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F12
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4BDW, 4BDX, 4XDE, 4XE4
Identifiers
Aliases	F12, HAE3, HAEX, HAF, coagulation factor XII
External IDs	OMIM: 610619; MGI: 1891012; HomoloGene: 425; GeneCards: F12; OMA:F12 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 5 (human) Band 5q35.3 Start 177,402,133 bp End 177,416,583 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 13 (mouse) Band 13|13 B1 Start 55,565,771 bp End 55,574,606 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver gingival epithelium mucosa of transverse colon testicle endothelial cell middle temporal gyrus epithelium of esophagus nucleus accumbens caudate nucleus putamen Top expressed in lobe of liver left lobe of liver granulocyte morula embryo fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell spermatid sexually immature organism abdominal wall human fetus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function misfolded protein binding peptidase activity protein binding serine-type peptidase activity hydrolase activity serine-type endopeptidase activity calcium ion binding Cellular component plasma membrane extracellular region extracellular exosome extracellular space rough endoplasmic reticulum collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process hemostasis blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway response to misfolded protein positive regulation of plasminogen activation fibrinolysis zymogen activation protein processing protein autoprocessing proteolysis positive regulation of blood coagulation positive regulation of fibrinolysis innate immune response regulation of blood coagulation plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade Factor XII activation blood coagulation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2161 58992 Ensembl ENSG00000131187 ENSMUSG00000021492 UniProt P00748 Q80YC5 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000505 NM_021489 RefSeq (protein) NP_000496 NP_067464 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 177.4 – 177.42 Mb Chr 13: 55.57 – 55.57 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein involved in coagulation. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa (EC 3.4.21.38), an enzyme of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by F12 gene.

Genetics

The gene for factor XII is located on the tip of the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q33-qter).

Structure

Human Factor XII is 596 amino acids long and consists of two chains, the heavy chain (353 residues) and light chain (243 residues) held together by a disulfide bond. It is 80,000 daltons in molecular weight. The heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains (type I and II), two epidermal growth factor-like domains, a kringle domain, and a proline-rich region, while the light chain contains the protease domain. FXII can be cleaved sequentially at two sites, Arg353 and Arg334, with the second cleavage liberating the light chain and forming β-FXIIa.

The structure of the FnI-EGF-like tandem domain of coagulation factor XII has been solved by X-ray crystallography. Crystal structures of the FXII light chain have also been determined, both unbound (β-FXII) and bound (β-FXIIa) to inhibitors.

Function

Factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor) is a plasma glycoprotein of approximately 90 kDa and is part of the coagulation cascade. It activates factor XI and prekallikrein in vitro. FXII is activated to FXIIa by negatively charged surfaces such as glass, initiating the intrinsic pathway. FXII also plays a role in diagnostic coagulation assays called activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT).

In vivo, FXII is activated by binding to polyanions in a process termed contact activation. Various polymers, such as kaolin and glass, act as non-physiological activators of FXII. Activated platelets release inorganic polyphosphates, which activate FXII, initiating the intrinsic pathway and contributing to fibrin formation and thrombus development. Polyphosphates also accelerate thrombin-induced activation of factor XI.

Polyphosphate forms calcium-rich nanoparticles in vivo, which accumulate on platelets and activate FXII. The regulation of platelet polyphosphates is still not fully understood, but the phosphate-exporter XPR1 has been identified as a key regulator. Targeting XPR1 increases polyphosphate levels, accelerating thrombosis in mouse models.

Given FXII’s role in thrombosis while sparing hemostasis, it has become a target for anticoagulant drug development. Inhibitors targeting FXII are in clinical trials.

Clinical significance

Factor XII deficiency is a rare disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Unlike other clotting factor deficiencies, factor XII deficiency is totally asymptomatic and does not cause excess bleeding. Mice lacking the gene for factor XII, however, are less susceptible to thrombosis. The protein seems to be involved in the later stages of clot formation rather than the first occlusion of damages in the blood vessel wall.

Factor XII does play an important role in clot formation during in vitro measurements of the partial thromboplastin time, which causes these measurements to be markedly prolonged in patients with factor XII deficiency, usually well beyond even what is seen in hemophilia A, hemophilia B, or factor XI deficiency. As a result, the main concern related to factor XII deficiency is the unnecessary testing, delay in care, worry, etc. that may be prompted by the abnormal lab result. All of this, including the mechanism of inheritance, also holds true for the other contact factors, prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) and high molecular weight kininogen.

Excess levels of factor XII can predispose individuals towards greater risk of venous thrombosis due to factor XII's role as one of the catalysts for conversion of plasminogen to its active fibrinolytic form of plasmin.

Factor XII is also activated by endotoxins, especially lipid A in vitro. Experimental mouse models have suggested a role of FXII in multiple sclerosis.

History

Hageman factor was first discovered in 1955 when a routine preoperative blood sample of the 37-year-old railroad brakeman John Hageman (1918) was found to have prolonged clotting time in test tubes, even though he had no hemorrhagic symptoms. Hageman was then examined by hematologist Oscar Ratnoff, who found that Hageman lacked a previously unidentified clotting factor. Ratnoff later found that the Hageman factor deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, after examining several related people who had the deficiency. Paradoxically, pulmonary embolism contributed to Hageman's death after an occupational accident in 1968. Since then, case studies and clinical studies identified an association between thrombosis and Factor XII deficiency. Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII.

Currently produced QuikClot products, produced and marketed primarily for use in battlefield medicine to treat penetrating trauma (such as gunshot wounds and stab wounds), and other injuries that are known to commonly cause exsanguination (such as blast injury), are used with the overarching goal of increasing the time between the blood loss occurring, and the patient succumbing to the blood loss. The purpose of increasing this time is so that the patient may reaching a higher level of medical care before succumbing from their injuries. These products use a Kaolinite-based coating, applied to the bandages by the manufacturer before packaging and sale. This coating, when applied to an open wound via the application of the bandages, directly promotes blood clotting by activating Factor XII in the coagulation cascade. Also, due to the active ingredient nature of Kaolinite, the activation of the Factor XII occurs in both an earlier amount of time than it otherwise would, and at an increased, more rapid rate than it otherwise would. This coating is widely considered amongst combat medics to be vastly superior to the older QuikClot powder formulation, which was poured into wounds, due to the fact that the older formulation used bead-form Zeolite, a mineral which promotes the coagulation cascade, due to the fact that the reaction between the Zeolite powder and the blood inside the wound site was an Exothermic one, sometimes so intensely that it caused cases of second degree burns on the inside surface of the wound. This, obviously, caused extreme pain to the patient, often more-so than the initial injury was causing them at the time (assuming the patient was still conscious at the time of the application of the powder). This effect is often seen in movies and TV programs, with the QuikClot powder being poured into wounds, and the patient screaming out in pain as their wounds were violently burned on the inside surface of the wounds. This created a common misconception, which persists to this day, that commonly used QuikClot products still use this method of clot promotion (Zeolite powder) to this day. However, Zeolite-based clotting products are no longer widely used by militaries and police departments throughout the western world, as they have been widely supplanted by the Kaolinite-based bandage products, which do not cause any exothermic reaction whatsoever, nor do they have the absolute-requirement of the application of the product exclusively to the inside-surface of the wound.

References

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6. Ivanov I, Matafonov A, Gailani D (September 2017). "Single-chain factor XII: a new form of activated factor XII". Current Opinion in Hematology. 24 (5): 411–418. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000363. PMC 5762122. PMID 28604413.
7. Stavrou E, Schmaier AH (March 2010). "Factor XII: what does it contribute to our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of hemostasis & thrombosis". Thrombosis Research. 125 (3): 210–215. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2009.11.028. PMC 2851158. PMID 20022081.
8. Beringer DX, Kroon-Batenburg LM (February 2013). "The structure of the FnI-EGF-like tandem domain of coagulation factor XII solved using SIRAS". Acta Crystallographica Section F. 69 (Pt 2): 94–102. doi:10.1107/S1744309113000286. PMC 3564606. PMID 23385745.
9. Dementiev A, Silva A, Yee C, Li Z, Flavin MT, Sham H, et al. (March 2018). "Structures of human plasma β-factor XIIa cocrystallized with potent inhibitors". Blood Advances. 2 (5): 549–558. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016337. PMC 5851424. PMID 29519898.
10. Pathak M, Wilmann P, Awford J, Li C, Hamad BK, Fischer PM, et al. (April 2015). "Coagulation factor XII protease domain crystal structure". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 13 (4): 580–591. doi:10.1111/jth.12849. PMC 4418343. PMID 25604127.
11. Pathak M, Manna R, Li C, Kaira BG, Hamad BK, Belviso BD, et al. (June 2019). "Crystal structures of the recombinant β-factor XIIa protease with bound Thr-Arg and Pro-Arg substrate mimetics". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 75 (Pt 6): 578–591. doi:10.1107/S2059798319006910. PMID 31205020. S2CID 189944782.
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13. Renné T, Schmaier AH, Nickel KF, Blombäck M, Maas C (November 2012). "In vivo roles of factor XII". Blood. 120 (22): 4296–4303. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-07-292094. PMC 3507141. PMID 22993391.
14. Müller F, Mutch NJ, Schenk WA, Smith SA, Esterl L, Spronk HM, et al. (December 2009). "Platelet polyphosphates are proinflammatory and procoagulant mediators in vivo". Cell. 139 (6): 1143–1156. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.001. PMC 2796262. PMID 20005807.
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Further reading

• Girolami A, Randi ML, Gavasso S, Lombardi AM, Spiezia F (April 2004). "The occasional venous thromboses seen in patients with severe (homozygous) FXII deficiency are probably due to associated risk factors: a study of prevalence in 21 patients and review of the literature". Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 17 (2): 139–143. doi:10.1023/B:THRO.0000037670.42776.cd. PMID 15306750. S2CID 19336633.
• Renné T, Gailani D (July 2007). "Role of Factor XII in hemostasis and thrombosis: clinical implications". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 5 (4): 733–741. doi:10.1586/14779072.5.4.733. PMID 17605651. S2CID 41250936.
• Harris RJ, Ling VT, Spellman MW (March 1992). "O-linked fucose is present in the first epidermal growth factor domain of factor XII but not protein C". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (8): 5102–5107. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42736-6. PMID 1544894.
• McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Davie EW (February 1991). "Location of the disulfide bonds in human plasma prekallikrein: the presence of four novel apple domains in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule". Biochemistry. 30 (8): 2050–2056. doi:10.1021/bi00222a007. PMID 1998666.
• Miyata T, Kawabata S, Iwanaga S, Takahashi I, Alving B, Saito H (November 1989). "Coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) Washington D.C.: inactive factor XIIa results from Cys-571----Ser substitution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (21): 8319–8322. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.8319M. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.21.8319. PMC 298272. PMID 2510163.
• Bernardi F, Marchetti G, Patracchini P, del Senno L, Tripodi M, Fantoni A, et al. (May 1987). "Factor XII gene alteration in Hageman trait detected by TaqI restriction enzyme". Blood. 69 (5): 1421–1424. doi:10.1182/blood.V69.5.1421.1421. PMID 2882793.
• Cool DE, MacGillivray RT (October 1987). "Characterization of the human blood coagulation factor XII gene. Intron/exon gene organization and analysis of the 5'-flanking region". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 262 (28): 13662–13673. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)76478-3. PMID 2888762.
• Que BG, Davie EW (April 1986). "Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor XII (Hageman factor)". Biochemistry. 25 (7): 1525–1528. doi:10.1021/bi00355a009. PMID 3011063.
• Royle NJ, Nigli M, Cool D, MacGillivray RT, Hamerton JL (March 1988). "Structural gene encoding human factor XII is located at 5q33-qter". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 14 (2): 217–221. doi:10.1007/BF01534407. PMID 3162339. S2CID 7868690.
• Citarella F, Tripodi M, Fantoni A, Bernardi F, Romeo G, Rocchi M (December 1988). "Assignment of human coagulation factor XII (fXII) to chromosome 5 by cDNA hybridization to DNA from somatic cell hybrids". Human Genetics. 80 (4): 397–398. doi:10.1007/BF00273661. PMID 3198120. S2CID 13428786.
• Henry ML, Everson B, Ratnoff OD (May 1988). "Inhibition of the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by beta 2-glycoprotein I". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 111 (5): 519–523. PMID 3361230.
• Chung DW, Fujikawa K, McMullen BA, Davie EW (May 1986). "Human plasma prekallikrein, a zymogen to a serine protease that contains four tandem repeats". Biochemistry. 25 (9): 2410–2417. doi:10.1021/bi00357a017. PMID 3521732.
• Tripodi M, Citarella F, Guida S, Galeffi P, Fantoni A, Cortese R (April 1986). "cDNA sequence coding for human coagulation factor XII (Hageman)". Nucleic Acids Research. 14 (7): 3146. doi:10.1093/nar/14.7.3146. PMC 339730. PMID 3754331.
• Cool DE, Edgell CJ, Louie GV, Zoller MJ, Brayer GD, MacGillivray RT (November 1985). "Characterization of human blood coagulation factor XII cDNA. Prediction of the primary structure of factor XII and the tertiary structure of beta-factor XIIa". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260 (25): 13666–13676. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38776-8. PMID 3877053.
• McMullen BA, Fujikawa K (May 1985). "Amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of human alpha-factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260 (9): 5328–5341. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89026-3. PMID 3886654.
• de Grouchy J, Turleau C (1975). "Tentative localization of a Hageman (Factor XII) locus on 7q, probably the 7q35 band". Humangenetik. 24 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1007/bf00283584. PMID 4140832. S2CID 11075182.
• Fujikawa K, McMullen BA (September 1983). "Amino acid sequence of human beta-factor XIIa". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258 (18): 10924–10933. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44364-X. PMID 6604055.
• Hovinga JK, Schaller J, Stricker H, Wuillemin WA, Furlan M, Lämmle B (August 1994). "Coagulation factor XII Locarno: the functional defect is caused by the amino acid substitution Arg 353-->Pro leading to loss of a kallikrein cleavage site". Blood. 84 (4): 1173–1181. doi:10.1182/blood.V84.4.1173.1173. PMID 8049433.
• Schloesser M, Hofferbert S, Bartz U, Lutze G, Lämmle B, Engel W (July 1995). "The novel acceptor splice site mutation 11396(G-->A) in the factor XII gene causes a truncated transcript in cross-reacting material negative patients". Human Molecular Genetics. 4 (7): 1235–1237. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.7.1235. PMID 8528215.
• Hofferbert S, Müller J, Köstering H, von Ohlen WD, Schloesser M (June 1996). "A novel 5'-upstream mutation in the factor XII gene is associated with a TaqI restriction site in an Alu repeat in factor XII-deficient patients". Human Genetics. 97 (6): 838–841. doi:10.1007/BF02346200. PMID 8641707. S2CID 9589165.

External links

• "Summary for peptidase S01.211: coagulation factor XIIa". The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021.
• Factor+XII at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P00748 (Coagulation factor XII) at the PDBe-KB.

• Biology

• Genes on human chromosome 5
• Coagulation system
• EC 3.4.21
• Zymogens