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(Redirected from Cranach the Elder) German painter and printmaker (1472–1553)

Lucas Cranach the Elder
Portrait by Lucas Cranach the Younger, 1550
Born	Lucas Maler c. 1472 Kronach, Holy Roman Empire
Died	16 October 1553(1553-10-16) (aged 80–81) Weimar, Holy Roman Empire
Known for	Painting
Movement	German Renaissance
Children	5, including Hans and Lucas

Patron(s)	Electors of Saxony


Signature

Lucas Cranach the Elder (German: Lucas Cranach der Ältere [ˈluːkas ˈkʁaːnax deːɐ̯ ˈʔɛltəʁə]; c. 1472 – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther - eleven portraits of that reformer by him survive. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.

Cranach had a large workshop and many of his works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger and others continued to create versions of his father's works for decades after his death. He has been considered the most successful German artist of his time.

Early and personal life

He was born at Kronach in upper Franconia (now central Germany), probably in 1472. His exact date of birth is unknown. He learned the art of drawing from his father Hans Maler (his surname meaning "painter" and denoting his profession, not his ancestry, after the manner of the time and class). His mother, with surname Hübner, died in 1491. Later, the name of his birthplace was used for his surname, another custom of the times. How Cranach was trained is not known, but it was probably with local south German masters, as with his contemporary Matthias Grünewald, who worked at Bamberg and Aschaffenburg (Bamberg is the capital of the diocese in which Kronach lies). There are also suggestions that Cranach spent some time in Vienna around 1500.

From 1504 to 1520 he lived in a house on the south west corner of the marketplace in Wittenberg.

According to Gunderam (the tutor of Cranach's children), Cranach demonstrated his talents as a painter before the close of the 15th century. His work then drew the attention of Duke Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, known as Frederick the Wise, who attached Cranach to his court in 1504. The records of Wittenberg confirm Gunderam's statement to this extent: that Cranach's name appears for the first time in the public accounts on the 24 June 1504, when he drew 50 gulden for the salary of half a year, as pictor ducalis ("the duke's painter"). Cranach was to remain in the service of the Elector and his successors for the rest of his life, although he was able to undertake other work.

Cranach married Barbara Brengbier, the daughter of a burgher of Gotha and also born there; she died at Wittenberg on 26 December 1540. Cranach later owned a house at Gotha, but most likely he got to know Barbara near Wittenberg, where her family also owned a house, which later also belonged to Cranach. Cranach had two sons, both artists: Hans Cranach, whose life is obscure and who died in Bologna in 1537; and Lucas Cranach the Younger, born in 1515, who died in 1586. He also had three daughters. One of them was Barbara Cranach, who died in 1569, married Christian Brück (Pontanus), and was an ancestor of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His granddaughter married Polykarp Leyser the Elder, thus making him an ancestor of the Polykarp Leyser family of theologians.

Career

The first evidence of Cranach's skill as an artist comes in a picture dated 1504. Early in his career he was active in several branches of his profession: sometimes a decorative painter, more frequently producing portraits and altarpieces, woodcuts, engravings, and designing the coins for the electorate.

Early in the days of his official employment he startled his master's courtiers by the realism with which he painted still life, game and antlers on the walls of the country palaces at Coburg and Locha; his pictures of deer and wild boar were considered striking, and the duke fostered his passion for this form of art by taking him out to the hunting field, where he sketched "his grace" running the stag, or Duke John sticking a boar.

Before 1508 he had painted several altar-pieces for the Castle Church at Wittenberg in competition with Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and others; the duke and his brother John were portrayed in various attitudes and a number of his best woodcuts and copper-plates were published.

In 1509 Cranach went to the Netherlands, and painted the Emperor Maximilian and the boy who afterwards became Emperor Charles V. Until 1508 Cranach signed his works with his initials. In that year the elector gave him the winged snake as an emblem, or Kleinod, which superseded the initials on his pictures after that date.

Cranach was the court painter from 1505 to 1550 to the electors of Saxony in Wittenberg, an area in the heart of the emerging Protestant faith. His patrons were powerful supporters of Martin Luther, and Cranach used his art as a symbol of the new faith. Cranach made numerous portraits of Luther, and provided woodcut illustrations for Luther's German translation of the Bible. Somewhat later the duke conferred on him the monopoly of the sale of medicines at Wittenberg, and a printer's patent with exclusive privileges as to copyright in Bibles. Cranach's presses were used by Martin Luther. His apothecary shop was open for centuries, and was only lost by fire in 1871.

Cranach, like his patron, was friendly with the Protestant Reformers at a very early stage; yet it is difficult to fix the time of his first meeting with Martin Luther. The oldest reference to Cranach in Luther's correspondence dates from 1520. In a letter written from Worms in 1521, Luther calls him his "gossip", warmly alluding to his "Gevatterin", the artist's wife. Cranach first made an engraving of Luther in 1520, when Luther was an Augustinian friar; five years later, Luther renounced his religious vows, and Cranach was present as a witness at the betrothal festival of Luther and Katharina von Bora. He was also godfather to their first child, Johannes "Hans" Luther, born 1526. In 1530 Luther lived at the citadel of Veste Coburg under the protection of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and his room is preserved there along with a painting of him. The Dukes became noted collectors of Cranach's work, some of which remains in the family collection at Callenberg Castle.

The death in 1525 of the Elector Frederick the Wise and Elector John's in 1532 brought no change in Cranach's position; he remained a favourite with John Frederick I, under whom he twice (1531 and 1540) filled the office of burgomaster of Wittenberg. In 1547, John Frederick was taken prisoner at the Battle of Mühlberg, and Wittenberg was besieged. As Cranach wrote from his house to the grand-master Albert, Duke of Prussia at Königsberg to tell him of John Frederick's capture, he showed his attachment by saying,

I cannot conceal from your Grace that we have been robbed of our dear prince, who from his youth upwards has been a true prince to us, but God will help him out of prison, for the Kaiser is bold enough to revive the Papacy, which God will certainly not allow.

During the siege Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, remembered Cranach from his childhood and summoned him to his camp at Pistritz. Cranach came, and begged on his knees for kind treatment for Elector John Frederick.

Three years afterward, when all the dignitaries of the Empire met at Augsburg to receive commands from the emperor, and Titian came at Charles's bidding to paint King Philip II of Spain, John Frederick asked Cranach to visit the city; and here for a few months he stayed in the household of the captive elector, whom he afterward accompanied home in 1552.

Death and veneration

He died at age 81 on October 16, 1553, at Weimar, where the house in which he lived still stands in the marketplace. He was buried in the Jacobsfriedhof in Weimar.

The Lutheran Church remembers Cranach as a great Christian on April 6 along with Dürer, and possibly Grünewald or Burgkmair.

Works and art

The oldest extant picture by Cranach is the Rest of the Virgin during the Flight into Egypt, of 1504. The painting already shows remarkable skill and grace, and the pine forest in the background shows a painter familiar with the mountain scenery of Thuringia. There is more forest gloom in landscapes of a later time.

Following the huge international success of Dürer's prints, other German artists, much more than Italian ones, devoted their talents to woodcuts and engravings. This accounts for the comparative unproductiveness as painters of Albrecht Dürer and Hans Holbein the Younger, and also may explain why Cranach was not especially skilled at handling colour, light, and shade. Constant attention to contour and to black and white, as an engraver, seems to have affected his sight; and he often outlined shapes in black rather than employing modelling and chiaroscuro.

The largest proportion of Cranach's output is of portraits, and it is chiefly thanks to him that we know what the German Reformers and their princely adherents looked like. He painted not only Martin Luther himself but also Luther's wife, mother and father. He also depicted leading Catholics like Albert of Brandenburg, archbishop elector of Mainz, Anthony Granvelle and the Duke of Alva.

A dozen likenesses of Frederick III and his brother John are dated 1532. It is characteristic of Cranach's prolific output, and a proof that he used a large workshop, that he received payment at Wittenberg in 1533 for "sixty pairs of portraits of the elector and his brother" on one day. Inevitably the quality of such works is variable.

Religious subjects

Cranach's religious subjects reflect the development of the Protestant Reformation, and its attitudes to religious images. In his early career, he painted several Madonnas; his first woodcut (1505) represents the Virgin and three saints in prayer before a crucifix. Later on he painted the marriage of St. Catherine, a series of martyrdoms, and scenes from the Passion.

After 1517 he occasionally illustrated the old subjects, but he also gave expression to some of the thoughts of the Reformers, although his portraits of reformers were more common than paintings of religious scenes. In a picture of 1518, where a dying man offers "his soul to God, his body to earth, and his worldly goods to his relations", the soul rises to meet the Trinity in heaven, and salvation is clearly shown to depend on faith and not on good works.

Other works of this period deal with sin and divine grace. One shows Adam sitting between John the Baptist and a prophet at the foot of a tree. To the left God produces the tables of the law, Adam and Eve taste the forbidden fruit, the serpent raises its head, and punishment manifests in the shape of death and the realm of Satan. To the right, the Conception, Crucifixion and Resurrection symbolize redemption, and this is duly impressed on Adam by John the Baptist. There are two examples of this composition in the galleries of Gotha and Prague, both of them dated 1529. His workshop made an altarpiece with a Crucifixion scene in the centre which is now in the Kreuzkirche, Hanover.

Towards the end of his life, after Luther's initial hostility to large public religious images had softened, Cranach painted a number of "Lutheran altarpieces" of the Last Supper and other subjects, in which Christ was shown in a traditional manner, including a halo, but the apostles, without halos, were portraits of leading reformers. He also produced a number of violent anti-Catholic and anti-Papacy propaganda prints in a cruder style. His best known work in this vein was a series of prints for the pamphlet Passional Christi und Antichristi, where scenes from the Passion of Christ were matched by a print mocking practices of the Catholic clergy, so that Christ driving the money-changers from the Temple was matched by the Pope, or Antichrist, signing indulgences over a table spread with cash (see gallery below). Some of the prints were echoed by paintings, such as his Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1517).

One of his last works is the altarpiece, completed after his death by Lucas Cranach the Younger in 1555, for the Stadtkirche (city church) at Weimar. The iconography is original and unusual: Christ is shown twice, to the left trampling on Death and Satan, to the right crucified, with blood flowing from the lance wound. John the Baptist points to the suffering Christ, whilst the blood-stream falls on the head of a portrait of Cranach, and Luther reads from his book the words, "The blood of Christ cleanseth from all sin."

Further information: Saint Maurice (Lucas Cranach the Elder and Workshop) and Sulmierzyce Madonna

Crucifixion of Christ, 1503
Madonna under the Fir Tree, 1510, Archdiocesan Museum, Wrocław
The Birth of John the Baptist, 1518
Infant Jesus and John the Baptist as Child
The Herderkirche Weimar Altarpiece by Lucas Cranach the Elder and finished by his son Lucas Cranach the Younger in 1555 after his father's death
Moses and the Pillar of Cloud by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Studio. Circa 1530. Private collection.

Mythological scenes

Cranach was equally successful in a series of paintings of mythological scenes which nearly always feature at least one slim female figure, naked but for a transparent drape or a large hat.

These are mostly in narrow upright formats; examples are several of Venus, alone or with Cupid, who has sometimes stolen a honeycomb, and complains to Venus that he has been stung by a bee (Weimar, 1530; Berlin, 1534). Other such subjects are the Three Graces, Diana with Apollo, shooting a bow, and Hercules sitting at the spinning-wheel mocked by Omphale and her maids. A similar approach was taken with the biblical subjects of Salome and Adam and Eve. He and his workshop also painted more than sixty versions of Lucretia, the self-stabbing pagan heroine whose death sparked the Roman Republic.

Cupid Complaining to Venus, c. 1525
Venus and Cupid with a Honeycomb, c. 1527
Venus and Cupid, 1529
Venus and Amor, 1530
Venus with Cupid Stealing Honey, 1531
Venus with Cupid, 1531
Venus, 1532
Caritas (Lucas Cranach the Elder), c. 1537
Judgement of Paris (1528)

These subjects were produced early in his career, when they show Italian influences including that of Jacopo de' Barberi, who was at the court of Saxony for a period up to 1505. They then become rare until after the death of Frederick the Wise. The later nudes are in a distinctive style which abandons Italian influence for a revival of Late Gothic style, with small heads, narrow shoulders, high breasts and waists. The poses become more frankly seductive and even exhibitionist.

Humour and pathos are combined at times in pictures such as Jealousy (Augsburg, 1527; Vienna, 1530), where women and children are huddled into groups as they watch the strife of men wildly fighting around them. A lost canvas of 1545 is said to show hares catching and roasting hunters. In 1546, possibly under Italian influence, Cranach composed the Fons Juventutis (The Fountain of Youth), executed by his son, a picture in which older women are seen entering a Renaissance fountain, and exiting it transformed into youthful beauties.

Paintings

Portraits

Duke Henry the Pious, 1514
Catherine of Mecklenburg, 1514
Sybille, 1530s
Emilie, c. 1535

Portrait of a Saxon Prince (possibly Johann, husband of Elizabeth of Hesse), c. 1517
Portrait of a Saxon Princess (possibly George of Saxony's daughter-in-law Elizabeth of Hesse), c. 1517
John Frederick I, 1531
Sibylle of Cleves, wife of John Frederick I, 1526
Johannes Cuspinian, 1502
Johannes Cuspinian's wife, 1502
Lukas Spielhausen, 1532, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Albert of Prussia, 1528, Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum

Religion, mythology, allegory

Venus and Cupid with a Honeycomb, c. 1527
The Martyrdom of Saint Barbara, 1510, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Dorothea, c. 1530
Judith with the head of Holofernes, 1530
Samson's Fight with the Lion, 1525
Phyllis and Aristotle, 1530
Justice, 1537
Lovers, Bemberg Foundation, Toulouse
Eve, National Museum, Wrocław
Saint Jerome in His Study, 1526

Looted Cranachs

The Nazis had a particular affection for Cranach's work and looted many paintings during the Third Reich. This has led to claims for restitution, notably from Jewish collectors who were persecuted or looted by the Nazis. The Nazis looted Cranach's Portrait of John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (around 1530s) from Jewish art collector Fritz Gutmann before murdering him but the painting was recovered by Gutmann's grandson Simon Goodman eighty years later after decades of searching.

Cranach's "Cupid Complaining to Venus" passed through in Hitler's personal collection, causing the National Gallery to research its history, suspecting that it may have been looted. The diptych Adam and Eve by Lucas Cranach the Elder has been the focus of a legal dispute between the heirs of the former owner, Dutch art collector Jacques Goudstikker, and the Norton Simon museum in California. In 1999, the Commission for Art Recovery of the World Jewish Congress notified the North Carolina Museum of Art that its prized Cranach Madonna and Child had been looted by Nazis from the Jewish Viennese art collector Philipp von Gomperz.

On 20 October 2000 a Budapest court ruled that a Cranach and other paintings claimed by the granddaughter of famous Hungarian Jewish art collector Baron Herzog that were looted by Nazis with the Hungarian financial police should be returned to her. In 2012 the heirs of Rosa and Jakob Oppenheimer submitted a claim to the National Gallery of Ireland for a Cranach painting of Saint Christopher. The museum hired a private provenance researcher, Laurie Stein, to investigate the circumstance of the sale in 1934, and she concluded that the Cranach had not been sold under duress by the Jewish owners.

In April 2021 Cranach's "The Resurrection" was sold at auction following a settlement between the heirs of Holocaust victim Margarete Eisenmann and the art dealer Eugene Thaw. After being looted, the Cranach had been consigned to Sothebys by Hans Lange and passed through Hugo Perls and Knoedler Galleries before being acquired by Eugene Thaw. Most of the lawsuits last many years and go through several appeals in different courts. A painting by a follower of Lucas Cranach the Elder titled Lamentation and completed in the 1530s, which had been looted from Poland in 1946, was returned to the National Museum, Wrocław in 2022.

References

^ The Jack and Belle Linsky Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1984. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-87099370-1. Lucas Cranach the Elder was perhaps the most successful German artist of his time.
^ "About Lucas Cranach". Cranach Digital Archive. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Crowe, Joseph Archer (1911). "Cranach, Lucas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). p. 364.
Cranach plaque, Marktplatz, Wittenberg
Donald King. "Lucas Cranach, the Elder". Retrieved 22 July 2022.
"Gallery Label for Crucifixion".
"Commemorations". lcms.org.
Lutheranism 101 edited by Scot A. Kinnaman, CPH, 2010
Passional Christi und Antichristi Full view on Google Books
Zarling, Michael (31 October 2014). "Justified in Jesus–the Weimar Altarpiece by Lucas Cranach – Bread for Beggars". Retrieved 2018-12-05.
Snyder, James (1985). Northern Renaissance Art. Harry N. Abrams. p. 383. ISBN 0-13-623596-4.
"Purloined pictures: the Nazi leaders' love of Cranach". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
Hinckley, Catherine. "Cranach portrait stolen almost 80 years ago returns to heirs of Jewish banker". www.lootedart.com. The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"Gallery seeks info on work once owned by Hitler". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"National Gallery admits that masterwork may be Nazi loot". www.lootedart.com. The Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"The Battle Over the Norton Simon Museum's Nazi-Looted Cranach Paintings Isn't Over as Lawyers File for a Rehearing". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"A Madonna stolen by Nazis takes a trip home". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"HCPO Gallery: Dr. Philip von Gomperz - biography". Department of Financial Services. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
"Martha Nierenberg's claim for artworks from the Herzog Collection". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
"National Gallery of Ireland Provenance Research October 2017: 9 October 2017: Restitution claims for three paintings, two by the heirs of Rosa and Jakob Oppenheimer of Berlin, owners of the Margraf group, and one by the heirs of Alfred Weinberger". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
Ahn, Cabelle (2021-05-18). "Old Masters Today #3". ars longa. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
Villa, Angelica (2021-04-16). "Cranach Painting Sold Under Duress During World War II to Be Auctioned as Part of Legal Settlement". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
"CRANACH DIGITAL ARCHIVE". lucascranach.org. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
Harris, Gareth (2020-06-23). "National museum in Stockholm to return stolen 16th-century painting to Poland". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 2023-02-27.

External links

External videos

Cranach's Adam and Eve, Smarthistory
Lucas Cranach the Elder's Cupid complaining to Venus, Smarthistory
Lucas Cranach the Elder: Cupid Complaining to Venus, National Gallery (London)
Lucas Cranach's Judith with the Head of Holofernes, Smarthistory

Media related to Lucas Cranach (I) at Wikimedia Commons
cranach.net Containing more than 15000 images and 6000 research documents, collaborative project by about 60 international art historians
Cranach Digital Archive (cda) Containing images and research information, collaborative project by 26 international galleries
Fifteenth- to eighteenth-century European paintings: France, Central Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain, a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF, which contains material on Lucas Cranach the Elder (cat. no. 9)
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lucas Cranach the Elder (see index)
Discussion of Portrait of Martin Luther by Janina Ramirez and Peter Stanford: Art Detective Podcast, 26 April 2017
Cranach map of Palestine, 1508 or 1515. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel
Joshua P. Waterman, "'Portrait of Joachim II of Brandenburg' by Lucas Cranach the Elder (cat. 739)The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Critical Catalogue of Luther portraits (1519 - 1530) Results of the research project, 2018-2021, Germanisches Nationalmuseum / Cranach Digital Archive / University of Erlangen-Nuremberg / Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences / Technical University of Cologne.

v t e Lucas Cranach the Elder
Artworks	Torgauer Altar (1509) Martyrdom of Saint Barbara (c. 1510) Madonna with Child with Young John the Baptist (1514) Portraits of Henry IV of Saxony and Catherine of Mecklenburg (1514) Prague Altarpiece (c. 1520) Adoration of the Shepherds (1515–1520) Cupid Complaining to Venus (1526–1527) Adam and Eve (1528) Judgement of Paris (1528) Law and Grace (Prague version; Gotha version) (c. 1529) Law and Grace (1529) Female Portrait (c. 1530) The Three Graces (1531) Venus and Cupid with a Honeycomb (c. 1531) Melancholia (Colmar) (1532) Melancholia (Copenhagen) (1532) The Crucifixion (1532) Lukas Spielhausen (1532) Portrait of a Saxon Noblewoman (1534) Caritas (1537) Christ Blessing the Children (1537) Schneeberg Altarpiece (1539) The Fountain of Youth (1546) Wittenberg Altarpiece (1547) The Procuress (1548) Weimar Altarpiece (1555)
Family	Hans Cranach (son) Lucas Cranach the Younger (son) Augustin Cranach (grandson) Portrait of Lucas Cranach the Elder (1550 portrait by Lucas Cranach the Younger)
Related	Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Lutheran art

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