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An epanorthosis is a figure of speech that signifies emphatic word replacement. "Thousands, no, millions!" is a stock example. Epanorthosis as immediate and emphatic self-correction often follows a Freudian slip (either accidental or deliberate).

Etymology

The word epanorthosis, attested 1570, is from Ancient Greek epanórthōsis (ἐπανόρθωσις) "correcting, revision" < epí (ἐπί) + anorthóō (ἀνορθόω) "restore, rebuild" < ana- (ἀνα-) "up" + orthóō (ὀρθόω) "straighten" < orthós (ὀρθός) "straight, right" (hence to "straighten up").

Examples

Epanorthoses may be spoken or written. When spoken, tone, emphasis, tempo and additional words may be used to signify the correction. The additional words can be interjections or explicitly corrective terms:

• "I've been doing this for six weeks!—er, DAYS, that is."
• "Do you have Battle Chess—scratch that, do you have Battletoads?"

Epanorthoses may also be euphemistic, or dysphemistic, replacing a less acceptable term with a more acceptable one, or vice versa:

• "Be nice to this fool^H^H^H^H‌gentleman; he's visiting from corporate HQ."

Italics

In typeset literature, the use of italics is typical:

• "Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not 'seems.'" (Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 2)
• "The psychologist known as Sigmund Fraud—Freud, I mean!"
• "Man has parted company with his trusty friend the horse and has sailed into the azure with the eagles, eagles being represented by the infernal combustion engine–er er, internal combustion engine. Internal combustion engine! Engine!" – Winston Churchill, per Churchill By Himself

The words in italics are technically the epanorthoses, but all the words following the dash may be considered part of the epanorthosis as well.

Strikethrough text

Striking through words is another way of signifying epanorthosis. Computerised communication clients with rich text or markup parsers available may allow users to compose strikethrough text:

• "We are feeling terrible fine."

Caret-control characters

An older, somewhat leet-like computer convention, using caret notation to denote control characters, is the use of ^H to suggest a backspace, or ^W to suggest deletion of the preceding word. The caret-notation characters may be repeated as necessary:

• "H^HWe always used COBOL^H^H^H^H."
• "Born to not^W rock the boat^W^W."

Sometimes repeated ^H's are used instead of ^W's, because the ^W-convention is less well known than the ^H.

Aviation phraseology

In Aviation English phraseology, the word "correction" must be explicitly used:

• "Climb to reach Flight Level 290 at time 58 — correction at time 55".

Notes

1. ^ The colouring and link here are only additional visual cues for the reader, and not traditionally part of the ^H or ^W notation.

References

1. "Epanorthosis". Silva Rhetoricae. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
2. Chapter 5. Hacker Writing Style, The Jargon File, version 4.4.7
3. Langworth, Richard, ed. (24 May 2011). Churchill By Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. PublicAffairs. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-58648-957-1. Retrieved December 30, 2011.

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