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Central nucleus of the amygdala

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Nucleus within the amygdala
Central nucleus of the amygdala
Identifiers
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_2682
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata]

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA or aCeN) is a nucleus within the amygdala. It "serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing pain information."

CeA "connects with brainstem areas that control the expression of innate behaviors and associated physiological responses."

CeA is responsible for "autonomic components of emotions (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem." The CeA is also responsible for "conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and prefrontal cortex."

Amygdala subdividisions and outputs

Inputs and outputs of the rodent central amygdala

The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals. Among these nuclei are the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the central nucleus. The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei.

Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Amygdala is shown in purple.

The amygdalofugal pathway (Latin for "fleeing from the amygdala" and commonly distinguished as the ventral amygdalofugal pathway) is one of the three principal pathways by which fibers leave the amygdala. The other main efferent pathways from the amygdala are the stria terminalis and anterior commissure. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala.

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway carries output from the central and basolateral nuclei and delivers it to a number of targets; namely, the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain, the brain stem, septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens.

Research

  • "psychological stressor induced an increase in both CRH mRNA levels and CRH content in the CEA. Exposure to the psychological stressor also caused a significant increase in CRH mRNA levels with a trend for an increase in CRH content in the dorsolateral subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) which is anatomically associated with the CEA."
  • "oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance"
  • "the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its connections with the nigral dopamine system have been reported to modulate cognitive processes dependent substantially on attentional allocation. CeA dopamine function is involved in modulation of disengagement behavior."
  • "Opioid mechanisms are involved in the control of water and NaCl intake and opioid receptors (ORs) are present in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)" μ-opioid receptors "in the CeA increases hypertonic sodium intake, whereas antagonizing these sites inhibits hypertonic sodium intake. …μ-ORs in the CeA in a positive regulation of sodium intake."
  • CeA "is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining"
  • "glucocorticoids can facilitate CRH mRNA expression in the CEA, a site implicated in anxiety and fear"
  • Neuronal activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala was found to be a critical brain substrate for incubation of methamphetamine craving as well as neurobiological responses to ethanol.
  • Neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala were found to respond to, and control, predatory hunting.

See also

References

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  12. Di Marino V, Etienne Y, Niddam M (2016). "Connection Pathways of the Cerebral Amygdala". The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex. pp. 49–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23243-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-23242-3. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  13. Kamali A, Sair HI, Blitz AM, Riascos RF, Mirbagheri S, Keser Z, Hasan KM (September 2016). "Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography". Brain Structure & Function. 221 (7): 3561–3569. doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1119-3. PMID 26454651. S2CID 10456347.
  14. Makino S, Shibasaki T, Yamauchi N, Nishioka T, Mimoto T, Wakabayashi I, et al. (December 1999). "Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat". Brain Research. 850 (1–2): 136–143. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02114-9. PMID 10629757. S2CID 21062798.
  15. Margatho LO, Elias CF, Elias LL, Antunes-Rodrigues J (May 2013). "Oxytocin in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the neuroendocrine responses induced by hypertonic volume expansion in the rat". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 25 (5): 466–477. doi:10.1111/jne.12021. PMID 23331859. S2CID 5486765.
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  17. Yan J, Li J, Yan J, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen K, et al. (March 2013). "Activation of μ-opioid receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala induces hypertonic sodium intake". Neuroscience. 233: 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.026. PMID 23270855. S2CID 10806357.
  18. Zimmerman JM, Rabinak CA, McLachlan IG, Maren S (September 2007). "The central nucleus of the amygdala is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining". Learning & Memory. 14 (9): 634–644. doi:10.1101/lm.607207. PMC 1994080. PMID 17848503.
  19. Makino S, Gold PW, Schulkin J (March 1994). "Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus". Brain Research. 640 (1–2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91862-7. PMID 8004437. S2CID 19853559.
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  21. Gilpin NW, Misra K, Herman MA, Cruz MT, Koob GF, Roberto M (June 2011). "Neuropeptide Y opposes alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release in amygdala and blocks the transition to alcohol dependence". Biological Psychiatry. 69 (11): 1091–1099. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.004. PMC 3090491. PMID 21459365.
  22. Li X, Zeric T, Kambhampati S, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (March 2015). "The central amygdala nucleus is critical for incubation of methamphetamine craving". Neuropsychopharmacology. 40 (5): 1297–1306. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.320. PMC 4367476. PMID 25475163.
  23. Han W, Tellez LA, Rangel MJ, Motta SC, Zhang X, Perez IO, Canteras NS, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, van den Pol AN, de Araujo IE (January 2017). "Integrated Control of Predatory Hunting by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala". Cell. 168 (1–2): 311–324.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.027. PMC 5278763. PMID 28086095.
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