Misplaced Pages

Complement (set theory)

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
(Redirected from Complement set) Set of the elements not in a given subset A circle filled with red inside a square. The area outside the circle is unfilled. The borders of both the circle and the square are black.If A is the area colored red in this image…An unfilled circle inside a square. The area inside the square not covered by the circle is filled with red. The borders of both the circle and the square are black.… then the complement of A is everything else.

In set theory, the complement of a set A, often denoted by A {\displaystyle A^{\complement }} (or A′), is the set of elements not in A.

When all elements in the universe, i.e. all elements under consideration, are considered to be members of a given set U, the absolute complement of A is the set of elements in U that are not in A.

The relative complement of A with respect to a set B, also termed the set difference of B and A, written B A , {\displaystyle B\setminus A,} is the set of elements in B that are not in A.

Absolute complement

The absolute complement of the white disc is the red region

Definition

If A is a set, then the absolute complement of A (or simply the complement of A) is the set of elements not in A (within a larger set that is implicitly defined). In other words, let U be a set that contains all the elements under study; if there is no need to mention U, either because it has been previously specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of A is the relative complement of A in U: A = U A = { x U : x A } . {\displaystyle A^{\complement }=U\setminus A=\{x\in U:x\notin A\}.}

The absolute complement of A is usually denoted by A {\displaystyle A^{\complement }} . Other notations include A ¯ , A , {\displaystyle {\overline {A}},A',} U A ,  and  A . {\displaystyle \complement _{U}A,{\text{ and }}\complement A.}

Examples

  • Assume that the universe is the set of integers. If A is the set of odd numbers, then the complement of A is the set of even numbers. If B is the set of multiples of 3, then the complement of B is the set of numbers congruent to 1 or 2 modulo 3 (or, in simpler terms, the integers that are not multiples of 3).
  • Assume that the universe is the standard 52-card deck. If the set A is the suit of spades, then the complement of A is the union of the suits of clubs, diamonds, and hearts. If the set B is the union of the suits of clubs and diamonds, then the complement of B is the union of the suits of hearts and spades.
  • When the universe is the universe of sets described in formalized set theory, the absolute complement of a set is generally not itself a set, but rather a proper class. For more info, see universal set.

Properties

Let A and B be two sets in a universe U. The following identities capture important properties of absolute complements:

De Morgan's laws:

  • ( A B ) = A B . {\displaystyle \left(A\cup B\right)^{\complement }=A^{\complement }\cap B^{\complement }.}
  • ( A B ) = A B . {\displaystyle \left(A\cap B\right)^{\complement }=A^{\complement }\cup B^{\complement }.}

Complement laws:

  • A A = U . {\displaystyle A\cup A^{\complement }=U.}
  • A A = . {\displaystyle A\cap A^{\complement }=\emptyset .}
  • = U . {\displaystyle \emptyset ^{\complement }=U.}
  • U = . {\displaystyle U^{\complement }=\emptyset .}
  • If  A B , then  B A . {\displaystyle {\text{If }}A\subseteq B{\text{, then }}B^{\complement }\subseteq A^{\complement }.}
    (this follows from the equivalence of a conditional with its contrapositive).

Involution or double complement law:

  • ( A ) = A . {\displaystyle \left(A^{\complement }\right)^{\complement }=A.}

Relationships between relative and absolute complements:

  • A B = A B . {\displaystyle A\setminus B=A\cap B^{\complement }.}
  • ( A B ) = A B = A ( B A ) . {\displaystyle (A\setminus B)^{\complement }=A^{\complement }\cup B=A^{\complement }\cup (B\cap A).}

Relationship with a set difference:

  • A B = B A . {\displaystyle A^{\complement }\setminus B^{\complement }=B\setminus A.}

The first two complement laws above show that if A is a non-empty, proper subset of U, then {A, A} is a partition of U.

Relative complement

Definition

If A and B are sets, then the relative complement of A in B, also termed the set difference of B and A, is the set of elements in B but not in A.

The relative complement of A in B: B A = B A {\displaystyle B\cap A^{\complement }=B\setminus A}

The relative complement of A in B is denoted B A {\displaystyle B\setminus A} according to the ISO 31-11 standard. It is sometimes written B A , {\displaystyle B-A,} but this notation is ambiguous, as in some contexts (for example, Minkowski set operations in functional analysis) it can be interpreted as the set of all elements b a , {\displaystyle b-a,} where b is taken from B and a from A.

Formally: B A = { x B : x A } . {\displaystyle B\setminus A=\{x\in B:x\notin A\}.}

Examples

  • { 1 , 2 , 3 } { 2 , 3 , 4 } = { 1 } . {\displaystyle \{1,2,3\}\setminus \{2,3,4\}=\{1\}.}
  • { 2 , 3 , 4 } { 1 , 2 , 3 } = { 4 } . {\displaystyle \{2,3,4\}\setminus \{1,2,3\}=\{4\}.}
  • If R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } is the set of real numbers and Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } is the set of rational numbers, then R Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} } is the set of irrational numbers.

Properties

See also: List of set identities and relations and Algebra of sets

Let A, B, and C be three sets in a universe U. The following identities capture notable properties of relative complements:

  • C ( A B ) = ( C A ) ( C B ) . {\displaystyle C\setminus (A\cap B)=(C\setminus A)\cup (C\setminus B).}
  • C ( A B ) = ( C A ) ( C B ) . {\displaystyle C\setminus (A\cup B)=(C\setminus A)\cap (C\setminus B).}
  • C ( B A ) = ( C A ) ( C B ) , {\displaystyle C\setminus (B\setminus A)=(C\cap A)\cup (C\setminus B),}
    with the important special case C ( C A ) = ( C A ) {\displaystyle C\setminus (C\setminus A)=(C\cap A)} demonstrating that intersection can be expressed using only the relative complement operation.
  • ( B A ) C = ( B C ) A = B ( C A ) . {\displaystyle (B\setminus A)\cap C=(B\cap C)\setminus A=B\cap (C\setminus A).}
  • ( B A ) C = ( B C ) ( A C ) . {\displaystyle (B\setminus A)\cup C=(B\cup C)\setminus (A\setminus C).}
  • A A = . {\displaystyle A\setminus A=\emptyset .}
  • A = . {\displaystyle \emptyset \setminus A=\emptyset .}
  • A = A . {\displaystyle A\setminus \emptyset =A.}
  • A U = . {\displaystyle A\setminus U=\emptyset .}
  • If A B {\displaystyle A\subset B} , then C A C B {\displaystyle C\setminus A\supset C\setminus B} .
  • A B C {\displaystyle A\supseteq B\setminus C} is equivalent to C B A {\displaystyle C\supseteq B\setminus A} .

Complementary relation

A binary relation R {\displaystyle R} is defined as a subset of a product of sets X × Y . {\displaystyle X\times Y.} The complementary relation R ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {R}}} is the set complement of R {\displaystyle R} in X × Y . {\displaystyle X\times Y.} The complement of relation R {\displaystyle R} can be written R ¯   =   ( X × Y ) R . {\displaystyle {\bar {R}}\ =\ (X\times Y)\setminus R.} Here, R {\displaystyle R} is often viewed as a logical matrix with rows representing the elements of X , {\displaystyle X,} and columns elements of Y . {\displaystyle Y.} The truth of a R b {\displaystyle aRb} corresponds to 1 in row a , {\displaystyle a,} column b . {\displaystyle b.} Producing the complementary relation to R {\displaystyle R} then corresponds to switching all 1s to 0s, and 0s to 1s for the logical matrix of the complement.

Together with composition of relations and converse relations, complementary relations and the algebra of sets are the elementary operations of the calculus of relations.

LaTeX notation

See also: List of mathematical symbols by subject

In the LaTeX typesetting language, the command \setminus is usually used for rendering a set difference symbol, which is similar to a backslash symbol. When rendered, the \setminus command looks identical to \backslash, except that it has a little more space in front and behind the slash, akin to the LaTeX sequence \mathbin{\backslash}. A variant \smallsetminus is available in the amssymb package, but this symbol is not included separately in Unicode. The symbol {\displaystyle \complement } (as opposed to C {\displaystyle C} ) is produced by \complement. (It corresponds to the Unicode symbol U+2201 ∁ COMPLEMENT.)

See also

Notes

  1. "Complement and Set Difference". web.mnstate.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  2. ^ "Complement (set) Definition (Illustrated Mathematics Dictionary)". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  3. The set in which the complement is considered is thus implicitly mentioned in an absolute complement, and explicitly mentioned in a relative complement.
  4. Bourbaki 1970, p. E II.6.
  5. ^ Halmos 1960, p. 17.
  6. Devlin 1979, p. 6.
  7. Archived 2022-03-05 at the Wayback Machine The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List

References

External links

Set theory
Overview Venn diagram of set intersection
Axioms
Operations
  • Concepts
  • Methods
Set types
Theories
Set theorists
Mathematical logic
General
Theorems (list)
 and paradoxes
Logics
Traditional
Propositional
Predicate
Set theory
Types of sets
Maps and cardinality
Set theories
Formal systems (list),
language and syntax
Example axiomatic
systems
 (list)
Proof theory
Model theory
Computability theory
Related
icon Mathematics portal
Categories: