Misplaced Pages

Charles II
Portrait of King Charles II by Juan Carreño de Miranda
King of Spain (more...)
Reign	17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700
Predecessor	Philip IV
Successor	Philip V
Regent	Mariana of Austria (1665–1675)
Born	(1661-11-06)6 November 1661 Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain
Died	1 November 1700(1700-11-01) (aged 38) Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain
Burial	Monasterio del Escorial
Spouses	Marie Louise d'Orléans ​ ​(m. 1679; died 1689)​ Maria Anna of Neuburg ​ ​(m. 1689)​
House	Habsburg
Father	Philip IV of Spain
Mother	Mariana of Austria
Religion	Catholic
Signature

Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700) was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700. The last monarch from the House of Habsburg, which had ruled Spain since 1516, he died without children, leading to a European conflict over his successor.

For reasons still debated, Charles experienced lengthy periods of ill health throughout his life. This made the question of who would succeed him central to European diplomacy for much of his reign, one historian writing that "from the day of his birth, they were waiting for his death".

The two main candidates were the Austrian Habsburg Archduke Charles, and 16-year-old Philip of Anjou, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa and Louis XIV of France. Shortly before his death in November 1700, Charles named Philip his heir, but the acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either France or Austria threatened the European balance of power. Failure to resolve these issues through diplomacy resulted in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

Personal details

Born 6 November 1661, Charles was the only surviving son of Philip IV of Spain and his niece, Mariana of Austria. Whilst marriage within the same extended family was then common, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were unusual in the extent to which they followed this practice. Of eleven marriages contracted by Spanish monarchs between 1450 and 1661, the vast majority contained some element of consanguinity, Philip and Mariana being one of two unions between uncle and niece. This policy may also have been driven by limpieza de sangre or "blood purity" statutes enacted in the early 16th century, which remained in use until the 1860s.

Inter-marriage accentuated the so-called 'Habsburg jaw', a physical characteristic common in both Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. One contemporary reported this was so pronounced in Charles that he swallowed his food without thoroughly chewing, leading to frequent stomach problems. A 2019 study based on an analysis of Habsburg portraits concluded this feature was likely due to a recessive trait, but in the absence of genetic material such claims remain speculative.

The precise cause of Charles' ill-health remains disputed. Based on an analysis of contemporary accounts, some modern researchers argue they may have been due to one or more autosomal recessive disorders, others suggest an herpetic infection incurred as an infant, causing hydrocephalus. Consistent with either theory, neither his elder sister, Margaret Theresa of Spain, nor his niece, Maria Antonia, daughter of the marriage of Margaret Theresa of Spain to her maternal uncle Leopold I, had similar health issues.

After his birth, he was entrusted to the royal governess Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel. Under her careful supervision, he survived childhood attacks of measles, chickenpox, rubella and smallpox, any one of which was then potentially fatal. He also had rickets, which left him unable to walk unaided until he was four and to wear leg braces until the age of five. Suggestions that he was largely uneducated until his teens appear to be incorrect; Ramos del Manzano, a professor at the University of Salamanca and legal expert, was appointed his tutor when he was six. From the age of 12, he received lessons in music from Juan del Vado, and in mathematics by Jose Zaragoza, Professor at the Colegio Imperial de Madrid.

The extent of his physical and mental disabilities is hard to assess, since little is known for certain, and many claims either unproved or incorrect. While prone to illness, he was extremely active physically, and contemporaries reported he spent much of his time hunting. One often cited example of his alleged mental incapacity is the period he spent sleeping with his father's disinterred body; this was in fact done under instructions from Mariana, whose doctors advised this would help him produce an heir.

Although reputedly subject to bouts of depression, his participation in government and reports from his council and foreign observers such as the French ambassador Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy, indicate his mental capacities remained intact. A report from 1691 submitted by an envoy from the Sultan of Morocco, relates that he was received by Charles himself, who played a full part in the discussions. Costanzo Operti, a Savoyard diplomat who held regular audiences with Charles during the Nine Years' War, described him as affable and generous but shy and lacking self-confidence, characteristics noted by other foreign diplomats.

Reign

Since Charles was a legal minor when Philip died on 17 September 1665, Mariana was appointed Queen Regent by the Council of Castile. The Spanish Empire remained an enormous global confederation, but its economic supremacy was increasingly challenged by the Dutch Republic and England, and its position in Europe destabilised by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.

Her ability to respond effectively to the challenges facing the Empire was hampered by an ongoing power struggle with John Joseph of Austria, hereafter referred to as Don Juan, Charles's older, illegitimate half-brother. In addition, enacting essential reforms was complicated since Spain was a personal union between the Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon, each with very distinct political cultures and traditions. Infighting between those who ruled in Charles's name during his regency did little to help, but it is debatable how far they can be held responsible for long-term trends predating his reign. The monarchy proved remarkably resilient, and when Charles died, remained largely intact.

However, government finances were in perpetual crisis, the Crown declaring bankruptcy nine times between 1557 and 1666, including 1647, 1652, 1662, and 1666. Following the policy established by her husband Philip, Mariana ruled through a "valido", the first being her personal confessor and fellow Austrian, Juan Everardo Nithard. His most urgent task was to end the costly wars with France and Portugal, achieved in the 1668 treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle and Lisbon. Despite acknowledging their necessity, Don Juan forced Mariana to dismiss Nithard in February 1669, who replaced him with Fernando de Valenzuela. He was a member of the lower hidalgo class, so his appointment was deeply resented by the Grandees who normally filled such positions.

In 1673, Spain was drawn into the Franco-Dutch War, placing additional strain on the economy, and Don Juan renewed efforts to remove Mariana as Regent. A month before Charles became a legal adult on 6 November 1675, he indicated his intention to take control of government, supported by his brother. When the Regency Council requested a two-year extension of their office on 4 November, Charles initially refused, but was later pressured into accepting. He was also forced to issue a Royal Decree ordering Don Juan to leave Madrid.

Don Juan finally gained control of the government in January 1678 and exiled Valenzuela to the Philippines. His first action was to make peace with France in the 1678 Treaties of Nijmegen, with Spain ceding Franche-Comté and areas of the Spanish Netherlands returned in 1668. Seeking to minimise future conflict between the two countries, in August 1679 Don Juan brokered a match between Charles and the 17-year-old Marie Louise of Orléans, eldest niece of Louis XIV and daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. Arranging the marriage was Don Juan's last significant act; he died shortly before it took place in November 1679.

In February 1680, Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli became the new valido. He clashed with Marie-Louise over the alleged influence exerted over her by the French ambassador, Pierre de Villars, who was expelled from Madrid in 1681, badly affecting the relationship between the two. Medinaceli was further undermined by economic problems and the loss of Luxembourg following the 1683 War of the Reunions. In June 1684, he sought to bolster his support by appointing the Count of Oropesa as President of the Council of Castile, the second most powerful position in the state. However, continuing ill-health led him to resign in April 1685, with Oropesa taking over as de facto valido. He retained this position until 1690.

Economy

The so-called "Little Ice Age" of the 17th century was a period of crisis throughout Europe, leading to poor harvests and economic decline. Spain was especially affected, due in part to the parlous economic situation, particularly in Castile, where the population dropped from 6.5 million in 1600 to fewer than 5 million in 1680, whilst figures for Spain as a whole were 8.5 to 6.6 million. This was exacerbated by a series of wars with France and the need to defend the Empire, which were a constant drain on public expenditure. In 1663, Philip IV had converted state debt into government bonds, or juros, but high rates of interest meant taxes were often assigned to creditors years in advance to pay current liabilities. Although silver bullion imports from the Americas increased, the vast majority went to paying off foreign debtors.

The globalisation of the Spanish trading system meant outsiders often had the most to lose from its collapse. By the 1670s, the bulk of foreign trade was controlled by Dutch and English merchants, while the domestic economy relied on French labour and imported wheat. The Marqués de Varinas, a senior colonial official, observed in 1687 that the Empire continued to exist in its present form "only because it enables the English, Dutch and French to exploit more cheaply".

In the 1680s, Spanish officials issued a series of drastic deflationary decrees, revaluing the coinage at 25% of its previous value. The immediate impact was the total disruption of commerce and collapse of financial credit; in response, debtors were given three months to repay government debts using the existing rate, later extended to six months. Having stabilised the position, in 1686 the coinage was readjusted to a more favourable rate and thereafter left unaltered.

Succession conflict and death

Marie Louise was blamed for Charles' failure to produce an heir, while primitive fertility treatments gave her severe intestinal problems. She died in February 1689, shortly after the outbreak of the Nine Years' War with France. On the basis of her recorded symptoms, modern doctors believe her illness was almost certainly appendicitis. A new wife was selected from a family famous for its fertility, Maria Anna of Neuburg, daughter of Philip William, Elector Palatine, and sister-in-law to Emperor Leopold.

A proxy marriage took place in August 1689 before a formal ceremony in May 1690. Maria Anna also failed to produce an heir, almost certainly because Charles was by now physically incapable of doing so; his autopsy later revealed his sole remaining testicle was atrophied. His mother died on 16 May 1696, by which time Charles' health was clearly failing, making the succession increasingly urgent. Since the Crown of Spain passed according to cognatic primogeniture, it could be inherited through the female line. This enabled Charles' sisters Maria Theresa (1638–1683) and Margaret Theresa to pass their rights to the children of their marriages with Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold. However, to prevent a union between Spain and France, Maria Theresa had renounced her inheritance rights on her marriage; in return, Louis was promised a dowry of 500,000 gold écus, a huge sum that was never paid.

The Nine Years' War showed France could not achieve its objectives on its own; the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick was the result of mutual exhaustion and Louis's search for allies in anticipation of a contest over the Spanish throne. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor refused to sign since it left the issue unresolved; he reluctantly did so in October 1697, but viewed it as a pause in hostilities. In 1685, Leopold and Margaret's daughter Maria Antonia married Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria; she died in 1692, leaving one surviving son, Joseph Ferdinand. In October 1698, France, England and the Dutch Republic attempted to impose a diplomatic solution to the Succession on Spain and Austria, by the Treaty of the Hague or First Partition Treaty. This made Joseph Ferdinand heir to the bulk of the Spanish monarchy, with France gaining the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and other concessions in Italy plus the modern Basque province of Gipuzkoa. Leopold's younger son Archduke Charles became ruler of the Duchy of Milan, a possession considered vital to the security of Austria's southern border.

The Spanish objected to their empire being divided by foreign powers without consultation, and on 14 November 1698, Charles II made Joseph Ferdinand heir to an independent and undivided Spanish monarchy. Maria Anna was appointed Regent during his minority, an announcement allegedly received by the Spanish councillors in silence. Joseph Ferdinand's death in 1699 ended these arrangements. It also left Louis XIV's eldest son, Louis, Grand Dauphin, heir to the Spanish throne, once again implying union between Spain and France. In March 1700, France, England and the Dutch agreed an alternative; Archduke Charles replaced Joseph Ferdinand, with Spanish possessions in Europe split between France, Savoy and Austria. Charles reacted by altering his will in favour of Archduke Charles, but once again stipulating an undivided and independent Spanish monarchy.

Most of the Castilian nobility disliked Maria Anna and her German courtiers and viewed a French candidate as more likely to ensure their independence. In September 1700, Charles became ill again; by 28 September he was no longer able to eat, and Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero persuaded him to alter his will in favour of Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou. He died on 1 November 1700, at age 38. The autopsy records his "heart was the size of a peppercorn; his lungs corroded; his intestines rotten and gangrenous; he had a single testicle, black as coal, and his head was full of water." As suggested previously, the last of these symptoms is indicative of hydrocephalus, a disease often associated with childhood measles, one of many illnesses contracted by Charles.

Philip was proclaimed king of Spain on 16 November 1700, and the War of the Spanish Succession formally began on 9 July 1701.

Legacy

Charles' reign has traditionally been viewed as one of decline and decay, while in 1691, a foreign ambassador commented that "it is incomprehensible how this monarchy survives". More recent studies argue "both the myth of decline and an incapable king are simplistic and inexact". Despite their disastrous short-term impact, the financial measures taken by his advisors ended the chronic instability which had affected the Spanish currency throughout the 17th century, and helped drive sustainable economic growth. Many of the commercial and political policies initiated under Charles formed the basis for reforms enacted by his Bourbon successors.

His reign also saw the final political eclipse of the Spanish Inquisition, precipitated by its intervention in the succession crisis. When Charles changed his will in favour of Philip in 1700, the Inquisitor General Baltasar de Mendoza y Sandoval, an ally of Maria Anna, arrested his personal confessor Froilán Díaz on a charge of 'bewitching' the King. When Díaz was found not guilty, Mendoza attempted to arrest those who voted for his acquittal, resulting in the establishment of a Council to investigate the Inquisition; although it survived until 1834, its influence had ended.

Though not as fond of the arts as his father, Charles employed artists such as the Italian painter Luca Giordano and Claudio Coello to decorate El Escorial. In 1690 the latter created one of the last and most significant examples of Spanish Baroque painting, Charles II adores the Holy Eucharist.

On 7 November 1693, a Royal Decree provided sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the nearby colony of South Carolina. Despite its relative poverty, Spanish Florida provided protection from storms in the Gulf of Mexico for Spanish merchant shipping; the decree was intended to bolster its population while undermining the neighbouring colony, which claimed the Spanish capital of St Augustine. Formalised in 1733 by Philip, it led to the founding in 1738 of Santa Teresa de Mose, the first legally sanctioned free black town in the present-day United States.

The Caroline Islands and the town of Charleroi in modern Belgium were named after him in 1666 and 1686 respectively. Decrees were also issued in his name approving universities in South America that still exist. In Peru, they include San Cristóbal, established in 1680, and the National University; in Guatemala, the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, the fourth-oldest university on the continent. Others include Santo Tomas Aquino in 1688, now part of the Central University of Ecuador, and finally in 1694 the Universidad de San Nicolás de Mira in Bogotá, Colombia.

Family tree of claimants to the Spanish throne following the death of Charles II

This table includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this table by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Philip III King of Spain 1578–1621 Margaret of Austria 1584–1611 Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor 1608–1657 Maria Anna of Spain 1606–1646 Anne of Austria 1601–1666 Elisabeth of France 1602–1644 Philip IV King of Spain 1605–1665 Mariana of Austria 1635–1696 Louis XIV King of France 1638–1715 Maria Theresa of Spain 1638–1683 Charles II King of Spain 1661–1700 Margaret Theresa of Spain 1651–1673 Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor 1640–1705 Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 1655–1720 Louis Grand Dauphin of France 1661–1711 Maria Antonia of Austria 1669–1692 Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor 1685–1740 Louis Petit Dauphin of France 1682–1712 Philip V King of Spain 1683–1746 Charles Duke of Berry 1686–1714 Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria 1692–1699 Notes Potential heirs are shown with a golden border. In cases of second marriages, the earlier spouse is to the left and the later to the right. References Durant, W.; Durant, A. (2011). The Age of Louis XIV: The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451647655. Kamen, H. (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300180541.

Heraldry

Heraldry of Charles II of Spain
Coat of arms as King of Spain (1665–1668) Coat of arms as King of Spain (1668–1700) Coat of arms as King of Naples & Sicily (1665–1700) Coat of arms as Duke of Milan (1665–1700) Lesser coat of arms as King of Naples (1665–1668) Coat of arms as King of Naples & Sicily (1665–1700) Coat of arms as King of Navarre (1665–1700) Coat of arms as King of Galicia (1665–1700)

Ancestry

See also

• Decline of Spain

Notes

1. Spanish: Carlos II
2. Sometimes referred to as The Bewitched or Spanish: El Hechizado
3. Avunculate marriages, or those between uncle and niece, or aunt and nephew, were unusual but not unknown; examples from this period include Maximilian of Bavaria and his niece Maria Anna in 1635, Prince Maurice of Savoy and Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy in 1642, while Charles's sister Margaret Theresa of Spain married her uncle Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1666. It remains legal in states including Norway, Chile, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany and Russia
4. Rickets was common in the 17th century, even among the aristocracy; other examples include Charles I of England
5. The Crown of Aragon was divided into the autonomous Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the Principality of Catalonia.
6. Its literal translation is "favourite", but more properly refers to a chief minister
7. Despite contemporary suggestions of poison, this claim was extremely common in an era when many illnesses were poorly understood, particularly since it could rarely be disproved.

References

1. Langdon-Davies 1963, p. 3.
2. Alvarez, Ceballos & Celsa 2009, pp. 3–4.
3. Kamen 2002, pp. 344–345.
4. Stanhope 1840, p. 79.
5. Vilas 2019, pp. 553–561.
6. ^ Santaliestra 2014, pp. 174–176.
7. Callaway 2013.
8. Martin, Heard & Fung 2021.
9. ^ Turliuc 2019, pp. 76–78.
10. "Mariana Engracia de Toledo Portugal y Pimentel | Real Academia de la Historia".
11. Calvo 1998, p. 6.
12. Maura 1879, p. 288.
13. Keevil 1954, pp. 407–408.
14. Lozano 2018, p. 143.
15. Bordas & Robledo 1998, pp. 392–393.
16. Mitchell 2013, p. 303.
17. Mitchell 2013, pp. 307–308.
18. Rule 2017, pp. 91–108.
19. Stanley 1868, pp. 366–367.
20. Garcia & Alvariño 2015, pp. 291–293.
21. Mitchell 2013, pp. 7–9.
22. Storrs 2006, pp. 6–7.
23. Cowans 2003, pp. 26–27.
24. Mitchell 2013, p. 234.
25. Storrs 2006, p. 155.
26. Mitchell 2014, pp. 181–182.
27. Horne 2005, p. 168.
28. Mitchell 2013, p. 269.
29. Borgognoni 2018, p. 20-24.
30. Rex, Carolvs II, Hispaniarvm Et Indiarvm (30 May 2018). "REINADO DE CARLOS II: El VIII Conde de Oropesa, una breve biografía (PARTE III)". REINADO DE CARLOS II. Retrieved 27 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
31. Testino-Zafiropaulus 2015, pp. 273–276.
32. De Vries 2009, pp. 151–194.
33. "Charles II". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
34. Kamen 2002, pp. 431–432.
35. ^ Kamen 2002, p. 434.
36. Darby 2014, p. 74.
37. Kamen 1964, p. 63.
38. García-Escudero López et al 2009, p. 181.
39. ^ Rule 2017, p. 97.
40. Rommelse 2011, p. 224.
41. García-Escudero López et al 2009, p. 182.
42. Wolf 1968, p. 117.
43. Meerts 2014, p. 168.
44. Ward & Leathes 2010, p. 384.
45. Ward & Leathes 2010, p. 385.
46. McKay & Scott 1983, pp. 54–55.
47. Hargreaves-Mawdsley 1979, pp. 15–16.
48. Gargantilla 2005, p. ?.
49. Falkner 2015, p. 96.
50. Ribot 2018, p. 215.
51. Villanueva 2006, pp. 14–15.
52. Fox 2013, p. 55.
53. Kamen 1965, p. 185.
54. Sullivan 1985, pp. 243–259.
55. Dubcovsky 2016, p. 114.
56. Landers 1984, p. 298.
57. Landers 1984, pp. 300–301.
58. Dunford & Lee 1999, p. 303.
59. Beltrán & Carmen 2012.

Sources

• Alvarez, Gonzalo; Ceballos, Francisco; Celsa, Quintero (2009). "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty". PLOS ONE. 4 (4): e5174. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5174A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005174. PMC 2664480. PMID 19367331.
• Barton, Simon (2009). A History of Spain. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230200111.
• Beltrán, Alvarez; Carmen, Edna Lucía del (2012). Proyecto de intervención para el claustro Colegio San Nicolás de Mira de la Órden de los Agustinos Calzados de Nuestra Señora de Gracia en Bogotá. Piel, huellas, indicios. 2 7 5 años en pie (Master in Conservation of Real Estate Heritage). National University of Colombia.
• Bittles, Grant JC (2002). "Does inbreeding lead to decreased human fertility?". Human Biology. 29 (2): 111–130. doi:10.1080/03014460110075657. PMID 11874619. S2CID 31317976.
• Bordas, C.; Robledo, L. (1998). "José Zaragozá's Box: Science and Music in Charles II's Spain". Early Music. XXVI (3): 391–413. doi:10.1093/earlyj/XXVI.3.391. JSTOR 3128699.
• Borgognoni, Ezequiel (2018). "The Royal Household of Marie-Louise of Orleans, 1679–1689: The Struggle over Executive Offices". Court Historian. 23 (2): 166–181. doi:10.1080/14629712.2018.1539449. S2CID 159873391.
• Callaway, Ewen (19 April 2013). "Inbred Royals Show Traces of Natural Selection". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12837. S2CID 87959487.
• Calvo, Poyato J (1998). La vida y la época de Carlos II el Hechizado (in Spanish). Planeta. ISBN 978-8408026150.
• Cowans, Jon (2003). Modern Spain: A Documentary History. U. of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1846-9.
• De Vries, Jan (2009). "The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 40 (2).
• Darby, Graham (2014). Spain in the Seventeenth Century. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1317897712.
• Dhondt, Frederik (2016). From Contract to Treaty: the Legal Transformation of the Spanish Succession (1659–1713) (PDF). Legal History Institute, Ghent University.
• Dubcovsky, Alejandra (2016). Informed Power: Communication in the Early American South. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674660182.
• Dunford, Martin; Lee, Phil (1999). Rough Guide to Belgium & Luxembourg. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781858288710.
• Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1935). The Story of Civilization: The age of Louis XIV, 1648-1715 (2015 ed.). Simon and Schuster.
• Falkner, James (2015). The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-7290-5.
• Fox, Philip D (2013). The Bourbon Reform of Spanish Absolutism: The Government of the Crown of Aragon, 1665-1746 (PDF) (PHD). University of Kansas.
• Garcia, Bernardo José; Alvariño, Antonio Álvarez Ossorio, eds. (2015). Vísperas de Sucesión: Europa y la Monarquía de Carlos II (in Spanish). Fundación Carlos de Amberes. ISBN 978-8487369797.
• García-Escudero López, Ángel; Arruza Echevarría, A; Padilla Nieva, Jaime; Puig Giró, Ramon (2009). "Charles II; from spell to genitourinary pathology". History of Urology. 62 (3).
• Gargantilla, P (2005). Enfermedades de los reyes de España. Los Austrias : de la locura de Juana a la impotencia de Carlos II el Hechizado (in Spanish). La Esfera De Los Libros S.L. ISBN 978-8497343381.
• Hargreaves-Mawdsley, HN (1979). Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700–1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-14612-3.
• Horne, Alistair (2005). La Belle France. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1400041404.
• Kamen, Henry (1965). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300180519.
• Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.
• Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.
• Kamen, Henry (1964). "The Decline of Castile: The Last Crisis". The Economic History Review. 17 (1): 63–76. doi:10.2307/2592691. JSTOR 2592691.
• Keevil, J.J (1954). "The Illness of Charles, Duke of Albany (Charles I), from 1600 to 1612: An Historical Case of Rickets". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. IX (4): 407–419. doi:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.407. PMID 13212027.
• Landers, Jane (1984). "Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687-1790". Florida Historical Quarterly. 62 (3): 296–313. JSTOR 30146288.
• Langdon-Davies, John (1963). Carlos; the King Who Would Not Die. Prentice Hall. ASIN B0006AYR3A.
• Lozano, Christina Bravo (2018). Spain and the Irish Mission, 1609-1707. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138636767.
• Martin, Andrew; Heard, Robert; Fung, Victor (2021). "Carlos II of Spain, 'The Bewitched': cursed by aspartylglucosaminuria?". BMJ Neurology Open. 3 (2): 215–218. doi:10.1136/bmjno-2020-000072. PMC 8477247. PMID 34632386.
• Maura, Gabriel (1879). Carlos II y su Corte (in Spanish) (2018 ed.). Wentworth Press. ISBN 978-0274538256.
• McKay, Derek; Scott, HM (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (The Modern European State System). Routledge. ISBN 0-582-48554-1.
• Meerts, Paul Willem (2014). Diplomatic negotiation: Essence and Evolution (Thesis). Leiden University dissertation. hdl:1887/29596.
• Mitchell, Sylvia Z (2013). Mariana of Austria and Imperial Spain: Court, Dynastic, and International Politics in Seventeenth- Century Europe (PHD). University of Miami.
• Mitchell, Sylvia (2014). Cruz, Anne; Stampino, Maria (eds.). Habsburg Motherhood: The Power of Mariana of Austria, Queen Regent for Carlos II of Spain in "Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities". Routledge. ISBN 978-1472411648.
• Nada, John (1962). Carlos the Bewitched: The Last Spanish Habsburg 1661-1700. Jonathan Cape.
• Ribot, Luis (2018). "Epilogue; Carlos II: A Reign under Revision". The Court Historian. 23 (2): 215–218. doi:10.1080/14629712.2018.1546462. ISSN 1462-9712. S2CID 159834135.
• Rule, John (2017). Onnekink, David; Mijers, Esther (eds.). The Partition Treaties, 1698-1700; A European View in Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138257962.
• Rommelse, Gijs (2011). Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750). Routledge. ISBN 978-1409419136.
• Santaliestra, Olivan Laura (2014). "The Childhood of the Infantas Maria Teresa and Margarita Maria at Court". In Coolidge, Grace E (ed.). The Formation of the Child in Early Modern Spain. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47-242880-6.
• Stanhope, Alexander (1840). Spain Under Charles the Second; Extracts from the Correspondence of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, British Minister at Madrid 1690-1699. John Murray.
• Stanley, JT (1868). "Account of an Embassy from Marocco to Spain in 1690 and 1691". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 3 (2): 359–378. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00015823. JSTOR 44012105. S2CID 161613952.
• Storrs, Christopher (2006). The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199246378.
• Sullivan, E. J (1985). "Politics and Propaganda in the Sagrada Forma by Claudio Coello". The Art Bulletin. 67 (2): 243–259. doi:10.2307/3050910. JSTOR 3050910.
• Testino-Zafiropaulus, Alexandra (2015). "Querellas Politicas en torno al Conde de Oropesa en las postrimerias del reinado de Carlos II" (PDF). Revue d'études romanes (in Spanish) (2).
• Turliuc, Cucu, AI (2019). "Hydrocephalus of King Charles II of Spain, the Bewitched King". European Neurology. 81 (1–2): 76–78. doi:10.1159/000500719. PMID 31112979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Vilas, Román (2019). ""Habsburg Jaw" Facial Deformity in Royal Dynasty Linked to Inbreeding". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (7–8): 553–561. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1687752. PMID 31786955. S2CID 208536371.
• Villanueva, Cecilia Font de (2006). "Monetary reform in times of Charles II (1679 - 1686): Aspects concerning the issued dispositions" (PDF). Departamento de Historia Económica e Instituciones, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
• Ward, William; Leathes, Stanley (2010) . The Cambridge Modern History. Nabu. ISBN 978-1-174-38205-5.
• Wolf, John B (1968). Louis XIV. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0575000889.

v t e Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Henry (1388–90) Maria (1402–05) John (1405–06) Catherine (1423–24) Eleanor (1424–25) Henry (1425–54) Joanna (1462–64) Alfonso (1464–68) Isabella (1468–70) Isabella (1470–78) John (1478–97) Isabella (1497–98) Michael (1498–1500) Joanna (1502–04) Charles (1504–16) Philip (1527–56) Charles (1556–68) Ferdinand (1571–78) Diego (1578–82) Philip (1582–98) Philip (1605–21) Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip Prospero (1657–1661) Charles (1661–1665) Louis (1709–24) Ferdinand (1724–46) Charles (1759–88) Ferdinand (1788–1808) Isabella (1830–33) Isabella (1851–57) Alfonso (1857–68) Emanuele Filiberto (1871–73) Isabella (1875–80) Mercedes (1881–1904) Alfonso (1907–38) Felipe (1977–2014) Leonor (2014– )

v t e Princes and Princesses of Girona
Leonor (2014-present) Felipe (1977-2014) Alfonso (1907–1931) Charles (1661-1665) Philip Prospero (1657-1661) Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) Philip (1605-1621) Philip (1582-1598) Diego (1578-1582) Ferdinand (1571–1578) Charles (1556-1568) Philip (1527-1556) Charles (1504-1516) Joanna (1509-1516) John (1509) Joanna (1502-1509) Michael (1498-1500) John (1479-1497) Ferdinand (1461-1479) Charles (1458-1461) Alfonso (1416)

v t e Monarchs of Spain
List of monarchs | Monarchs' family tree
Dynastic union	Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I
Personal union	Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II
Real union	Philip V Louis I Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Joseph Ferdinand VII Isabella II Amadeo Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Juan Carlos I Felipe VI

v t e Monarchs of Aragon
House of Jiménez	Ramiro I Sancho Peter I Alfonso I Ramiro II Petronilla
House of Barcelona	Alfonso II Peter II James I Peter III Alfonso III James II Alfonso IV Peter IV John I Martin
House of Trastámara	Ferdinand I Alfonso V John II Ferdinand II Joanna
House of Habsburg	Charles I Philip I Philip II Philip III Charles II Charles III
House of Bourbon	Philip IV

v t e Monarchs of Castile
House of Jiménez	Ferdinand I Sancho II Alfonso VI Urraca
House of Burgundy	Alfonso VII Sancho III Alfonso VIII Henry I Berengaria Ferdinand III Alfonso X Sancho IV Ferdinand IV Alfonso XI Peter
House of Trastámara	Henry II John I Henry III John II Henry IV Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I
House of Habsburg	Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II
House of Bourbon	Philip V

v t e Monarchs of Luxembourg
County of Luxemburg (963–1354) Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) Henry I (998–1026) Henry II (1026–1047) Giselbert (1047–1059) Conrad I (1059–1086) Henry III (1086–1096) William I (1096–1131) Conrad II (1131–1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197–1247), with Theobald (1197–1214), and then Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) Henry VI (1281–1288) Henry VII (1288–1313) John I (1313–1346) Charles I (1346–1353) Wenceslaus I (1353–1354)
Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794) House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) Jobst (1388–1411) Elisabeth (1411–1443) with Anthony (1411–1415), and then John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) Charles II (1467–1477) Mary I (1477–1482) and Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) Charles III (1506–1556) Philip III (1556–1598) Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) Philip IV (1621–1665) Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) Leopold (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1794)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815) House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) William II (1840–1849) William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (1890–present) Adolphe (1890–1905) William IV (1905–1912) Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) Charlotte (1919–1964) Jean (1964–2000) Henri (since 2000)

• Charles II of Spain
• 1661 births
• 1700 deaths
• 17th-century Spanish monarchs
• 17th-century Castilian monarchs
• 17th-century Aragonese monarchs
• 17th-century kings of Sicily
• 17th-century monarchs of Naples
• 17th-century Navarrese monarchs
• 17th-century dukes of Milan
• 17th-century House of Habsburg
• Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
• Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
• Knights of Santiago
• Knights of the Golden Fleece
• Child monarchs
• Royalty and nobility with epilepsy
• Children of Philip IV of Spain
• Princes of Asturias
• Spanish infantes
• Spanish royalty and nobility with disabilities