter Smollett, Daily Express journalist later identified as a Soviet agent, Smolka, recruited by Kim Philby. Smollett had headed the Russian section in Britain's wartime information ministry (MOI) and had stopped publication of Orwell's Soviet allegory, Animal Farm.
- Margaret Stewart, Tribune industrial/labour correspondent
- Alexander Werth, journalist
Academics and scientists
- Patrick Blackett, physicist
- Gordon Childe, archaeologist
- John Macmurray, philosopher
- Tibor Mende, Foreign Affairs analyst
- J. G. Crowther, The Guardian's first science correspondent
Actors
Labour MPs
Others
- Joseph Macleod, writer and theatre director
- Peadar O'Donnell, Irish socialist
- Leonard Schiff, clergyman
- Edgar Young, military officer
Other names in the notebook
Some of the people named in Orwell's list, but not appearing on the IRD's subsequent list, were:
- Alex Comfort, pacifist writer
- Nancy Cunard, heiress and left-wing activist
- Katharine Hepburn, actress
- Harold Laski, economist
- Cecil Day-Lewis, poet
- Alan Nunn May, scientist
- Seán O'Casey, playwright
- Paul Robeson, actor and singer
- George Bernard Shaw, playwright
- John Steinbeck, novelist
- Randall Swingler, poet
- A. J. P. Taylor, historian
- Orson Welles, film director
- Solly Zuckerman, scientist
See also
References
- ^ Garton Ash, Timothy (25 September 2003). "Orwell's List". The New York Review of Books. 50 (14). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ Taylor, D. J. (6 November 2002). "Obituary: Celia Goodman". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ Ezard, John (21 June 2003). "Blair's Babe – Did love turn Orwell into a government stooge?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Orwell, Sonia; Angus, Ian, eds. (1984). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose (1945–1950). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14003-154-6.
- Celia in Wadhams, Stephen (1984). Remembering Orwell. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14007-458-1.
- Naftali, Timothy (29 July 1998). "George Orwell's List". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
- Shelden, Michael (1991). Orwell: The Authorised Biography. William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-43469-517-1.
- Orwell, George. "Burnham's View of the Contemporary World Struggle". Collected Essays. Vol. IV.
- Orwell, George, Unpublished Notebook, 1948
- ^ Cockburn, Alexander (7 December 1998). "St. George's List". The Nation.
- ^ Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (28 June 1998). "Big Brother with a High Moral Sense". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Rees, Richard, Letter to Ian Angus, 10 June 1967
- ^ Utley, Tom (12 July 1996). "Orwell is revealed in role of state informer". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Wynne-Jones, Ros (13 July 1996). "Orwell's little list leaves the left gasping for more". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Garton Ash, Timothy. "Why Orwell Matters". The Hoover Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008.
- ^ Gibbons, Fiachra (24 June 2003). "Blacklisted writer says illness clouded Orwell's judgement". The Guardian.
- Newsinger, John. "Biographies". Socialist Review (276) (July/August 2003 ed.). Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
- Hitchens, Christopher (2015). And yet: Essays. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4767-7206-6.
- John Dunn, University of Glasgow (28 June 2003). "List based on spite". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ "Orwell named Charlie Chaplin as communist sympathiser". The Yorkshire Post. 24 July 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Archaeologist fingered by Orwell". British Archaeology (73) (November 2003 ed.). Council for British Archaeology. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012.
- ^ Hollingsworth, Mark; Norton-Taylor, Richard (1988). Blacklist:The Inside Story of Political Vetting. London: The Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-7012-0811-2.
- ^ Taylor, D. J. (2003). Orwell: The Life. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-70116-919-0.
- ^ Croft, Andy (25 May 2002). "Ministry of Truth: Review of Christopher Hitchens' "Orwell's Victory"". The Guardian.
- ^ Bowker, Gordon (5 August 2006). "The Lost Orwell". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
- Davison, Peter, ed. (2006). The Lost Orwell. London: Timewell Press. p. 150.
- Rodden, John (2011). The Unexamined Orwell. University of Texas Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0292725584.