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Copernicus is a lunar impact crater located in eastern Oceanus Procellarum. It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. It typifies craters that formed during the Copernican period in that it has a prominent ray system. It may have been created by debris from the breakup of the parent body of asteroid 495 Eulalia 800 million years ago.

Characteristics

Copernicus is visible using binoculars, and is located slightly northwest of the center of the Moon's Earth-facing hemisphere. South of the crater is the Mare Insularum, and to the south-south west is the crater Reinhold. North of Copernicus are the Montes Carpatus, which lie at the south edge of Mare Imbrium. West of Copernicus is a group of dispersed lunar hills. Due to its relative youth, the crater has remained in a relatively pristine shape since it formed.

The circular rim has a discernible hexagonal form, with a terraced inner wall and a 30 km wide, sloping rampart that descends nearly a kilometer to the surrounding mare. There are three distinct terraces visible, and arc-shaped landslides due to slumping of the inner wall as the crater debris subsided.

Most likely due to its recent formation, the crater floor has not been flooded by lava. The terrain along the bottom is hilly in the southern half while the north is relatively smooth. The central peaks consist of three isolated mountainous rises climbing as high as 1.2 km above the floor. These peaks are separated from each other by valleys, and they form a rough line along an east–west axis. Infrared observations of these peaks during the 1980s determined that olivine was the main mafic mineral.

Based on high-resolution images from Lunar Orbiter 5, Terry W. Offield of the U.S. Geological Survey described the crater as having,

...a hummocky crater rim, numerous large slump blocks on the crater wall, and a complex of central peaks. Sets of parallel fractures, aligned with the lunar structure grid, formed after the crater wall took its present form, but before the smoothest floor materials were emplaced. The smooth floor materials show a swirling pattern of cracks like those seen on terrestrial lava flows. These materials are associated with numerous hills that have summit craters and are probably small volcanoes. Several low places on the rim and wall are partly filled by what appears to be ponded volcanic material, or possibly fluidized impact debris.

The crater rays spread as far as 800 kilometers across the surrounding mare, overlying rays from the craters Aristarchus and Kepler. The rays are less distinct than the long, linear rays extending from Tycho, instead forming a nebulous pattern with plumy markings. In multiple locations the rays lie at glancing angles, instead of forming a true radial dispersal. An extensive pattern of smaller secondary craters can also be observed surrounding Copernicus, a detail that was depicted in a map by Giovanni Cassini in 1680. Some of these secondary craters form sinuous chains in the ejecta.

In 1966 the crater was photographed from an oblique angle by Lunar Orbiter 2 as one of 12 "housekeeping" pictures that were taken to advance the roll of film between possible astronaut landing sites being surveyed. At the time this detailed image of the lunar surface was termed by NASA scientist Martin Swetnick and subsequently quoted by Time magazine as "one of the great pictures of the century."

The Apollo 12 mission landed south of Copernicus on mare basalts of Oceanus Procellarum that were believed to have been in the path of one of the crater's rays, and scientists hoped cosmic ray exposure ages of soil samples would help constrain the crater age. The results were inconclusive, but not inconsistent with the estimated 800 million year age of crater formation. Copernicus itself was a possible landing site for the canceled Apollo 20 mission.

Names

Copernicus is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Riccioli awarded Copernicus a prominent crater despite the fact that, as an Italian Jesuit, he conformed with church doctrine in publicly opposing Copernicus's heliocentric system. Riccioli justified the name by noting that he had symbolically thrown all the heliocentrist astronomers into the Ocean of Storms. However, astronomical historian Ewan Whitaker suspects that the prominence of Copernicus crater is a sign that Riccioli secretly supported the heliocentric system and was ensuring that Nicolaus Copernicus would receive a worthy legacy for future generations.

Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Pierre Gassendi named it Carthusia after the Chartreuse Mountains. Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Phillipi IV" after Philip IV of Spain. And Johannes Hevelius named it 'Etna M.' after Mount Etna.

Later the crater was nicknamed "the Monarch of the Moon" by lunar cartographer Thomas Gwyn Elger.

Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Copernicus.

Copernicus H, a typical "dark-halo" crater, was a target of observation by Lunar Orbiter 5 in 1967. Dark-halo craters were once believed to be volcanic in origin rather than the result of impacts. The Orbiter image showed that the crater had blocks of ejecta like other craters of similar size, indicating an impact origin. The halo results from excavation of darker material (mare basalt) at depth.

• Copernicus H crater with subtle dark-halo
• Blocks on the north rim of Copernicus H
• Southward looking oblique view of Mare Imbrium and Copernicus crater seen almost edge-on near the horizon with secondary elongated crater chains. 

See also

• Surveyor 2, which crashed near this crater
• 1322 Coppernicus, asteroid
• List of craters on the Moon
• List of people with craters of the Moon named after them
• Lunar geologic timescale

References

1. ^ "Copernicus (lunar crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
2. Terada, K., Morota, T. & Kato, M. Asteroid shower on the Earth-Moon system immediately before the Cryogenian period revealed by KAGUYA. Nature Communications 11, 3453 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17115-6
3. Pieters, C. M., Copernicus crater central peak: Lunar mountain of unique composition, Science, 215, 59–61, 1982
4. "Space: A New Look at Copernicus". Time. 1966-12-09. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
5. "NASA - Copernicus Crater and the Lunar Timescale". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
6. Whitaker, Ewan A (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon (Cambridge University Press), p.61.
7. Whitaker, 1999, pp.63-5.
8. Whitaker, 1999, p. 33.
9. Whitaker, 1999, p. 198.
10. Whitaker, 1999, p. 53.
11. To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration. Don E. Wilhelms, University of Arizona Press (1993). ISBN 978-0816510658, pp. 167-168.

• Pieters, C. M. (1982-01-01). "Copernicus crater central peak - Lunar mountain of unique composition". Science. 215 (4528): 59–61. Bibcode:1982Sci...215...59P. doi:10.1126/science.215.4528.59. PMID 17790469. S2CID 17427787.
• Cortright, Edgar M. (1968). "A Closer Look at Copernicus". SP-168 Exploring Space with a Camera. NASA Langley Research Center. p. 116.
• Wood, Chuck (2006-10-14). "Superb Copernicus!". Lunar Photo of the Day. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
• Bugiolacchi; et al. (2011). "An in-depth look at the lunar crater Copernicus: Exposed mineralogy by high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy" (PDF). Icarus. 213 (1): 43–63. Bibcode:2011Icar..213...43B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.02.023. S2CID 120877192.

Further reading

• Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature (PDF). NASA RP-1097. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
• Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
• Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
• McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
• Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
• Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
• Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
• Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
• Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
• Whitaker, Ewen A. (2003). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54414-6.
• Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-852-33193-1.

External links

• Copernicus at The Moon Wiki
• Eight high-resolution images of Copernicus by Lunar Orbiter 5: V-150, V-151, V-152, V-153, V-154, V-155, V-156, V-157
• Dark Wisps in Copernicus - Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter pages with images
• High resolution video by Seán Doran of an overflight of Copernicus, based on LRO data (see album for more)
• Copernicus crater from Apollo 17

Related articles

• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Crater Copernicus (13 May 2001)
• Wood, Chuck (February 4, 2004). "Copernicus". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
• Wood, Chuck (February 13, 2004). "Copernicus in Color". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tycho and Copernicus: Lunar Ray Craters (5 March 2005)
• Wood, Chuck (March 10, 2005). "A Great View of Copernicus". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
• Wood, Chuck (May 8, 2005). "Splayed Rays". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
• Wood, Chuck (February 25, 2006). "Window With a View". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011.
• Wood, Chuck (July 21, 2006). "Lunar Addiction". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011.
• Wood, Chuck (August 9, 2006). "Copernicus in Color". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. - repeat of the February 13, 2004 LPOD
• Wood, Chuck (March 25, 2007). "Moon Wiki". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011.
• Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (16 June 2007). "Lunar Orbiter Views Crater Copernicus". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
• Wood, Chuck (July 22, 2007). "A New Crater?". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. - the bright ray-craterlet immediately west of Copernicus.
• Wood, Chuck (January 24, 2009). "Compelling Copernican Color". Lunar Photo of the Day.
• Wood, Chuck (March 23, 2009). "Last Century's Photo". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
• Wood, Chuck (May 2, 2010). "Concatenation". Lunar Photo of the Day. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2017.

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D	D. Brown da Vinci Daedalus Dag Daguerre Dale d'Alembert Dalton Daly Damoiseau Dandelion Daniell Danjon Dante Darney D'Arrest D'Arsonval Darwin Das Daubrée Davisson Davy Dawes Dawson De Forest de Gasparis de Gerlache De La Rue De Moraes De Morgan De Roy De Sitter De Vico De Vries Debes Debus Debye Dechen Delambre Delaunay Delia Delisle Dellinger Delmotte Delporte Deluc Dembowski Democritus Demonax Denning Desargues Descartes Deseilligny Deslandres Deutsch Dewar Diana Diderot Dionysius Diophantus Dirichlet Dobrovolʹskiy Doerfel Dollond Donati Donna Donner Doppelmayer Doppler Douglass Dove Draper Drebbel Dreyer Drude Dryden Drygalski Dubyago Dufay Dugan Dunér Dunthorne Dyson Dziewulski
E	Eckert Eddington Edison Edith Egede Ehrlich Eichstadt Eijkman Eimmart Einstein Einthoven Elger Ellerman Ellison Elmer Elvey Emden Encke Endymion Engelʹgardt Eötvös Epigenes Epimenides Eratosthenes Erlanger Erro Esclangon Esnault-Pelterie Espin Euclides Euctemon Eudoxus Euler Evans Evdokimov Evershed Ewen
F	Fabbroni Fabricius Fabry Fahrenheit Fairouz Faraday Faustini Fauth Faye Fechner Fedorov Felix Fényi Feoktistov Fermat Fermi Fernelius Fersman Fesenkov Feuillée Fibiger Finsch Finsen Firmicus Firsov Fischer Fitzgerald Fizeau Flammarion Flamsteed Fleming Florensky Florey Focas Fontana Fontenelle Foster Foucault Fourier Fowler Fox Fra Mauro Fracastorius Franck Franklin Franz Fraunhofer Fredholm Freud Freundlich Fridman Froelich Frost Fryxell Furnerius

• LQ11 quadrangle
• Impact craters on the Moon