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Stroma of cornea
Vertical section of human cornea from near the margin. (Waldeyer.) Magnified. Epithelium Anterior elastic lamina substantia propria Posterior elastic lamina Endothelium of the anterior chamber Oblique fibers in the anterior layer of the substantia propria Lamellae, the fibers of which are cut across, producing a dotted appearance Corneal corpuscles appearing fusiform in section Lamellae, the fibers of which are cut longitudinally Transition to the sclera, with more distinct fibrillation, and surmounted by a thicker epithelium Small blood vessels cut across near the margin of the cornea
Details
Identifiers
Latin	substantia propria corneae
MeSH	D003319
TA98	A15.2.02.020
FMA	58306
Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata]

The stroma of the cornea (or substantia propria) is a fibrous, tough, unyielding, perfectly transparent and the thickest layer of the cornea of the eye. It is between Bowman's layer anteriorly, and Descemet's membrane posteriorly.

At its centre, a human corneal stroma is composed of about 200 flattened lamellae (layers of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 μm in thickness. The anterior lamellae interweave more than posterior lamellae. The fibrils of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at different angles to those of adjacent lamellae. The lamellae are produced by keratocytes (corneal connective tissue cells), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria.

Apart from the cells, the major non-aqueous constituents of the stroma are collagen fibrils and proteoglycans. The collagen fibrils are made of a mixture of type I and type V collagens. These molecules are tilted by about 15 degrees to the fibril axis, and because of this, the axial periodicity of the fibrils is reduced to 65 nm (in tendons, the periodicity is 67 nm). The diameter of the fibrils is remarkably uniform and varies from species to species. In humans, it is about 31 nm. Proteoglycans are made of a small protein core to which one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The GAG chains are negatively charged. In corneas we can find two different types of proteoglycans: Chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate (CD/DS) and keratan sulphate (KS). In bovine corneas, the length of the CS/DS proteoglycans is about 70 nm, while the KS proteoglycans are about 40 nm long. Proteoglycan protein cores attach to the surface of the collagen fibrils with the GAG chains projecting outwards. The GAG chains are able to form antiparallel links with other GAG chains from adjacent fibrils, perhaps through the mediation of positively charged ions. In such a way, bridges are formed between adjacent collagen fibrils. These bridges are subject to thermal motion which prevents them from assuming a fully extended conformation. This results in forces that tend to move adjacent fibrils close to each other. At the same time the charges on the GAG chains attract ions and water molecules by the Donnan effect. The increased water volume between the fibrils results in forces that tend to push the fibrils apart. A balance between attractive and repulsive forces is reached for specific inter-fibrillar distances, which depends on the type of proteoglycans present. Locally, the separations between adjacent collagen fibrils are very uniform.

Stromal transparency is mainly a consequence of the remarkable degree of order in the arrangement of the collagen fibrils in the lamellae and of fibril diameter uniformity. Light entering the cornea is scattered by each fibril. The arrangement and the diameter of the fibrils is such that scattered light interferes constructively only in the forward direction, allowing the light through to the retina.

The fibrils in the lamellae are directly continuous with those of the sclera, in which they are grouped together in fibre bundles. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction.

During development of the embryo, the corneal stroma is derived from the neural crest (a source of mesenchyme in the head and neck) which has been shown to contain mesenchymal stem cells.

Disorders of stroma

• Keratoconus is a condition caused by disorganised lamellae, leading to thinned and conical-shaped cornea
• Macular corneal dystrophy, associated with the loss of keratan sulfate

References

1. Oyster, CW (1999). "8". The human eye: structure and function. Sinauer. OL 8562710W.
2. Meek KM; Quantock AJ (2001). "The Use of X-ray Scattering Techniques to Determine Corneal Ultrastructure". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 20 (1, pp. 9–137): 95–137. doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00016-1. PMID 11070369.
3. Lewis PN; Pinali C; Young RD; Meek KM; Quantock AJ; Knupp C (2010). "Structural Interactions between Collagen and Proteoglycans Are Elucidated by Three-Dimensional Electron Tomography of Bovine Cornea". Structure. 18 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.11.013. PMID 20159468.
4. Meek KM; Knupp C (2015). "Corneal structure and transparency". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 49: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001. PMC 4655862. PMID 26145225.
5. Hoar RM (Apr 1982). "Embryology of the eye". Environ. Health Perspect. 44: 31–34. doi:10.1289/ehp.824431. PMC 1568953. PMID 7084153.
6. Branch MJ, Hashmani K, Dhillon P, Jones DR, Dua HS, Hopkinson A (Aug 3, 2012). "Mesenchymal stem cells in the human corneal limbal stroma". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 53 (9): 5109–16. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8673. PMID 22736610.

External links

• Diagram at pacificu.edu

v t e Anatomy of the globe of the human eye
Fibrous tunic (outer)	Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium
Uvea / vascular tunic (middle)	Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle
Retina (inner)	Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata
Anatomical regions of the eye	Anterior segment Adnexa (Eyebrow, Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal system, Orbit) Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid
Other	Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception

• Human eye anatomy