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Char Cloth
Char cloth in a tinder box
Thermal properties
Upper working temperature	455 °C
Lower working temperature	349 °C

Char cloth, also called char paper, is a material with low ignition temperature, used as tinder when lighting a fire. It is the main component in a tinderbox. It is a small swatch of fabric made from a natural fibre (such as linen, cotton, jute etc.) that has been converted through pyrolysis.

Description

Char cloth looks like a black, fragile piece of cloth. It is usually made from swatches of organic fabrics, but similar tinder can be made in the same way using cotton balls or tampons, dried moss, leaves or fungus (amadou for instance), raw unspun flax, etc. This is packed into a small, almost airtight, rectangular tin, then heated slowly and steadily over coals for a long period of time, allowing it to undergo thermal decomposition (aka, pyrolysis). The material that remains after this process is complete ignites very easily, making it the preferred tinder when lighting a fire using flint and steel.

Pyrolysis is defined as "a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen”. Basically pyrolysis is turning organic matter into charcoal, a low weight, high energy content, very easily ignited matter. Fresh charcoal can even autoignite, even though its autoignition temperature (349 – 455 °C) is not that low (for instance, paper's is 218–246 °C (424–475 °F)); this is because, if even a small point ignites, it will generate more energy than lost, igniting the cloth around, so energy and temperature will build up until it turns red hot ember. The cloth usually does not produce enough gas for it to produce flames, but if close enough to something that can, a full fire will finally occur.

Technique

This material, when properly prepared, will ignite with the slightest spark and provides a slow burning, hot ember to build the fire around, making it very popular with campers; especially in harsh weather conditions when lighting a fire is more difficult. Applying the same principle that has been used throughout history by indigenous peoples, char cloth can start a fire with only the help of flint and steel, it is then placed in a tinder bundle and blown into flames. It is easily made on a small scale, making it accessible and popular in the domestic sphere and while cooking on campfires.

When struck against steel, a flint edge produces sparks. ‘The hard flint edge shaves off a particle of the steel that exposes iron, which reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere and can ignite the proper tinder’. With this flint and steel technique the char cloth will ignite and an “ember will flash through it” allowing for a flame to be built around the ember. Although the char cloth is slow burning, the spark will need to be fostered using small kindling materials such as dried leaves, small twigs or a tinder bundle.

Historical uses

Char cloths have been used to light fires for centuries.

One of the earliest recorded uses of a char cloth dates back to a ninjutsu manual written by Hattori Hanzō in 1560 called the Ninpiden or Shinobi Hiden, or Legends of Ninja Secrets. The manual states how to make char cloth from either cotton, silk or paper.

“Crumple cotton, silk, or paper until it is soft. Divide it into small amounts, and dry-roast it until it is black, paying attention that it doesn’t burn white. Keep it within a tightly covered container and be sure to always have some at hand.”

Another use of char cloth was recorded by C. P. Mountford and R. M. Berndt in Making Fire by Percussion, where the introduction of char cloth to Australian Indigenous Aboriginals is detailed, saying the use of char cloth was easier than traditional methods.

Char cloth has also been noted as used by the indigenous people of Hawaii in 1940. In the Hawaiian Journal of History, when describing the smoking habits of the islanders, the use of char cloth to light tobacco is briefly mentioned as a method introduced by colonists to the Hawaiian people. “This was not a traditional Hawaiian way of starting fires but was the flint and steel method introduced from the West.”

In the historical non-fiction novel by Jonothan Timmons titled “Outlandish: A Human History of Violence in the Galapágos A Historical Non-Fiction Novel”, which aims to “relate the events concerning the settlement of Floreana Island in the Galápagos Archipelago in the early 1930s by European ex-pats”, char cloth is mentioned. Timmons writes that a European captain withdrew his oil cloth that contained his “tobacco and tinderbox, which held inside his flint and steel and bits of char cloth”.

Scientific Investigation

The production of char cloth occurs when organic cellulose based fibres undergo pyrolysis, an irreversible chemical reaction that includes the thermal decomposition of material in an inert atmosphere (in the absence of oxygen). At elevated temperatures of greater than 250 °C, cellulose decomposes to form considerable amounts of flammable products, one of these being bio-mass. "Biomass is a complex material, mainly composed of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in addition to extractives (tannins, fatty acids, resins) and inorganic salts". Char cloth is a form of bio-mass, termed bio-char. Char cloth is the result of incomplete combustion, as oxygen is a limiting reagent in the reaction due to the limited oxygen let into the tin during the production process.

References

1. ^ "pyrolysis", IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Research Triangle Park, NC: IUPAC, 2009, doi:10.1351/goldbook.p04961, ISBN 978-0-9678550-9-7
2. ^ Mountford, C. P.; Berndt, R. M. (June 1941). "Making Fire by Percussion in Australia". Oceania. 11 (4): 342–344. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1941.tb00332.x. ISSN 0029-8077.
3. Lombardo, Tiziana; Grolimund, Daniel; Kienholz, Anna; Hubert, Vera; Wörle, Marie (March 2016). "The use of flint-stone fragments as "fire-strikers" during the Neolithic period: Complementary micro-analytical evidences". Microchemical Journal. 125: 254–259. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.007. ISSN 0026-265X.
4. Anonymous (2014). "One Match, One Fire". Backpacker New York. 42.
5. Nickens, T (2020). "Make a Tinder Bundle". Field and Stream. 125: 53.
6. Cummins, Antony; Minami (2012). The Secret Traditions of the Shinobi: Hattori Hanzo's Shinobi Hiden and Other Ninja Scrolls. Berkeley, california: Blue Snake Books.
7. Cummins, Antony; Minami, Yoshie (2012). The Secret Traditions of the Shinobi: Hattori Hanzo's Shinobi Hiden and Other Ninja Scrolls. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books.
8. Kramer, Scott; Kramer, Hanae Kurihara (2015). "Hawaiian Outrigger Canoes of the Bonin Archipelago". Hawaiian Journal of History. 49 (1): 179–196. doi:10.1353/hjh.2015.0019. hdl:10524/56611. ISSN 2169-7639. S2CID 130479857.
9. Timmons, Jonothan (2017). Outlandish: A Human History of Violence in the Galapágos A Historical Non-Fiction Novel. University of South Carolina.
10. Shen, D.K.; Gu, S. "Corrigendum to "The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products"". Bioresource Technology. 101: 68–79.
11. Sostarecz, Michael C.; Sostarecz, Audra Goach (2012-07-27). "A Conceptual Approach to Limiting-Reagent Problems". Journal of Chemical Education. 89 (9): 1148–1151. Bibcode:2012JChEd..89.1148S. doi:10.1021/ed200420h. ISSN 0021-9584.

• Firelighting materials
• Fire making