Chastain is a French surname derived from "châtain" which means "chestnut" (brown). Notable people with the surname include:
- Brandi Chastain (born 1968), American soccer player
- David Chastain (born 1963), American guitarist
- Don Chastain (1935–2002), American actor, singer and screenwriter
- Elijah Webb Chastain (1813–1874), American politician, soldier and lawyer
- James Garvin Chastain Sr., cofounder of the National Baptist Convention of Mexico
- Jane Chastain (born 1943), sports announcer and conservative political writer and commentator
- Jessica Chastain (born 1977), American actress and film producer
- Ken Chastain (born 1964), musician, engineer, and producer
- Michael Chastain (born 1955), blind athlete who played high school football in Troy, Michigan
- Nick Chastain (born 1981), American actor
- Ross Chastain (born 1992), American professional stock car racing driver
- Thomas Chastain (1921–1994), American author of crime fiction
Fictional characters
- Misery Chastain, protagonist of fictitious romance novels in Stephen King's book Misery
- Darryl Louise (DL) Chastain, character in Thomas Pynchon's book Vineland.
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