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National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces
الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية

Formation	11 November 2012 (in Doha, Qatar)
Purpose	Opposition to and replacement of Bashar al-Assad and the Ba'athist regime
Headquarters	Istanbul, Turkey
Region served	Syria
Membership	Council of about 114 members
Official language	Arabic
Secretary General	Haytham Rahmeh
President	Hadi al-Bahra
Vice Presidents	Abdulmajeed Barakat Dima Moussa Abdulhakim Bachar
Parent organization	Syrian Interim Government
Website	en.etilaf.org

Politics of Syrian opposition
Symbols Flag Coat of arms
Constitution Antalya conference (2011) Human rights
Executive Syrian Interim Government Prime Minister: Abdurrahman Mustafa President: Hadi al-Bahra Syrian Salvation Government Prime Minister: Mohammed al-Bashir President: Mustafa al-Mousa
Legislature Syrian National Coalition Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee
Administrative divisions Capital Governorates Districts
Political parties Syrian National Coalition Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee
Foreign relations HNC SNC recognition Arab League membership
Other countries
v t e

The National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (Arabic: الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (SNC) (Arabic: الائتلاف الوطني السوري), or the Syrian National Revolutionary Coalition (SNRC) is a political organization founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012 during the Syrian Civil War in an attempt to coalesce the various movements opposed to Bashar al-Assad's Ba'athist regime. Former imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Moaz al-Khatib, considered a moderate, was elected the president of the coalition, and resigned on 21 April 2013. Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi, both prominent democracy activists and the latter a secular human rights advocate, were elected vice presidents. The post of a third vice president will remain vacant for a Kurdish figure to be elected. Mustafa Sabbagh was elected as the coalition's secretary-general. The coalition has a council of 114 seats, though not all of them are filled.

On 31 May 2013, the coalition gave membership to 15 representatives of the Free Syrian Army, allowing direct representation of rebels from Syria in a political group for the first time. On 6 July, the coalition elected new leadership. Ahmad Asi Al-Jarba was elected president and Anas Al-Abdah was elected as secretary general. On 14 September 2013, the National Coalition selected Ahmad Tu'mah as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. On 25 September 2013, some Islamist factions rejected the Syrian National Coalition stating that "All groups formed abroad without having returned to the country do not represent us."

The coalition worked for a time together with Syrian National Council, another coalition group.

On March 18, 2013, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces established the Syrian Interim Government (SIG) which functioned first as a government-in-exile and then in Turkish-occupied zones of Syria.

Structure and aims

At its creation in November 2012 the National Coalition elected Moaz al-Khatib as its president, Riad Seif and Suheir Atassi as vice-presidents and Mustafa Sabbagh as secretary-general. The coalition has a council of about 63 members, including 22 members from the Syrian National Council.

On 24 March 2013 Moaz al-Khatib made a surprise announcement that he was stepping down as president of the coalition. Although he gave no reason at the time, he later talked of interference by international and regional actors; the interviewer named these as Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The coalition refused al-Khatib's resignation. Khatib was still considered the "primary voice" of the Syrian opposition, and the following day the Arab League granted Khatib the position to head the coalition's delegation to the Arab League. He continued in office for almost another month before confirming his resignation on 21 April 2013.

The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying , and displacing ".

The Syrian National Council withdrew from the coalition on 20 January 2014 in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva talks.

Domestic recognition

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2016)

The Local Coordination Committees of Syria (LCCSyria) stated that they " participation in the National Coalition. The worked hard, and will continue to spare no effort, to ensure the success of the National Coalition in its service to the revolution." The National Coalition was supported by the Free Syrian Army from September 2013 or earlier.

On 16 November 2012, there were 497 street demonstrations in Syria according to the LCCSyria, including 121 demonstrations in Hama that "expressed support for the National Coalition" and 104 demonstrations in Idlib who called for the National Coalition to "support the revolutionaries".

Following the election of the Coalition's president, several pro-Islamist media outlets have signalled their approvals for the formation of the new revolution bloc under the leadership of Sheikh Moaz Al-Khatib. Answering questions on his students' portal EsinIslam of The Awqaf London the London-based Damascene graduate African Muslim cleric, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Abdul-Fattah Adelabu called upon the Islamists and their affiliates to support the coalition's leadership.

Members of the al-Nusra Front and 13 other armed groups stated in a YouTube video on 19 November 2012 that they "unanimously reject the conspiratorial project called the National Coalition and announce consensus to establish an Islamic state ". A day later, commanders of one of those groups, the al-Tawhid Brigade appeared in a video with members of the Aleppo Military Council and Transitional Military Council. They stated that they supported the National Coalition and that the previous day's statement was by "revolutionary forces on the ground" who were not sufficiently represented in the National Coalition. The head of the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo, Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, responded to the 19 November statement, saying, "These groups represent a number of military factions on the ground and reflect their position, but not all military forces in Aleppo agree with this. The military council has announced its support for the National Coalition and is collaborating with ." Members of the groups listed in the 19 November statement were contacted by Thomson Reuters and stated that "they had nothing to do with the announcement" and that some members of their groups appeared in the video.

On 21 November 2012, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), which controls territory in the north of Syria, rejected the new coalition and criticised it for "obedience to Turkey and Qatar". The Kurdish National Council agreed to join the Syrian National Coalition; the PYD criticized the KNC for doing so.

According to The Economist, as of late September 2013, "In the month since America backed away from missile strikes to punish Syria's regime for using chemical weapons, the Syrian Opposition Coalition has become increasingly irrelevant."

In October 2013, the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army, led by Salim Idris, met with Ahmad Jarba, then the president of the SNC. The SMC recognized the National Coalition as the "civil authority" of the Syrian opposition.

In the course of 2015, a rival for representing Syrian opposition emerged in the form of the Syrian Democratic Forces and their political arm, the Syrian Democratic Council, which grew in the context of the Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava.

On 25 April 2018, the al-Mu'tasim Brigade, a FSA group based in the town of Mare', withdrew its recognition of the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces due to the National Coalition's inability to make national decisions. The group's decision came hours after George Sabra, Suheir Atassi, and Khaled Khoja resigned from the National Coalition.

International recognition

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2023)

By March 2013, at least twenty states had recognized the SNC as 'the (sole) legitimate representative of the Syrian people'. However, most of them do not recognize official documents produced by it.

Diplomatic recognition of the National Coalition as the legitimate representative of Syria

	Entity	Date of recognition	Direct terminology
1–18	Qatar	12 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of Syria
19	France	13 November 2012	Sole representative of the Syrian people and future interim government of democratic Syria
20	Turkey	15 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
21	Italy	19 November 2012	Legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people (verbal declaration by the Italian Prime Minister during a TV network interview).
22	United Kingdom	20 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
23	Spain	29 November 2012	Sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people
24–25	Denmark	9 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
24–25	Norway	9 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
26–29	Netherlands	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
26–29	Germany	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
26–29	Belgium	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
26–29	Luxembourg	10 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
30	United States	12 December 2012	"A" or "The" legitimate representative of the Syrian people
31	Australia	13 December 2012	The legitimate representative of the Syrian people
32	Malta	22 March 2013	Sole legal representative of the Syrian people
–	European Union	19 November 2012	"Legitimate representatives of the aspirations of the Syrian people"

Diplomatic representation

As of 17 November 2012, Monzer Makhous was recognised by France as a representative of the National Coalition and as the future Syrian Ambassador "once a provisional government is established and recognised internationally."

On 20 November, the UK invited the coalition to appoint a political representative. On 26 November, the National Coalition appointed Walid Safur to be its ambassador to the UK.

On 23 November, Qatar asked the coalition to appoint an ambassador, becoming the first Arab country to publicly announce it will accept an envoy from the new opposition body. The SNCs embassy in Qatar was opened on 27 March 2013.

On 5 May 2014, the Coalition was officially granted diplomatic status with the Washington office formerly recognized as a Foreign Mission in the US. Prior to giving foreign mission status to the Washington Office, the State Department shut down the current Washington Embassy along with several regional consulates.

Leadership

Presidents

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Political party		Note(s)
1		Moaz al-Khatib (born 1960)	11 November 2012	22 April 2013	Independent		—
—		George Sabra (born 1947)	22 April 2013	6 July 2013	Syrian National Council		Acting President.
2		Ahmad Jarba (born 1969)	6 July 2013	9 July 2014	Syrian National Council		Re-elected on 5 January 2014.
3		Hadi al-Bahra (born 1959)	9 July 2014	4 January 2015	Independent		—
4		Khaled Khoja (born 1965)	4 January 2015	5 March 2016	Independent		Re-elected on 3 August 2015.
5		Anas al-Abdah (born 1967)	5 March 2016	6 May 2017	Syrian National Council		—
6		Riad Seif (born 1946)	6 May 2017	6 May 2018	Independent		—
7		Abdurrahman Mustafa (born 1964)	6 May 2018	29 June 2019	Syrian Turkmen Assembly		—
8		Anas al-Abdah (born 1967)	29 June 2019	12 July 2020	Syrian National Council		—
9		Naser al-Hariri (born 1977)	12 July 2020	12 July 2021	Independent Revolutionary Movement		—
10		Salem al-Meslet (born 1959)	12 July 2021	12 September 2023	Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans		—
11		Hadi al-Bahra (born 1959)	12 September 2023	Incumbent	Independent		—

Syrian Interim Government

At a conference held in Istanbul on 19 March 2013, members of the National Coalition elected Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of an interim government for Syria. Hitto has announced that a technical government will be formed which will be led by between 10 and 12 ministers. The minister of defence is to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army. Jawad Abu Hatab (born 1962) was acting Prime Minister of the Syrian Interim Government from 17 May 2016 until 10 March 2019. Abdurrahman Mustafa, president of the Syrian Turkmen Assembly, succeeded him in June 2019.

Post-Assad period

In December 2024, after the fall of the Assad regime, coalition president Hadi al-Bahra called for a an 18-month transitional period to rebuild Syria's institutions and economy, and said that the SNC should be expanded to include "new elements of the opposition". On December 18th, the coalition expressed its support for the Syrian transitional government headed by Mohammed al-Bashir and called for a national conference and for the formation of a government that would be "inclusive of all groups".

Members and representatives

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2024)

At present, the Syrian National Coalition consists of the Syrian National Council and other opposition groups and revolutionary groups, as listed in the following diagram, third column:

	Name	Representation	Role
1	Moaz al-Khatib (Arabic: معاذ الخطيب)	Local Council of Damascus
2	Riad Seif (Arabic: رياض سيف)	National figures	former Vice President
3	Suheir Atassi (Arabic: سهير الأتاسي)	Syrian Revolution General Commission	former Vice President Head of Humanitarian Support Unit
4	Mustafa Sabbagh (Arabic: مصطفى صباغ)	Syrian Business Forum	Secretary-General
5	Haitham al-Maleh (Arabic: هيثم المالح)	Council of Syrian Revolutionary Trustees	Head of Legal Committee
6	Mouaffaq Nyrabia (Arabic: موفق نيربية)	Citizenship Movement	Incoming ambassador:  EU and  Benelux:  The Netherlands  Belgium  Luxembourg and Vice President (2016)
7	Marwan Hajo (Arabic: مروان حجو)	Syrian National Council	Head of Membership Committee
8	Randa Kassis (Arabic: رندة قسيس )	Astana Platform	President
9	Walid al-Bunni (Arabic: وليد البني)	National figures	Spokesman
10	Monzer Makhous (Arabic: منذر ماخوس)	National figures	Spokesman Incoming ambassador:  France
11	Walid Saffour (Arabic: وليد سفور)	Syrian Human Rights Committee	Incoming ambassador:  United Kingdom
12	Jaber Zain (Arabic: جابر زعين)	Local Coordination Committees
13	Ahmad al-Assi al-Jarba (Arabic: احمد العاصي الجربا)	Revolutionary Council of Syrian Clans
14	Mohammad al-Sabuni (Arabic: محمد الصابوني)	Syrian Scholars Association
15	Sadiq Jalal al-Azm (Arabic: صادق جلال العظم)	Unions of Syrian Authors
16	Alhareth al-Nabhan (Arabic: الحارث النبهان)	Citizenship Movement
17	Bassam Yousef (Arabic: بسام يوسف)	Ma'an Alliance
18	Yehia Ghiqab (Arabic: يحيى غقاب)	Syrian National Democratic bloc
19	Khaled Khouja (Arabic: خالد خوجة)	Turkmen component
20	Ziyad al-Hasan (Arabic: زياد الحسن)	Turkmen component
21	Hussien Alabdullah (Arabic: حسين العبد الله)	Turkmen component
22	Abdul Hakim Bashar (Arabic: عبد الحكيم بشار)	Kurdish National Council
23	Mustafa Auso (Arabic: مصطفى أوسو)	Kurdish National Council
24	Mohammad Abdo Kiddo (Arabic: محمد عبدو كدو)	Kurdish National Council
25	Abdelilah Abdelmoeen Fahd (Arabic: عبد الإله عبد المعين فهد)	Local Council of Homs
26	Mustafa Nawaf al-Ali (Arabic: مصطفى نواف العلي)	Local Council of Raqqa
27	Jawad Abohatab (Arabic: جواد أبو حطب)	Local Council of Rif Dimashq
28	Riyad al-Hasan (Arabic: رياض الحسن)	Local Council of Deir ez-Zor
29	Moussa Mohammad Khalil (Arabic: موسى محمد خليل)	Local Council of Quneitra
30	Ziyad Ghassan (Arabic: زياد غسان)	Local Council of Latakia
31	Mohammad Abdelsalam al-Sayed (Arabic: محمد عبد السلام السيد)	Local Council of Tartus
32	Mohammad Qaddah (Arabic: محمد قداح)	Local Council of Daraa
33	Adnan Rahmon (Arabic: عدنان رحمون)	Local Council of Idlib
34	Jalal Khanji (Arabic: جلال خانجي)	Local Council of Aleppo
35	Salaheddin al-Hamwi (Arabic: صلاح الدين الحموي)	Local Council of Hama
36	Mohammad Mustafa Mohammad (Arabic: محمد مصطفى محمد)	Local Council of al-Hasakah
37	Khaled Abu Salah (Arabic: خالد ابو صلاح)	National figures
38	Yehya Kurdi (Arabic: يحيى كردي)	National figures
39	Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni (Arabic: علي صدر الدين البيانوني)	National figures
40	Abdelkarim Bakar (Arabic: عبدالكريم بكار)	National figures
41	Najib al-Ghadban (Arabic: نجيب الغضبان)	National figures
42	Tawfiq Dunya (Arabic: توفيق دنيا)	National figures
43	Ziyad Abu Hamdan (Arabic: زياد ابوحمدان)	National figures
44	Kamal al-Labwani (Arabic: كمال اللبواني)	National figures
45	George Sabra (Arabic: جورج صبرة)	Syrian National Council	former Acting President
46	Abdulbaset Sieda (Arabic: عبد الباسط سيدا)	Syrian National Council
47	Mohammed Farouk Tayfour (Arabic: محمد فاروق طيفور)	Syrian National Council
48	Burhan Ghalioun (Arabic: برهان غليون)	Syrian National Council
49	Nazir al-Hakim (Arabic: نذير الحكيم)	Syrian National Council
50	Samir Nashar (Arabic: سمير نشار)	Syrian National Council
51	Ahmad Ramadan (Arabic: أحمد رمضان)	Syrian National Council
52	Jamal al-Wared (Arabic: جمال الورد)	Syrian National Council
53	Hussein al-Sayed (Arabic: حسين السيد)	Syrian National Council
54	Khaled al-Saleh (Arabic: خالد صالح)	Syrian National Council	Head of Media Committee
55	Hisham Marwah (Arabic: هشام مروة)	Syrian National Council	Member of the Executive office
56	Abdulahad Astepho (Arabic: عبد الأحد اصطيفو)	Syrian National Council
57	Salem al-Meslat (Arabic: سالم المسلط)	Syrian National Council
58	Bassam Isaac (Arabic: بسام إسحاق)	Syrian National Council
59	Mouti al-Batin (Arabic: مطيع البطين)	Syrian National Council
60	Khaled al-Naser (Arabic: خالد الناصر)	Syrian National Council
61	Mohammad Sarmini (Arabic: محمد سرميني)	Syrian National Council
62	Louay Safi (Arabic: لؤي صافي)	Syrian National Council
63	Mohammad Khedr Wali (Arabic: محمد خضر ولي)	Syrian National Council
64	Hanan al-Balkhi (Arabic: حنان البلخي)	Syrian National Council
65	Wasel al-Shamali (Arabic: واصل الشمالي)	Syrian National Council
66	Ahmad Baccora (Arabic: أحمد بكورة)	Syrian National Council

See also

• Politics of Syria

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Further reading

• BBC News: Guide to the Syrian opposition

External links

• En.etilaf.org
• Official website (in Arabic)
• Syrian Interim Government

• National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
• Organizations of the Syrian civil war
• Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war