French statesman (1781–1855)
| Louis-Mathieu Molé | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Louis-Mathieu Molé by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1834 | |
| Prime Minister of France | |
| In office 6 September 1836 – 31 March 1839 | |
| Monarch | Louis Philippe I |
| Preceded by | Adolphe Thiers |
| Succeeded by | Jean-de-Dieu Soult |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 11 August 1830 – 2 November 1830 | |
| Monarch | Louis Philippe I |
| Preceded by | Jean-Baptiste Jourdan |
| Succeeded by | Nicolas Joseph Maison |
| Minister of the Navy and Colonies | |
| In office 12 September 1817 – 29 December 1818 | |
| Monarch | Louis XVIII |
| Prime Minister | The Duke of Richelieu |
| Preceded by | Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr |
| Succeeded by | Pierre-Barthélémy d'Albarèdes |
| Minister of Justice | |
| In office 20 November 1813 – 1 April 1814 | |
| Monarch | Napoleon I |
| Preceded by | Claude Ambroise Régnier |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Henrion de Pansey |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1781-01-24)24 January 1781 Paris, France |
| Died | 23 November 1855(1855-11-23) (aged 74) Épinay-Champlâtreux, Val-d'Oise, French Empire |
| Political party | Nonpartisan (1806–15; 1830–48) Doctrinaire (1815–1830) |
| Spouse |
Caroline-Joséphine de La Live
(m. 1798; died 1845) |
| Children | Clotilde and Élisabeth |
| Profession | Writer, diplomat |
| Signature |  |
Louis-Mathieu, comte Molé (French pronunciation: [lwi matjø kɔ̃t mɔle]; 24 January 1781 – 23 November 1855) was a French statesman and a close friend and associate of Louis Philippe I, King of the French during the July Monarchy (1830–1848).
Biography
Molé was born in Paris. His father, a president of the parlement of Paris, who came of the family of the famous president noted below, was guillotined during the Terror. Count Molé's early days were spent in Switzerland and in England with his mother, a relative of Lamoignon-Malesherbes.
On his return to France, he studied at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics, and his social education was accomplished in the salon of Pauline de Beaumont, the friend of Châteaubriand and Joubert. A volume of Essais de morale et de politique introduced him to the notice of Napoleon, who attached him to the staff of the council of state. He became master of requests in 1806, and next year prefect of the Côte-d'Or, Councillor of State and Director-General of Bridges and Roads in 1809, and Count of the Empire in the autumn of the same year.
He served as Napoleon's advisor on Jewish affairs and was heavily involved with Napoleon's gathering of a Jewish Grand Sanhedrin in 1807. Mole initially did not support Jewish emancipation, though he seems to have moderated his position over the course of his involvement with the Sanhedrin and particularly Abraham Furtado.
In November 1813, he became Minister of Justice. Although he resumed his functions as Director-General during the Hundred Days, he excused himself from taking his seat in the Council of State and was apparently not seriously compromised, for Louis XVIII confirmed his appointment as Director-General and made him a peer of France. Molé supported the policy of the duc de Richelieu, who in 1817 entrusted to him the direction of the Ministry of Marine, which he held until December 1818.
From that time, he belonged to the moderate opposition, and he accepted the result of the revolution of 1830 without enthusiasm. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first cabinet of Louis Philippe's reign, and was confronted with the task of reconciling the European powers to the change of government. The real direction of foreign affairs, however, lay less in his hands than in those of Talleyrand, who had gone to London as the ambassador of the new king.
After a few months in office, Molé retired, and it was not until 1836 that the fall of Thiers led to his becoming Prime Minister of a new government, in which he held the portfolio of foreign affairs. One of his first actions was the release of the ex-ministers of Charles X, and he had to deal with the disputes with Switzerland and with the Strasburg coup of Louis-Napoléon. He withdrew the French garrison from Ancona, but pursued an active policy in Mexico and in Algeria.
Personal and political differences rapidly arose between Molé and his chief colleague, Guizot, and led to an open rupture in March 1837 in face of the general opposition to a grant to the duc de Nemours. After some attempts to secure a new combination, Molé reconstructed his ministry in April, Guizot being excluded. The general election in the autumn gave him no fresh support in the Chamber of Deputies, while he had now to face a formidable coalition between Guizot, the Left Centre under Thiers, and politicians of the Dynastic Left and the Republican Left. Molé, supported by Louis Philippe, held his ground against the general hostility until the beginning of 1839, when, after acrid discussions on the address, the chamber was dissolved. The new house showed little change in the strength of parties, but Molé resigned on 31 March 1839.
A year later he was elected to the Académie française, and though he continued to speak frequently, he took no important share in party politics. Louis Philippe sought his help in his vain efforts to form a ministry in February 1848. After the revolution, he was deputy for the Gironde to the Constituent Assembly, and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly, where he was one of the leaders of the Right until the coup d'état on 2 December 1851 drove him from public life.
He died in the family home at Château de Champlâtreux [fr] in Épinay (Seine-et-Oise) on 23 November 1855 and was buried in the little church of the village.
References
- Paul Thureau-Dangin, Histoire de la monarchie de juillet (1884)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Molé, Louis Mathieu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 653.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byAdolphe Thiers | Prime Minister of France 1836–1839 |
Succeeded byJean-de-Dieu Soult |
| Preceded byFrançois Guizot | Prime Minister of France 1848 |
Succeeded byAdolphe Thiers |
| Preceded byAdolphe Thiers | Minister of Foreign Affairs 6 September 1836 – 31 March 1839 |
Succeeded byLouis Napoléon Lannes |
| Preceded byLaurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr | Ministers of Marine and the Colonies 12 September 1817 – 29 December 1818 |
Succeeded byPierre-Barthélémy Portal d'Albarèdes |
| First ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu (26 September 1815 to 29 December 1818) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Head of state: King Louis XVIII of France | ||
| President of the council and Foreign Affairs | Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu |  Richelieu |
| Interior | ||
| Justice | ||
| War | ||
| Finance | ||
| Navy and Colonies | ||
| Police | Élie, duc Decazes | |
| First ministry of Louis-Philippe (11 August 1830 to 2 November 1830) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Head of state: King Louis Philippe I | ||
| Interior | François Guizot | .svg) |
| Justice | Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure | |
| Foreign Affairs | Louis-Mathieu Molé | |
| War | Étienne Maurice Gérard | |
| Finance | Joseph Dominique, baron Louis | |
| Navy and Colonies | Horace François Sébastiani | |
| Public Education, Religious Affairs | Victor de Broglie | |
| Ministers without portfolio | ||
| First cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé (6 September 1836 to 15 April 1837) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Head of state: King Louis Philippe I | ||
| President of the council | Louis-Mathieu Molé |  Louis-Mathieu Molé |
| War | Simon, général-baron Bernard | |
| Justice | Jean-Charles Persil | |
| Foreign Affairs | Louis-Mathieu Molé | |
| Interior |
| |
| Finance | Tanneguy Duchâtel | |
| Navy and Colonies | Claude du Campe de Rosamel | |
| Public Education | François Guizot | |
| Commerce | Tanneguy Duchâtel | |
| Public Works, Agriculture and Commerce | Nicolas Martin du Nord | |
| Second cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé (15 April 1837 to 31 March 1839) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Head of state: King Louis Philippe I | ||
| President of the council | Louis-Mathieu Molé | Louis-Mathieu Molé |
| Foreign Affairs | Louis-Mathieu Molé | |
| Interior | Camille de Montalivet | |
| Justice and Religious Affairs: |
| |
| War | Simon Bernard | |
| Finance | Jean Lacave-Laplagne | |
| Navy and Colonies | Claude du Campe de Rosamel | |
| Public Education | Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy | |
| Public Works, Agriculture and Commerce | Nicolas Martin du Nord | |
| First cabinet of Napoleon (18 May 1804 to 1 April 1814) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Head of state: Napoleon | ||
| Secretary of State |  Napoleon | |
| Foreign Affairs | ||
| Interior | ||
| Justice | ||
| War | ||
| War Administration | ||
| Finance | ||
| Treasury | ||
| Navy and Colonies | Denis Decrès | |
| Police | ||
| Religious affairs | ||
| Manufacturing and Commerce | ||
| Preceded by French Consulate • Followed by French provisional government of 1814 | ||
| Académie française seat 34 | |
|---|---|
|
- 1781 births
- 1855 deaths
- Politicians from Paris
- Counts Molé
- French Roman Catholics
- Orléanists
- Party of Order politicians
- Prime ministers of France
- Ministers of marine and the colonies
- Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
- Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
- Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
- Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
- Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
- Members of Parliament for Gironde
- Prefects of Côte-d'Or
- Members of the Académie Française
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour