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Geometry of quantum systems (e.g., noncommutative geometry and supergeometry) is mainly phrased in algebraic terms of modules and algebras. Connections on modules are generalization of a linear connection on a smooth vector bundle ${\displaystyle E\to X}$ written as a Koszul connection on the ${\displaystyle C^{\infty }(X)}$-module of sections of ${\displaystyle E\to X}$.

Commutative algebra

Let ${\displaystyle A}$ be a commutative ring and ${\displaystyle M}$ an A-module. There are different equivalent definitions of a connection on ${\displaystyle M}$.

First definition

If ${\displaystyle k\to A}$ is a ring homomorphism, a ${\displaystyle k}$-linear connection is a ${\displaystyle k}$-linear morphism

${\displaystyle \nabla :M\to \Omega _{A/k}^{1}\otimes _{A}M}$

which satisfies the identity

${\displaystyle \nabla (am)=da\otimes m+a\nabla m}$

A connection extends, for all ${\displaystyle p\geq 0}$ to a unique map

${\displaystyle \nabla :\Omega _{A/k}^{p}\otimes _{A}M\to \Omega _{A/k}^{p+1}\otimes _{A}M}$

satisfying ${\displaystyle \nabla (\omega \otimes f)=d\omega \otimes f+(-1)^{p}\omega \wedge \nabla f}$. A connection is said to be integrable if ${\displaystyle \nabla \circ \nabla =0}$, or equivalently, if the curvature ${\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}:M\to \Omega _{A/k}^{2}\otimes M}$ vanishes.

Second definition

Let ${\displaystyle D(A)}$ be the module of derivations of a ring ${\displaystyle A}$. A connection on an A-module ${\displaystyle M}$ is defined as an A-module morphism

${\displaystyle \nabla :D(A)\to \mathrm {Diff} _{1}(M,M);u\mapsto \nabla _{u}}$

such that the first order differential operators ${\displaystyle \nabla _{u}}$ on ${\displaystyle M}$ obey the Leibniz rule

${\displaystyle \nabla _{u}(ap)=u(a)p+a\nabla _{u}(p),\quad a\in A,\quad p\in M.}$

Connections on a module over a commutative ring always exist.

The curvature of the connection ${\displaystyle \nabla }$ is defined as the zero-order differential operator

${\displaystyle R(u,u')=-\nabla _{}\,}$

on the module ${\displaystyle M}$ for all ${\displaystyle u,u'\in D(A)}$.

If ${\displaystyle E\to X}$ is a vector bundle, there is one-to-one correspondence between linear connections ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ on ${\displaystyle E\to X}$ and the connections ${\displaystyle \nabla }$ on the ${\displaystyle C^{\infty }(X)}$-module of sections of ${\displaystyle E\to X}$. Strictly speaking, ${\displaystyle \nabla }$ corresponds to the covariant differential of a connection on ${\displaystyle E\to X}$.

Graded commutative algebra

The notion of a connection on modules over commutative rings is straightforwardly extended to modules over a graded commutative algebra. This is the case of superconnections in supergeometry of graded manifolds and supervector bundles. Superconnections always exist.

Noncommutative algebra

If ${\displaystyle A}$ is a noncommutative ring, connections on left and right A-modules are defined similarly to those on modules over commutative rings. However these connections need not exist.

In contrast with connections on left and right modules, there is a problem how to define a connection on an R-S-bimodule over noncommutative rings R and S. There are different definitions of such a connection. Let us mention one of them. A connection on an R-S-bimodule ${\displaystyle P}$ is defined as a bimodule morphism

${\displaystyle \nabla :D(A)\ni u\to \nabla _{u}\in \mathrm {Diff} _{1}(P,P)}$

which obeys the Leibniz rule

${\displaystyle \nabla _{u}(apb)=u(a)pb+a\nabla _{u}(p)b+apu(b),\quad a\in R,\quad b\in S,\quad p\in P.}$

See also

• Connection (vector bundle)
• Connection (mathematics)
• Noncommutative geometry
• Supergeometry
• Differential calculus over commutative algebras

Notes

1. (Koszul 1950)
2. (Koszul 1950),(Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 2000)
3. (Bartocci, Bruzzo & Hernández-Ruipérez 1991), (Mangiarotti & Sardanashvily 2000)
4. (Landi 1997)
5. (Dubois-Violette & Michor 1996),(Landi 1997)

References

• Koszul, Jean-Louis (1950). "Homologie et cohomologie des algèbres de Lie" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 78: 65–127. doi:10.24033/bsmf.1410.
• Koszul, J. L. (1986). Lectures on Fibre Bundles and Differential Geometry (Tata University, Bombay, 1960). doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02503-1 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-3-540-12876-2. S2CID 51020097. Zbl 0244.53026.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
• Bartocci, Claudio; Bruzzo, Ugo; Hernández-Ruipérez, Daniel (1991). The Geometry of Supermanifolds. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3504-7. ISBN 978-94-010-5550-5.
• Dubois-Violette, Michel; Michor, Peter W. (1996). "Connections on central bimodules in noncommutative differential geometry". Journal of Geometry and Physics. 20 (2–3): 218–232. arXiv:q-alg/9503020. doi:10.1016/0393-0440(95)00057-7. S2CID 15994413.
• Landi, Giovanni (1997). An Introduction to Noncommutative Spaces and their Geometries. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 51. arXiv:hep-th/9701078. doi:10.1007/3-540-14949-X. ISBN 978-3-540-63509-3. S2CID 14986502.
• Mangiarotti, L.; Sardanashvily, G. (2000). Connections in Classical and Quantum Field Theory. doi:10.1142/2524. ISBN 978-981-02-2013-6.

External links

• Sardanashvily, G. (2009). "Lectures on Differential Geometry of Modules and Rings". arXiv:0910.1515 .

• Connection (mathematics)
• Noncommutative geometry