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Stonewall National Monument
Stonewall Inn the day after President Obama's dedication on June 24, 2016
Type	Cultural
Location	West Village, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates	40°44′1.939″N 74°0′7.83″W / 40.73387194°N 74.0021750°W / 40.73387194; -74.0021750
Area	7.7 acres (3.1 ha) near the intersection of Christopher Street and 7th Avenue South
Built	Park: 1837 (1837) Original building: 1843 (1843) Stonewall opening: 1966 (1966) Park rebuilt: 1986 (1986)
Visitors	1,581,961 (in 2022)
Governing body	National Park Service
Website	Stonewall National Monument
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Designated	June 28, 1999 (1999-06-28)
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Designated	February 16, 2000 (2000-02-16)
U.S. National Monument
Designated	June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24)

Stonewall National Monument is a 7.7-acre (340,000 sq ft; 31,000 m) U.S. national monument in the West Village neighborhood of Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The designated area includes the Stonewall Inn, the 0.19-acre (8,300 sq ft; 770 m) Christopher Park, and nearby streets including Christopher Street, the site of the Stonewall riots of June 28, 1969, widely regarded as the start of the modern LGBT rights movement in the United States.

Stonewall National Monument is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history. President Barack Obama designated it as a national monument on June 24, 2016.

Early history

Stonewall National Monument includes and surrounds the 0.19-acre (8,300 sq ft; 770 m) Christopher Park (also known as Christopher Street Park), a park originally built on a lot that New Netherland Director-General Wouter van Twiller settled as a tobacco farm from 1633 to 1638, when he died. The land was subsequently split up into three different farms. Trinity Church's and Elbert Herring's farms were located in the southern part of van Twiller's former farm, and Sir Peter Warren's farm was located in the northern portion.

Because of the unusual street grid that already existed in much of Greenwich Village, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 would not quite fit into the pre-existing street grid. This resulted in several blocks with oblique angles, as well as many triangular street blocks. The former farms of Christopher Street were split into small lots from 1789 to 1829. After a subsequent large population increase in the early 19th century, the buildings on Christopher Street were dense with people.

In 1835, the Great Fire of New York spread through the area and destroyed many city blocks. The little triangle of land bounded by Christopher, Grove, and 4th Streets, which was burned down, was condemned and turned into a park. The new Christopher Street Park, designed by architects Calvert Vaux and Samuel Parsons Jr., was opened in 1837. The Stonewall Inn, which then consisted simply of two adjacent stables, opened across Christopher Street in 1843.

The widening of 7th Avenue South, and the construction of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, effectively split the neighborhood into two pieces, separated by the now-widened avenue. By the 1940s, the area had deteriorated somewhat as people moved away. During the 1950s, the social demographics changed as "Beat poets" moved into Greenwich Village. Meanwhile, the Stonewall Inn had changed uses; many different restaurants were housed in the inn from the 1930s through 1966.

Role in riots and aftermath

In 1966, the Stonewall Inn Restaurant—which had been located within the inn since the 1950s—closed for renovations due to a fire that devastated the space. The restaurant re-opened as a tavern on March 18, 1967, under ownership of the Genovese crime family of the Mafia. The tavern was breaking rules on the sale of liquor, as it had no liquor license, but one officer of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) was reportedly accepting once-monthly bribes in exchange for allowing the tavern to go unlicensed.

On June 27, 1969, the NYPD conducted a raid on the inn, now operating as a gay bar, under the pretense that the inn did not have a liquor license. Riots started in the ensuing days, where thousands of rioters protested against the NYPD's raid. The riots solidified the Stonewall Inn's status as a gay icon. The park also played a significant role in the riots—people had gathered at the park the morning after the first day of rioting, discussing the events of the previous day.

Later years

The park itself was in dire need of renovation, and so in the 1970s, the Friends of Christopher Park, which consisted entirely of volunteers mainly from the surrounding community, was created in order to oversee the park's upkeep. In 1983, NYC Parks embarked on a three-year, $130,000 project (equivalent to $397,688 in 2023) to rebuild the park to its original condition. Architect Philip Winslow planted new greenery and replaced the park's benches, walkways, light fixtures, and gates.

In 1992, the Gay Liberation statue by George Segal was placed in Christopher Park, mirroring a near-identical statue at Stanford University. The statue consists of four white figures (two standing men and two seated women) positioned in "natural, easy" poses. Non-LGBT-related monuments in the park include two 1936 works that commemorated American Civil War fighters: a pole that honors the Fire Zouaves, as well as a statue made of bronze that honors Union general Philip Sheridan. The park is surrounded by a fence that dates back to at least the late 19th century. In 2023, Randy Wicker launched a petition to remove the General Phil Sheridan statue from the park because of "Sheridan's massacre of Indigenous people."

Meanwhile, across the street, the Stonewall Inn had changed hands many times from 1969 to the 1990s, finally resuming the role of a gay bar by the 1990s.

Landmark statuses

In 1999, David Carter, Andrew Dolkart, Gale Harris, and Jay Shockley researched and wrote the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) report for Stonewall, which was officially sponsored by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. When the listing was designated on June 29, 1999, it included the Stonewall Inn building, Christopher Park, and nearby streets. It became the nation's first NRHP listing, out of more than 70,000 listings at the time, dedicated exclusively to LGBT accomplishments. That same area was declared a National Historic Landmark on February 16, 2000.

On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn became a New York City designated landmark, making it the first city landmark to commemorate an LGBT icon. The designation prompted Greenwich Village residents to lobby for the inn and the adjacent park to be labeled a national monument. Some members of Manhattan Community Board 2 wrote a letter to the National Park Service (NPS) to request such a status for the Stonewall site. The GVSHP also supported a national monument designation for the site. In 2016, The Trust for Public Land helped New York City prepare the property for transfer. The Trust for Public Land worked with the NPS and NYC Parks to preserve the Stonewall Inn and recast Christopher Park as the Stonewall National Monument.

On June 24, 2016, President Barack Obama officially designated the Stonewall National Monument, making it the United States' first national monument designated for an LGBT historic site. The dedication ceremony was attended by New York City mayor Bill de Blasio; Senator Kirsten Gillibrand; Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell; and the Stonewall Inn's owners. Some attendees saw the dedication as important because the Orlando, Florida, nightclub shooting, which had occurred two weeks prior to the dedication, had claimed the lives of 49 people, many of them gay Latino Americans. The national monument encompasses a 7.7-acre (340,000 sq ft; 31,000 m) area that includes the Stonewall Inn, Christopher Street Park, the block of Christopher Street bordering the park, and segments of some adjacent streets. Only the park was transferred to NPS ownership. The National Park Foundation formed a new nonprofit organization to raise $2 million in funds for a ranger station, visitor center, community activities, and interpretive exhibits for the monument. In October 2017, a rainbow LGBT flag was raised on the monument, making it the first officially maintained LGBT flag at a federal monument.

The LGBT+ rights organization Pride Live tried to develop a visitor center for the monument for several years after its designation. Pride Live began negotiating with the owner of the property at 51 Christopher Street in 2019; that building included a vacant storefront that had formerly been part of the inn. The building was placed for sale in June 2021, but Pride Live and the property owner ultimately came to an agreement. In June 2022, Pride Live announced that it would build the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street. MBB Architects was hired to design the visitor center, while Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits. Pride Live raised $3.2 million for its construction and development and plans to operate the center in cooperation with the NPS. The visitor center opened on June 28, 2024, as the first official national visitors center dedicated to the LGBTQ+ experience to open anywhere in the world. Numerous politicians and celebrities participated in the inauguration ceremonies, and the New York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the Christopher Street–Stonewall station on the same day.

See also

• Gay Liberation Monument
• Homomonument
• LGBTQ culture in New York City
• List of national monuments of the United States
• NYC Pride March
• Pink Dolphin Monument
• Pink Triangle Park
• Transgender Memorial Garden

Notes

1. ^ The National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmark designations apply to roughly the same area that encompasses the National Monument, even though these designations preceded the National Monument designation by 17 and 16 years, respectively.
2. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

References

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3. "Christopher Park : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
4. ^ Morowitz, Matthew (October 20, 2015). "Making Christopher Park a National Park". Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
5. ^ "Christopher Park Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
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7. "Christopher Park". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
8. Adam, Barry (1987). The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, G. K. Hall & Co. ISBN 0-8057-9714-9
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11. ^ Carter, David (2004). Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution, St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-34269-1
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33. Ziv, Stav (October 5, 2017). "For the first time ever, an LGBT pride flag will fly on federal land at the Stonewall monument". Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
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36. ^ Holpuch, Amanda (June 21, 2022). "A Stonewall Visitor Center Will Celebrate L.G.B.T.Q. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
37. Rajamani, Maya (June 22, 2022). "Stonewall National Monument visitor center to open in 2024". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
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39. "Visitor Center For Stonewall National Monument Will Celebrate LGBTQ+ History". www.nationalparkstraveler.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
40. ^ Bahr, Sarah (June 28, 2024). "On Pride Weekend, the Stonewall Visitor Center Opens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
41. Taitt, Phil (June 28, 2024). "NYC Pride: President Joe Biden to visit Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center in Greenwich Village". ABC7 New York. Retrieved June 28, 2024; Alfonseca, Kiara (June 28, 2024). "Stonewall Uprising veteran honors protest as historic LGBTQ center opens". ABC News. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
42. "NYC Pride: President Joe Biden visits Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center in Greenwich Village". ABC7 New York. June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024.

External links

• Official website at the National Park Service
• "President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument" (official announcement from White House Press Office)
• Announcing the Stonewall National Monument on YouTube
• Stonewall Forever a Monument to 50 Years of Pride Stonewall Forever Monument
• Stonewall Visitor Center

Links to related articles

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Berger Plaza Father Demo Square Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Governors Island Gramercy Greenacre Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Fort George Seating Area Holcombe Rucker Hudson River Ilka Tanya Payán Imagination Playground Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Little Island Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway MacArthur Marcus Garvey McKenna Square Millennium Mill Rock Mitchell Square Montefiore Square Morningside Murphy's Brother's Playground Muscota Marsh Open Road Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Peter Detmold Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square Spring Street St. John's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Trygve Lie Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Vietnam Veterans Plaza Vincent F. Albano Jr. Wagner Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden William A. Harris Garden Winston Churchill Square Zuccotti The Bronx East Bronx Bicentennial Veterans Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Haffen Harding Hart Island Magenta Playground Pelham Bay Hunter Island Orchard Beach Rodman's Neck Pelham Parkway Pugsley Creek Richman Seton Falls Seton Soundview Starlight West Bronx Aqueduct Walk Bridge Bronx Bronx Skate Park Devoe Ewen Harris Henry Hudson Jerome Mosholu Parkway Poe Raoul Wallenberg Forest Riverdale Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington's Walk Williamsbridge Oval South Bronx Baretto Point Bill Rainey Carlos J. Lozada Playground Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Estella Diggs Grant Hunts Point Riverside Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Playground 52 Printer's Richman St. Mary's Taqwa Community Farm Tremont Brooklyn Alben Square American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Anthony Catanzaro Square Asser Levy Ascenzi Square Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn–Queens Greenway Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Coney Island Cyclone Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Eastern Parkway Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Golconda Skate Park Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Macri Triangle Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt. Prospect Nellie Bly Ocean Parkway Owl's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Russell D. Ramsey Triangle Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle Queens Admiral Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Broad Channel Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn–Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Catholic War Veterans Triangle Chris Postiglione Triangle College Point Fields Crocheron Cunningham Det. Keith L. Williams Det. William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Far Rockaway Skate Park Feehan Triangle Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows-Corona Foch Sitting Area Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hillcrest Veterans Square Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay Joe Sabba John Golden Judge Moses Weinstein Playground Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Kopytko Triangle Libra Triangle Linden Linnaeus Little Bay LoCicero Triangle Louis Pasteur Lynch Triangle Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue One Room Schoolhouse Overlook Park of the Americas Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto Playground Seventy Five Ofc. Edward Byrne Powell's Cove Proctor-Hopson Circle Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Remsen Cemetery Rochdale Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk Rockaway Community Roy Wilkins Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Travis Triangle Triangle 54 Tribute Tudor Turtle Playground Underbridge Dog Run Vleigh Playground Walter J. Wetzel Triangle Wayanda Staten Island North Shore (Community District 1) Allison Pond Austen House Buono Beach Barrett Clove Lakes Clove's Tail Corporal Thompson Eibs Pond Faber Forest Grove Fort Hill Gaeta Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero Ingram Woods Jones Woods Joseph Manna Lyons Pool Recreation Center Maple Woods Northerleigh Richmond Terrace Wetlands Sailors' Snug Harbor Shooters Island Silver Lake Sobel Court Tappen Tompkinsville Von Briesen Walker Westerleigh Mid-Island (Community District 2) Blood Root Valley Bradys Pond Deere Father Macris FDR Boardwalk Gen. MacArthur High Rock Last Chance Midland Field Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Prall's Island Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Industrial Westwood Willowbrook Mid-Island & South Shore (Community Districts 2 & 3) Freshkills LaTourette Meredith Woods William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge South Shore (Community District 3) Aesop Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Bayview Terrace Bloomingdale Blue Heron Blueberry Bunker Ponds Carlton Conference House Crescent Beach Fairview Great Kills Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Isle of Meadows King Fisher Kingdom Pond Lemon Creek Long Pond Olmstead-Beil House Reed's Basket Willow Swamp Seaside Wildlife Nature Siedenburg Tottenville Shore Wegener Wolfe's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Park Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I-related parks Vietnam War-related parks Hispanic and Latino-related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons v t e U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks New York City Outside New York City Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal

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