Misplaced Pages

Buffalo
City
Buffalo skylineThe Peace BridgeKeyBank CenterBuffalo City HallNFTA Metro RailUniversity at BuffaloBuffalo AKG Art Museum in Delaware ParkBuffalo Central Terminal
FlagSeal
Etymology: Named after the nearby Buffalo Creek, which was named by French and Moravian explorers
Nicknames: Queen City, City of Good Neighbors, City of No Illusions, Nickel City, Queen City of the Lakes, City of Light, The Electric City, City of Trees
Interactive map of Buffalo
BuffaloShow map of New YorkBuffaloShow map of the United States
Coordinates: 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.88639°N 78.87806°W / 42.88639; -78.87806
Country	United States
State	New York
Region	Western New York
Metro	Buffalo–Niagara Falls
County	Erie
First settled (village)	1789; 235 years ago (1789)
Founded	1801; 223 years ago (1801)
Incorporated (city)	1832; 192 years ago (1832)
Named for	Buffalo River
Government
• Type	Strong mayor-council
• Body	Buffalo Common Council
• Mayor	Christopher Scanlon (D) (acting)
• Deputy Mayor	Rashied McDuffie (D)
• State Senators	April Baskin & Sean Ryan (D)
• Assemblymembers	William Conrad (D), Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D), Patrick Burke (D), Patrick Chludzinski (R), & Jon Rivera (D)
• U.S. Rep.	Tim Kennedy (D)
Area
• City	52.48 sq mi (135.92 km)
• Land	40.38 sq mi (104.58 km)
• Water	12.10 sq mi (31.34 km)
Elevation	600 ft (200 m)
Population
• City	278,349
• Rank	US: 81st NY: 2nd
• Density	6,893.41/sq mi (2,661.58/km)
• Urban	948,864 (US: 50th)
• Urban density	2,786.7/sq mi (1,075.9/km)
• Metro	1,125,637 (US: 49th)
Demonyms	Buffalonian
GDP
• Buffalo–Niagara Falls (MSA)	$84.673 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP code	142XX
Area code(s)	716, 624
FIPS code	36-11000
GNIS feature ID	0973345
Website	buffalony.gov

Buffalo is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the county seat of Erie County. It lies in Western New York at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River on the Canadian border. With a population of 278,349 according to the 2020 census, Buffalo is the second-most populous city in New York state after New York City, and the 81st-most populous city in the U.S. Buffalo is the primary city of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 1.1 million in 2020, making it the 49th-largest metro area in the U.S.

Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians who were succeeded by the Neutral, Erie, and Iroquois nations. In the early 17th century, the French began to explore the region. In the 18th century, Iroquois land surrounding Buffalo Creek was ceded through the Holland Land Purchase, and a small village was established at its headwaters. In 1825, after its harbor was improved, Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the Erie Canal, which led to its incorporation in 1832. The canal stimulated its growth as the primary inland port between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Transshipment made Buffalo the world's largest grain port of that era. After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal's importance, the city became the second-largest railway hub (after Chicago). During the mid-19th century, Buffalo transitioned to manufacturing, which came to be dominated by steel production. Later, deindustrialization and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw the city's economy decline and diversify. It developed its service industries, such as health care, retail, tourism, logistics, and education, while retaining some manufacturing. In 2019, the gross domestic product of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA was $53 billion (~$62.3 billion in 2023).

The city's cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States, the Buffalo AKG Art Museum, the Buffalo History Museum, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Buffalo Museum of Science, and several annual festivals. Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo, Buffalo State University, Canisius University, and D'Youville University. Buffalo is also known for its winter weather, Buffalo wings, and three major-league sports teams: the National Football League's Buffalo Bills, the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres and the National Lacrosse League's Buffalo Bandits.

History

Pre-Columbian era to European exploration

Before the arrival of Europeans, nomadic Paleo-Indians inhabited the western New York region from the 8th millennium BCE. The Woodland period began around 1000 BC, marked by the rise of the Iroquois Confederacy and the spread of its tribes throughout the state. Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries were the first Europeans to visit the area.

During French exploration of the region in 1620, the region was sparsely populated and occupied by the agrarian Erie people in the south and the Neutral Nation in the north, with a relatively small tribe, the Wenrohronon, between and the Senecas, an Iroquois tribe, occupying the land just east of the region. The Neutral grew tobacco and hemp to trade with the Iroquois, who traded furs with the French for European goods. The tribes used animal- and war paths to travel and move goods across what today is New York State. (Centuries later, these same paths were gradually improved, then paved, then developed into major modern roads.) Traditional Seneca oral legends, as recounted by professional storytellers known as Hagéotâ, were highly participatory. These tales were told only during winter, as they were believed to have the power to put even animals and plants to sleep, which could affect the harvest. At the conclusion, audience members typically offered gifts, such as tobacco, to the storyteller as a sign of appreciation. During the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century the Senecas conquered the Erie and Neutrals in the region. Native Americans did not settle along Buffalo Creek permanently until 1780, when displaced Senecas were relocated from Fort Niagara.

Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s. In 1679, La Salle's ship, Le Griffon, became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near Cayuga Creek. Baron de Lahontan visited the site of Buffalo in 1687. A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year (1758). After the French and Indian War, the region was ruled by Britain. After the American Revolution, the Province of New York—now a U.S. state—began westward expansion, looking for arable land by following the Iroquois.

New York and Massachusetts were vying for the territory which included Buffalo, and Massachusetts had the right to purchase all but a one-mile-(1600-meter)-wide portion of land. The rights to the Massachusetts territories were sold to Robert Morris in 1791. Despite objections from Seneca chief Red Jacket, Morris brokered a deal between fellow chief Cornplanter and the Dutch dummy corporation Holland Land Company. The Holland Land Purchase gave the Senecas three reservations, and the Holland Land Company received 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km) for about thirty-three cents per acre.

Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War. Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston, former enslaved man Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789. As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army, Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1788). The Iroquois were moved onto reservations, including Buffalo Creek. By the end of the 18th century, only 338 sq mi (216,000 acres; 880 km; 88,000 ha) of reservations remained.

After the Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797, Joseph Ellicott surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present-day Niagara Square. Originally named New Amsterdam, its name was soon changed to Buffalo.

Erie Canal, grain and commerce

The village of Buffalo was named for Buffalo Creek. British military engineer John Montresor referred to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, the earliest recorded appearance of the name. A road to Pennsylvania from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio. Before an east–west turnpike across the state was completed, traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week; a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take over three days.

British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813. The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara-on-the-Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the War of 1812. Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815. As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area. To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock. It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and hydropower. By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo. Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832. During the 1830s, businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district. The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) Irish and German Catholics.

Fugitive slaves made their way north to Buffalo during the 1840s. Buffalo was a terminus of the Underground Railroad, with many free Black people crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario; others remained in Buffalo. During this time, Buffalo's port continued to develop. Passenger and commercial traffic expanded, leading to the creation of feeder canals and the expansion of the city's harbor. Unloading grain in Buffalo was a laborious job, and grain handlers working on lake freighters would make $1.50 a day (equivalent to $49 in 2023) in a six-day work week. Local inventor Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar created the grain elevator in 1843, adapting the steam-powered elevator. Dart's Elevator initially processed one thousand bushels per hour, speeding global distribution to consumers. Buffalo was the transshipment hub of the Great Lakes, and weather, maritime and political events in other Great Lakes cities had a direct impact on the city's economy. In addition to grain, Buffalo's primary imports included agricultural products from the Midwest (meat, whiskey, lumber and tobacco), and its exports included leather, ships and iron products. The mid-19th century saw the rise of new manufacturing capabilities, particularly with iron.

By the 1860s, many railroads terminated in Buffalo; they included the Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad, Buffalo and Erie Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad. During this time, Buffalo controlled one-quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie. After the Civil War, canal traffic began to drop as railroads expanded into Buffalo. Unionization began to take hold in the late 19th century, highlighted by the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and 1892 Buffalo switchmen's strike.

Steel, challenges, and the modern era

At the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was the world's leading grain port and a national flour-milling hub. Local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectricity generated by the Niagara River. Buffalo hosted the 1901 Pan-American Exposition after the Spanish–American War, showcasing the nation's advances in art, architecture, and electricity. Its centerpiece was the Electric Tower, with over two million light bulbs, but some exhibits were jingoistic and racially charged. At the exposition, President William McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. When McKinley died, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion in Buffalo.

Attorney John Milburn and local industrialists convinced the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company to relocate from Scranton, Pennsylvania to the town of West Seneca in 1904. Employment was competitive, with many Eastern Europeans and Scrantonians vying for jobs. From the late 19th century to the 1920s, mergers and acquisitions led to distant ownership of local companies; this had a negative effect on the city's economy. Examples include the acquisition of Lackawanna Steel by Bethlehem Steel and, later, the relocation of Curtiss-Wright in the 1940s. The Great Depression saw severe unemployment, especially among the working class. New Deal relief programs operated in full force, and the city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party.

During World War II, Buffalo regained its manufacturing strength as military contracts enabled the city to manufacture steel, chemicals, aircraft, trucks and ammunition. The 15th-most-populous US city in 1950, Buffalo's economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing; eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector. The city also had over a dozen railway terminals, as railroads remained a significant industry.

The St. Lawrence Seaway was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe, and later as part of a bi-national hydroelectric project with Canada. Its combination with an expanded Welland Canal led to a grim outlook for Buffalo's economy. After its 1959 opening, the city's port and barge canal became largely irrelevant. Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity, ending an industry which had been part of the city's economy since 1812. Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts. Racial tensions culminated in riots in 1967. Suburbanization led to the selection of the town of Amherst for the new University at Buffalo campus by 1970. Unwilling to modernize its plant, Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid-1970s before closing it in 1983. The region lost at least 70,000 jobs between 1970 and 1984. Like much of the Rust Belt, Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late-20th-century deindustrialization.

Geography

Topography

Buffalo is on the eastern end of Lake Erie opposite Fort Erie, Ontario. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario.

The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands, a narrow plain extending east to Utica, New York. The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods. The Southtowns are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the Appalachian Upland. Several types of shale, limestone and lagerstätten are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their stream beds.

According to Fox Weather, Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.

Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant earthquakes, Buffalo is in the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone (part of the Great Lakes tectonic zone). Buffalo has four channels within its boundaries: the Niagara River, Buffalo River (and Creek), Scajaquada Creek, and the Black Rock Canal, adjacent to the Niagara River. The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Buffalo has an area of 52.5 sq mi (136 km); 40.38 sq mi (104.6 km) is land, and the rest is water. The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.

Cityscape

Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings. Downtown Buffalo landmarks include Louis Sullivan's Guaranty Building, an early skyscraper; the Ellicott Square Building, once one of the largest of its kind in the world; the Art Deco Buffalo City Hall and the McKinley Monument, and the Electric Tower. Beyond downtown, the Buffalo Central Terminal was built in the Broadway-Fillmore neighborhood in 1929; the Richardson Olmsted Complex, built in 1881, was an insane asylum until its closure in the 1970s. Urban renewal from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the Brutalist-style Buffalo City Court Building and Seneca One Tower, the city's tallest building. In the city's Parkside neighborhood, the Darwin D. Martin House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Prairie School style. Since 2016, Washington DC real estate developer Douglas Jemal has been acquiring, and redeveloping, iconic properties throughout the city.

Neighborhoods

According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements". The boundaries of Buffalo's neighborhoods have changed over time. The city is divided into five districts, each containing several neighborhoods, for a total of thirty-five neighborhoods. Main Street divides Buffalo's east and west sides, and the west side was fully developed earlier. This division is seen in architectural styles, street names, neighborhood and district boundaries, demographics, and socioeconomic conditions; Buffalo's West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side.

Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the Elmwood Village. The 2002 redevelopment of the Larkin Terminal Warehouse led to the creation of Larkinville, home to several mixed-use projects and anchored by corporate offices. Downtown Buffalo and its central business district (CBD) had a 10.6-percent increase in residents from 2010 to 2017, as over 1,061 housing units became available; the Seneca One Tower was redeveloped in 2020. Other revitalized areas include Chandler Street, in the Grant-Amherst neighborhood, and Hertel Avenue in Parkside.

The Buffalo Common Council adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing zoning regulations which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the New Urbanism conference.

Climate

Buffalo has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and temperatures have been warming with the rest of the US. Lake-effect snow is characteristic of Buffalo winters, with snow bands (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie. However, Buffalo is rarely the snowiest city in the state. The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen Lake Erie. Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the October 2006 storm did). In November 2014 (called "Snowvember"), the region had a record-breaking storm which produced over 5+1⁄2 ft (66 in; 170 cm) of snow. Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C), which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.

Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated. Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate humidity and temperatures; the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures. Temperatures rise above 90 °F (32.2 °C) an average of three times a year. No official recording of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) reached on August 27, 1948. Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July. August is usually rainier and muggier, as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.

Demographics

Several hundred Seneca, Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800, concentrated along Buffalo Creek. After the Revolutionary War, settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area.

From the 1830s to the 1850s, they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe, both peasants and working class, who settled in enclaves on the city's south and east sides. At the turn of the 20th century, Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side, who moved to newer housing; Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city, primarily on the lower West Side.

During the 1830s, Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of Black Americans who began settling on the city's East Side. In the 20th century, wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted Black Americans from the South during the First and Second Great Migrations. In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970, the city's Black population rose by 433 percent. They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side, who were moving out to suburbs. However, the effects of redlining, steering, social inequality, blockbusting, white flight and other racial policies resulted in the city (and region) becoming one of the most segregated in the U.S.

During the 1940s and 1950s, Puerto Rican migrants arrived en masse, also seeking industrial jobs, settling on the East Side and moving westward. In the 21st century, Buffalo is classified as a majority minority city, with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino.

Buffalo has experienced effects of urban decay since the 1970s, and also saw population loss to the suburbs and Sun Belt states, and experienced job losses from deindustrialization. The city's population peaked at 580,132 in 1950, when Buffalo was the 15th-largest city in the United States – down from the eighth-largest city in 1900, after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s. Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6.5% in the 2020 census, reversing a decades long trend of population decline. The city has 278,349 residents as of the 2020 census, making it the 76th-largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area had 1.1 million residents in 2020, the country's 49th-largest.

Compared to other major US metropolitan areas, the number of foreign-born immigrants to Buffalo is low. New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees (especially from war- or disaster-affected nations) and refugees who had previously settled in other U.S. cities. During the early 2000s, most immigrants came from Canada and Yemen; this shifted in the 2010s to Burmese (Karen) refugees and Bangladeshi immigrants. Between 2008 and 2016, Burmese, Somali, Bhutanese, and Iraqi Americans were the four largest ethnic immigrant groups in Erie County.

A 2008 report noted that although food deserts were seen in larger cities and not in Buffalo, the city's neighborhoods of color have access only to smaller grocery stores and lack the supermarkets more typical of newer, white neighborhoods. A 2018 report noted that over fifty city blocks on Buffalo's East Side lacked adequate access to a supermarket.

Health disparities exist compared to the rest of the state: Erie County's average 2019 lifespan was three years lower (78.4 years); its 17-percent smoking and 30-percent obesity rates were slightly higher than the state average. According to the Partnership for the Public Good, educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area; city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high-school diploma.

Religion

During the early 19th century, Presbyterian missionaries tried to convert the Seneca people on the Buffalo Creek Reservation to Christianity. Initially resistant, some tribal members set aside their traditions and practices to form their own sect. Later, European immigrants added other faiths. Christianity is the predominant religion in Buffalo and Western New York. Catholicism (primarily the Latin Church) has a significant presence in the region, with 161 parishes and over 570,000 adherents in the Diocese of Buffalo. Major Protestant denominations in the area include Lutheran, Baptist, and Methodist. Pentecostals are also significant, and approximately 20,000 persons are non-denominational adherents.

A Jewish community began developing in the city with immigrants from the mid-1800s; about one thousand German and Lithuanian Jews settled in Buffalo before 1880. Buffalo's first synagogue, Temple Beth El, was established in 1847. The city's Temple Beth Zion is the region's largest synagogue.

With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city's East Side, Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence. In this area, new residents have converted empty churches into mosques and Buddhist temples. Hinduism maintains a small, active presence in the area, including the town of Amherst.

A 2016 American Bible Society survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth-least "Bible-minded" city in the United States; 13 percent of its residents associate with the Bible.

Economy

The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo's economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest. Later, manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city's economy. When these industries downsized in the region, Buffalo's economy became service-based. Its primary sectors include health care, business services (banking, accounting, and insurance), retail, tourism and logistics, especially with Canada. Despite the loss of large-scale manufacturing, some manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region. Advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on research and development (R&D) and automation. In 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA at $53 billion (~$62.3 billion in 2023).

The civic sector is a major source of employment in the Buffalo area, and includes public, non-profit, healthcare and educational institutions. New York State, with over 19,000 employees, is the region's largest employer. In the private sector, top employers include the Kaleida Health and Catholic Health hospital networks and M&T Bank, the sole Fortune 500 company headquartered in the city. Most have been the top employers in the region for several decades. Buffalo is home to the headquarters of Rich Products, Delaware North and New Era Cap Company; the aerospace manufacturer Moog Inc. and toy maker Fisher-Price are based in nearby East Aurora. National Fuel Gas and Life Storage are headquartered in Williamsville, New York.

Buffalo weathered the Great Recession of 2006–09 well in comparison with other U.S. cities, exemplified by increased home prices during this time. The region's economy began to improve in the early 2010s, adding over 25,000 jobs from 2009 to 2017. With state aid, Tesla, Inc.'s Giga New York plant opened in South Buffalo in 2017. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, however, increased the local unemployment rate to 7.5 percent by December 2020. The local unemployment rate had been 4.2 percent in 2019, higher than the national average of 3.5 percent.

Culture

Performing arts and music

Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies, with many centered in the downtown Theatre District. Shea's Performing Arts Center is the city's largest theater. Designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and built in 1926, the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts. Shakespeare in Delaware Park has been held outdoors every summer since 1976.

Stand-up comedy can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club, which hosts both local talent and national touring acts.

The Nickel City Opera (known as NC Opera Buffalo and NCO) was an American opera company based in Buffalo in the United States. It was founded in 2004 by Valerian Ruminski and operated between 2009 and 2024. Matthias Manasi was music director and chief conductor of NCO from 2017 to 2021, his predecessor Michael Ching was music director and chief conductor of NCO from 2012 to 2017.

The NCO collaborates with local organizations, producing a wide range of operas, from 18th-century Baroque and 19th-century Bel canto to the Minimalism of the 20th century and to contemporary operas of the 20th and 21st centuries. These operas were presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs.

Shea's Performing Arts Center was designed by the well-known Chicago firm Rapp and Rapp. The opera house was modeled in the style of European operahouses and decorated in a combination of French and Spanish Baroque and Rococo styles. The interior design was designed by the designer and artist Louis Comfort Tiffany, and many of its elements are still there today. Originally there were nearly 4,000 seats, but in the 1930s the number of seats was reduced to the current number of 3,019 seats last but not least to increase the place for the orchestra by increasing the size of the orchestra pit.

The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1935 and performs at Kleinhans Music Hall, whose acoustics have been praised. Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding, philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it. Under the direction of JoAnn Falletta, the orchestra has received a number of Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2009.

KeyBank Center draws national music acts year-round. Sahlen Field hosts the annual WYRK Taste of Country music festival every summer with national country music acts. Canalside regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts, a tradition that spun off from the defunct Thursday at the Square concert series. Colored Musicians Club, an extension of what was a separate musicians'-union chapter, maintains jazz history.

Rick James was born and raised in Buffalo and later lived on a ranch in the nearby Town of Aurora. James formed his Stone City Band in Buffalo, and had national appeal with several crossover singles in the R&B, disco and funk genres in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Around the same time, the jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra and jazz saxophonist Grover Washington Jr. also got their start in the city.

The Goo Goo Dolls, an alternative rock group which formed in 1986, had 19 top-ten singles. Singer-songwriter and activist Ani DiFranco has released over 20 folk and indie rock albums on Righteous Babe Records, her Buffalo-based label.

Underground hip-hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo-based Griselda Records, whose artists include Westside Gunn, Conway the Machine, and Benny the Butcher, who all occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics.

Cuisine

The city's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities. In 2015, the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on its "World's Top Ten Food Cities" list. Teressa Bellissimo first prepared Buffalo wings (seasoned chicken wings) at the Anchor Bar in 1964. The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with Duff's Famous Wings, but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city (some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles). Buffalo wings are traditionally served with blue cheese dressing and celery. In 2003, the Anchor Bar received a James Beard Foundation Award in the America's Classics category.

The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias, estimated at more per capita than New York City. Several craft breweries began opening in the 1990s, and the city's last call is 4 am. Other mainstays of Buffalo cuisine include beef on weck, butter lambs, kielbasa, pierogi, sponge candy, chicken finger subs (including the stinger - a version that also includes steak), and the fish fry (popular any time of year, but especially during Lent). With an influx of refugees and other immigrants to Buffalo, its number of ethnic restaurants (including the West Side Bazaar kitchen incubator) has increased. Some restaurants use food trucks to serve customers, and nearly fifty food trucks appeared at Larkin Square in 2019.

Museums and tourism

Buffalo was ranked the seventh-best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by Travel + Leisure, which noted the growth and potential of the city's cultural institutions. The Albright–Knox Art Gallery is a modern and contemporary art museum with a collection of more than 8,000 works, of which only two percent are on display. With a donation from Jeffrey Gundlach, a three-story addition designed by the Dutch architectural firm OMA opened June 2023 . Across the street, the Burchfield Penney Art Center contains paintings by Charles E. Burchfield and is operated by Buffalo State College. Buffalo is home to the Freedom Wall, a 2017 art installation commemorating civil-rights activists throughout history. Near both museums is the Buffalo History Museum, featuring artwork, literature and exhibits related to the city's history and major events, and the Buffalo Museum of Science is on the city's East Side.

Canalside, Buffalo's historic business district and harbor, attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually. It includes the Explore & More Children's Museum, the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, LECOM Harborcenter, and a number of shops and restaurants. A restored 1924 carousel (now solar-powered) and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021. Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo RiverWorks, Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino, Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, and the Nash House Museum.

The National Buffalo Wing Festival is held every Labor Day at Sahlen Field. Since 2002, it has served over 4.8 million Buffalo wings and has had a total attendance of 865,000. The Taste of Buffalo is a two-day food festival held in July at Niagara Square, attracting 450,000 visitors annually. Other events include the Allentown Art Festival, the Polish-American Dyngus Day, the Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts, Juneteenth in Martin Luther King Jr. Park, the World's Largest Disco in October and Friendship Festival in summer, which celebrates Canada-US relations.

Sports

Buffalo has two major professional sports teams: the Buffalo Sabres (National Hockey League) and the Buffalo Bills (National Football League). The Bills were a founding member of the American Football League in 1960, and have played at Highmark Stadium in Orchard Park since they moved from War Memorial Stadium in 1973. They are the only NFL team based in New York State. Before the Super Bowl era, the Bills won the American Football League Championship in 1964 and 1965. With mixed success throughout their history, the Bills had a close loss in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons (losing each time). The Sabres, an expansion team in 1970, share KeyBank Center with the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League. The Bandits are the most decorated of the city's professional teams, with six championships. The Bills, Sabres and Bandits are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment.

Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams; the Buffalo Bulls and the Canisius Golden Griffins compete in NCAA Division I. The Bulls have 16 varsity sports in the Mid-American Conference (MAC); the Golden Griffins field 15 teams in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC), with the men's hockey team part of the Atlantic Hockey Association (AHA). The Bulls participate in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of college football. Buffalo's minor-league teams include the Buffalo Bisons (Triple-A baseball), who play at Sahlen Field, and the Buffalo eXtreme (American Basketball Association), who play at XGen Elite Sports Complex in West Seneca.

Parks and recreation

Frederick Law Olmsted described Buffalo as being "the best planned city  in the United States, if not the world". With encouragement from city stakeholders, he and Calvert Vaux augmented the city's grid plan by drawing inspiration from Paris and introducing landscape architecture with aspects of the countryside. Their plan would introduce a system of interconnected parks, parkways and trails, unlike the singular Central Park in New York City. The largest would be Delaware Park, across Forest Lawn Cemetery to amplify the amount of open space. With construction of the system finishing in 1876, it is regarded as the country's oldest; however, some of Olmsted's plans were never fully realized. Some parks later diminished and succumbed to diseases, highway construction, and weather events such as Lake Storm Aphid in 2006. The non-profit Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy was created in 2004 to help preserve the 850 acres (340 ha) of parkland. Olmsted's work in Buffalo inspired similar efforts in cities such as San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.

The city's Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities, seven recreational centers, twenty-one pools and splash pads, and three ice rinks. The 350-acre (140 ha) Delaware Park features the Buffalo Zoo, Hoyt Lake, a golf course, and playing fields. Buffalo collaborated with its sister city Kanazawa to create the park's Japanese Garden in 1970, where cherry blossoms bloom in the spring. Opening in 1976, Tifft Nature Preserve in South Buffalo is on 264 acres (107 ha) of remediated industrial land. The preserve is an Important Bird Area, including a meadow with trails for hiking and cross-country skiing, marshland and fishing. The Olmsted-designed Cazenovia and South Parks, the latter home to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, are also in South Buffalo. According to the Trust for Public Land, Buffalo's 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks, with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten-minute walk from a park. The city ranked lower in acreage, however; nine percent of city land is devoted to parks, compared with the national median of about fifteen percent.

Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls. Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions. Under Mayor Byron Brown, Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow. Summer events have included paddle-boating and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit ice skating, curling, and ice cycling in winter. Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers. The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.

The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal. The North Buffalo–Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park, near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo.

Government

Buffalo has a Strong mayor–council government. As the chief executive of city government, the mayor oversees the heads of the city's departments, participates in ceremonies, boards and commissions, and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions. Some agencies, including utilities, urban renewal and public housing, are state- and federally-funded public benefit-corporations semi-independent of city government. Christopher Scanlon has served as acting mayor since 2024, following the resignation of Byron Brown. No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since Chester A. Kowal in 1965.

With its nine districts, the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget. Bryan Bollman has been the Common Council president since 2024. Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the Erie County seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.

The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District. Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level. Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate. At the federal level, the city takes up most of New York's 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Tim Kennedy since 2024.

Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

In 2020, the city spent $519 million (~$602 million in 2023) on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The city in 2024 is hampered with a severe budget deficit attributed to the Byron Brown administration.

Public safety

Buffalo, New York
Crime rates* (2019)
Violent crimes
Homicide	47
Rape	121
Robbery	802
Aggravated assault	1,563
Total violent crime	2,533
Property crimes
Burglary	1,609
Larceny-theft	6,008
Motor vehicle theft	678
Total property crime	8,295
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244 Source: Buffalo City Police Department

Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department. The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018. Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s. Before this, the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record-high crime levels. In 2018, city police began wearing 300 body cameras. A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo, Ohio. The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments. The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect and a 2020 protest-shoving incident.

The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response (AMR) handle fire-protection and emergency medical services (EMS) calls in the city. The fire department has about 710 firefighters and thirty-five stations, including twenty-three engine companies and twelve ladder companies. The department also operates the Edward M. Cotter, considered the world's oldest active fireboat.

With vacant and abandoned homes prone to arson, squatting, prostitution and other criminal activities, the fire and police department's resources were overburdened before the 2010s. Buffalo ranked second nationwide to St. Louis for vacant homes per capita in 2007, and the city began a five-year program to demolish five thousand vacant, damaged and abandoned homes. On May 14, 2022, there was a mass shooting in a Tops supermarket on the East Side of Buffalo where 13 victims were shot in a racially motivated attack by a white supremacist who was not a Buffalo native. Ten victims, all of whom were black, were murdered and three were injured.

Media

Buffalo's major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000). The newspaper announced a pending sale of its building in February 2023, and the relocation of its printing operations to Cleveland, Ohio. Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include the Black-focused Buffalo Criterion and Challenger Community News, The Record of Buffalo State University, The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo, and Buffalo Business First.

Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College. Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city. Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include WKBW-TV (ABC), WIVB-TV (CBS), WGRZ (NBC), WUTV (Fox, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and WNED-TV (PBS); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the Greater Toronto Area. According to Nielsen Media Research, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020.

Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include Hide in Plain Sight (1980), Tuck Everlasting (1981), Best Friends (1982), The Natural (1984), Vamping (1984), Canadian Bacon (1995), Buffalo '66 (1998), Manna from Heaven (2002), Bruce Almighty (2003), The Savages (2007), Slime City Massacre (2010), Henry's Crime (2011), Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014), Killer Rack (2015), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016), Marshall (2016), The American Side (2017), The First Purge (2018), The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019) and A Quiet Place Part II (2021). Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere, tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open. In 2021, several studio projects were in the planning stages.

Education

Primary and secondary education

The Buffalo Public Schools have about thirty-four thousand students enrolled in their primary and secondary schools. The district administers about sixty public schools, including thirty-six primary schools, five middle high schools, fourteen high schools and three alternative schools, with a total of about 3,500 teachers. Its board of education, authorized by the state, has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. In 2020, the graduation rate was seventy-six percent. The public City Honors School was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report in 2021. There are twenty charter schools in Buffalo, with some oversight by the district. The city has over a dozen private schools, including Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School, Canisius High School, Mount Mercy Academy, and Nardin Academy—all Roman Catholic, and Darul Uloom Al-Madania and Universal School of Buffalo (both Islamic schools); nonsectarian options include Buffalo Seminary and the Nichols School.

Colleges and universities

Founded by Millard Fillmore, the University at Buffalo (UB) is one of the State University of New York's two flagship universities and the state's largest public university. A Research I university, over 32,000 undergraduate, graduate and professional students attend its thirteen schools and colleges. Two of UB's three campuses (the South and Downtown Campuses) are in the city, but most university functions take place at the large North Campus in Amherst. In 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked UB the 34th-best public university and 88th in national universities. Buffalo State College, founded as a normal school, is one of SUNY's thirteen comprehensive colleges. The city's four-year private institutions include Canisius University, D'Youville University, Medaille University, Trocaire College, and Villa Maria College. SUNY Erie, the county's two-year public higher-education institution, and the for-profit Bryant & Stratton College have small downtown campuses.

Libraries

Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (donated by Mark Twain), and a collection of about two million books. Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers. A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square. The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Nine hospitals are operated in the city: Oishei Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health, Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital (Catholic Health), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the county-run Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center. John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown; its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery. The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.

Transportation

Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's grid plan, which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804. His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel, naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes. City streets expanded outward, denser in the west and spreading out east of Main Street. Buffalo is a port of entry with Canada; the Peace Bridge crosses the Niagara River and links the Niagara Thruway (I-190) and Queen Elizabeth Way. I-190, NY 5 and NY 33 are the primary expressways serving the city, carrying a total of over 245,000 vehicles daily. NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns, and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport. The east-west Scajacquada Expressway (NY 198) bisects Delaware Park, connecting I-190 with the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on the city's East Side to form a partial beltway around the city center. The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway (NY 5) have been targeted for redesign or removal. Other major highways include US 62 on the city's East Side; NY 354 and a portion of NY 130, both east–west routes; and NY 265, NY 266 and NY 384, all north–south routes on the city's West Side. Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.

The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) operates the region's public transit, including its airport, light-rail system, buses, and harbors. The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York. Buffalo Metro Rail is a 6.4 mi-long (10.3 km) line which runs from Canalside to the University Heights district. The line's downtown section, south of the Fountain Plaza station, runs at grade and is free of charge. The Buffalo area ranks twenty-third nationwide in transit ridership, with thirty trips per capita per year. Expansions have been proposed since Buffalo Metro Rail's inception in the 1980s, with the latest plan (in the late 2010s) reaching the town of Amherst. Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers. The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019. It received a J.D. Power award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport, and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21. The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's transit police.

Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station, Buffalo–Exchange Street station, which was rebuilt in 2020. The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's Buffalo–Depew station in Depew, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula; trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal, which operated from 1929 to 1979. Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street.

Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have bike lanes, and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020. Walk Score gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.

Utilities

Buffalo's water system is operated by Veolia Water, and water treatment begins at the Colonel Francis G. Ward Pumping Station. When it opened in 1915, the station's capacity was second only to Paris. Wastewater is treated by the Buffalo Sewer Authority, its coverage extending to the eastern suburbs. National Grid and New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) provide electricity, and National Fuel Gas provides natural gas. The city's primary telecommunications provider is Spectrum; Verizon Fios serves the North Park neighborhood. A 2018 report by Ookla noted that Buffalo was one of the bottom five U.S. cities in average download speeds at 66 megabits per second.

The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's snow and trash removal and street cleaning. Snow removal generally operates from November 15 to April 1. A snow emergency is declared by the National Weather Service after a snowstorm, and the city's roads, major sidewalks and bridges are cleared by over seventy snowplows within 24 hours. Rock salt is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice. Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions. The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm; when weather conditions dictate, the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city's police department.

To prevent ice jams which may impact hydroelectric plants in Niagara Falls, the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation began installing an ice boom annually in 1964. The boom's installation date is temperature-dependent, and it is removed on April 1 unless there is more than 650 km (250 sq mi) of ice remaining on eastern Lake Erie. It stretches 2,680 m (8,790 ft) from the outer breakwall at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie. Originally made of wood, the boom now consists of steel pontoons.

Notable residents

Sister cities

Buffalo has eighteen sister cities:

• Aboadze, Ghana
• Baní, Dominican Republic
• Bursa, Turkey
• Cape Coast, Ghana (1976)
• Changzhou, China (2011)
• Dortmund, Germany (1972)
• Drohobych, Ukraine (2000)
• Horlivka, Ukraine (2007)
• Kanazawa, Japan (1962)
• Kiryat Gat, Israel (1977)
• Lille, France (2000)
• Rzeszów, Poland (1975)
• Saint Ann, Jamaica (2007)
• Siena, Italy (1961)
• Torremaggiore, Italy (2004)
• Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
• Yıldırım, Turkey (2010)

See also

• Architecture of Buffalo, New York
• Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
• Buffalo crime family
• Buffalo wing
• History of Buffalo, New York
• Index of New York (state)–related articles
• Inland Northern American English
• List of City of Buffalo landmarks and historic districts
• List of mayors of Buffalo, New York
• List of people from Buffalo, New York
• List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York
• Sports in Buffalo
• Politics and government of Buffalo, New York
• Timeline of Buffalo, New York
• USS Buffalo, 4 ships

Explanatory notes

1. Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).
2. Sources disagree on the creek's etymology. Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"), Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).
3. When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
4. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
5. Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
6. From a 15-percent sample.
7. An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).
8. The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League, prior to the AFL-NFL Merger
9. The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
10. Average annual daily traffic, 2019.

References

1. ^ Stefaniuk, Walter (September 24, 1992). "You asked us: the 868-3900 line to your desk at The Star: how Buffalo got its name". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ont. p. A7. ProQuest 436693160. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
2. ^ Okun, Janice (March 19, 1993). "Worldy setting, sophisticated choices, atmosphere at Beau Fleuve". The Buffalo News. p. G32. ProQuest 380815267. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
3. ^ Staff (July 21, 1993). "'Beau Fleuve' story doesn't wash". The Buffalo News. p. B9. ProQuest 381587989. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
4. Neville, Anne (August 16, 2009). "Who are we? Queen City, Flour City, Nickel City ... what's with all the nicknames for Buffalo?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
5. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
6. ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2020". 2020 Population Estimates. US Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
7. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buffalo, New York
8. "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
9. "Total Gross Domestic Product for Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
10. ^ "QuickFacts: Buffalo city, New York". Retrieved August 17, 2021.
11. ^ Thompson, John H. (1977). "The Indian". Geography of New York State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 113–120. ISBN 9780815621829. LCCN 77004337. OCLC 2874807.
12. Ritchie, William A. (February 19, 2014). "The Woodland Stage—Development of Ceramics, Agriculture and Village Life". The Archaeology of New York State. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-82049-5.
13. ^ Rundell, Edwin F.; Stein, Charles W. (1962). "Buffalo's Early History—The Village". Buffalo: your city (4th ed.). Buffalo and Erie County Public Library: Henry Stewart, Incorporated. pp. 57–96. OCLC 3023258.
14. "Seneca Folk Tales | Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)". eada.lib.umd.edu. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
15. Donehoo, George P. (1922). "The Indians of the Past and of the Present". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 46 (3): 177–198. JSTOR 20086480. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
16. Houghton, Frederick (1927). "The Migrations of the Seneca Nation". American Anthropologist. 29 (2): 241–250. doi:10.1525/aa.1927.29.2.02a00050. ISSN 0002-7294.
17. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr, ed. (1961). The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. p. 189. LCCN 61-14871.
18. Becker, Sophie C. (1906). "La Salle and The Griffon". Sketches of early Buffalo and the Niagara region. Buffalo, N.Y.: McLaughlin Press. pp. 9–24. OCLC 12629461.
19. Brady, Erik (July 8, 2019). "Le Griffon never made it to port but lives on in a Buffalo park and the Canisius mascot". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
20. ^ French, J. H.; Place, Frank (1860). "Erie County". Gazetteer of the State of New York. Syracuse, N.Y.: R. Pearsall Smith. pp. 279–294. OCLC 682410715.
21. Thompson, John H. (1977). "Buffalo". Geography of New York State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 407–423. ISBN 9780815621829. LCCN 77004337. OCLC 2874807.
22. ^ Buffalo Historical Society (1882). Semi-centennial Celebration of the City of Buffalo: Address of the Hon. E. C. Sprague Before the Buffalo Historical Society, July 3, 1882. Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Historical Society. pp. 17–21.
23. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983a). "Ups and Downs during the Early Years of the Nineteenth Century". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 21–56. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
24. Reitano, Joanne R. (2016). "The Empire State: 1790–1830". New York State: peoples, places, and priorities: a concise history with sources. New York: Routledge. pp. 66–96. ISBN 978-1-136-69997-9. OCLC 918135120.
25. ^ Becker, Sophie C. (1906). "Buffalo Village". Sketches of early Buffalo and the Niagara region. Buffalo, N.Y.: McLaughlin Press. pp. 106–117. OCLC 12629461.
26. Bingham, Robert W. (1931). "Captain William Johnston". The cradle of the Queen city: a history of Buffalo to the incorporation of the city. Publications, Buffalo Historical Society,v. 31. Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Historical Society. pp. 132–142. hdl:2027/uva.x000743988. OCLC 364308016. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
27. Thompson, John H. (1977). "Geography of Expansion". Geography of New York State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 140–171. ISBN 9780815621829. LCCN 77004337. OCLC 2874807.
28. ^ Brush, Edward H. (1901). Iroquois Past and Present. Buffalo, N.Y.: Baker, Jones & Co. p. 87.
29. Bingham, Robert W. (1931). "The Holland Land Company". The cradle of the Queen city: a history of Buffalo to the incorporation of the city. Publications, Buffalo Historical Society,v. 31. Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Historical Society. pp. 132–143. hdl:2027/uva.x000743988. OCLC 364308016. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
30. Fernald, Frederik Atherton (1910). The index guide to Buffalo and Niagara Falls. The Library of Congress. Buffalo, N.Y.: F. A. Fernald. p. 21. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
31. Hornaday, William T. (1889). "Geographic Distribution". The Extermination of the American Bison. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 385–386. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
32. Ketchum, William (1865). "Origin of the Name of Buffalo". An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buffalo, with Some Account of Its Early Inhabitants, Both Savage and Civilized, Comprising Historic Notices of the Six Nations, Or Iroquois Indians, Vol. II. Buffalo, N.Y.: Rockwell, Baker & Hill. pp. 63–65, 141. ISBN 9780665514968. OCLC 49073883.
33. Severance, Frank H. (1902). "The Achievements of Captain John Montresor". In Buffalo Historical Society (ed.). Buffalo Historical Society Publications. Buffalo, NY: Bigelow Brothers. p. 15. Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
34. French, J. H.; Place, Frank (1860). "Chautauque County". Gazetteer of the State of New York. Syracuse, N.Y.: R. Pearsall Smith. pp. 208–217. OCLC 682410715.
35. Turner, Orsamus (1849). Pioneer history of the Holland Purchase of western New York. Buffalo, N.Y.: Jewett, Thomas & Co. pp. 401, 439, 494–495, 498. OCLC 14246512.
36. Quimby, Robert (1997). The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-87013-441-8. OCLC 868964185.
37. Hammill, Luke (November 29, 2017). "The Buffalo of Yesteryear: Chictawauga, Scajaquady and the 'morass' that was Buffalo". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
38. ^ Becker, Sophie C. (1906). "The Burning of Buffalo". Sketches of early Buffalo and the Niagara region. Buffalo, N.Y.: McLaughlin Press. pp. 118–132. OCLC 12629461.
39. Severance, Frank H. (1879). "Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo". Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Harold B. Lee Library. Buffalo: Bigelow Bros. pp. 334–356.
40. "A Brief Chronology of the Development of the City of Buffalo". National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
41. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983). "Ethnics: Germans, Irish and Blacks". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 72–97. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
42. Rundell, Edwin F.; Stein, Charles W. (1962). "Buffalo Becomes a Great City". Buffalo: your city (4th ed.). Buffalo and Erie County Public Library: Henry Stewart, Incorporated. pp. 97–125. OCLC 3023258.
43. Wesley, Charles H. (January 1944). "The Participation of Negroes in Anti-Slavery Political Parties". The Journal of Negro History. 29 (1): 43–44, 51–52, 55, 65. doi:10.2307/2714753. JSTOR 2714753. S2CID 149675414.
44. Switala, William J. (May 14, 2014). Underground Railroad in New York and New Jersey. Stackpole Books. p. 126. ISBN 9780811746298.
45. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Impact of Commerce and Manufacturing on Mid-Nineteenth Century Buffalo". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 56–71. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
46. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
47. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Coming of Industry". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 124–142. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
48. Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Response to Industrialization: Life and Labor, Values and Beliefs". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 143–175. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
49. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983b). "Ethnics and the Economy During World War I and the 1920s". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 196–223. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
50. Bewley, Michele Ryan (2003). "The New World in Unity: Pan-America Visualized at Buffalo in 1901". New York History. 84 (2): 179–203. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23183322. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
51. Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Pan American Exposition: World's Fair as Historical Metaphor". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
52. Reitano, Joanne R. (2016). "The Progressive State: 1900–28". New York State: peoples, places, and priorities: a concise history with sources. New York: Routledge. pp. 162–191. ISBN 978-1-136-69997-9. OCLC 918135120.
53. Markwyn, Abigail (2018). "Spectacle and Politics in Buffalo and Philadelphia: The World's Fairs of 1901 and 1926". Reviews in American History. 46 (4): 624–630. doi:10.1353/rah.2018.0094. S2CID 150181280. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
54. Gee, Derek (February 24, 2021). "A Closer Look: Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
55. ^ Dillaway, Diana (2006). "Economic Power". Power failure: politics, patronage, and the economic future of Buffalo, New York. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. pp. 25–39. ISBN 978-1591024002.
56. ^ Rundell, Edwin F.; Stein, Charles W. (1962). "Buffalo—Center of Commerce and Industry". Buffalo: your city (4th ed.). Buffalo and Erie County Public Library: Henry Stewart, Incorporated. pp. 149–172. OCLC 3023258.
57. ^ Reitano, Joanne R. (2016). "The Stressed State: 1954–75". New York State: peoples, places, and priorities: a concise history with sources. New York: Routledge. pp. 223–252. ISBN 978-1-136-69997-9. OCLC 918135120.
58. Plesur, Milton; Adler, Selig; Lansky, Lewis (1980). "Buffalo and the Great Depression, 1929–1933". An American historian: essays to honor Selig Adler. Buffalo, N.Y.: State University of New York at Buffalo. pp. 204–213. OCLC 6984440.
59. Goldman, Mark (1983). "Paranoia: The Fear of Outsiders and Radicals During the 1950s and 1960s". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 242–266. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
60. Hobor, George (October 1, 2013). "Surviving the Era of Deindustrialization: The New Economic Geography of the Urban Rust Belt". Journal of Urban Affairs. 35 (4): 417–434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00625.x. S2CID 154777044.
61. ^ Thompson, John H. (1977). "Land Forms". Geography of New York State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 19–54. ISBN 9780815621829. LCCN 77004337. OCLC 2874807.
62. ^ Bryce, S. A.; Griffith, G. E.; Omernik, J. M.; Edinger, G.; Indrick, S.; Vargas, O.; Carlson, D. (2010). Ecoregions of New York (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photograph) (PDF) (Map). 1:1,250,000. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2021.
63. "ACME Mapper 2.2: University Heights (689 feet)". ACME Mapper (Map). Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. and "ACME Mapper 2.2: Fruit Belt (682 feet)". ACME Mapper (Map). Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
64. Luther, D. D. (1906). Geologic map of the Buffalo quadrangle. Columbia University Libraries. New York State Education Department. pp. 12–13.
65. "UB Geologists Find Evidence That Upstate New York Is Criss-Crossed By Hundreds Of Faults - University at Buffalo". University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
66. Dineva, S. (October 1, 2004). "Seismicity of the Southern Great Lakes: Revised Earthquake Hypocenters and Possible Tectonic Controls". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 94 (5): 1902–1918. Bibcode:2004BuSSA..94.1902D. doi:10.1785/012003007.
67. Smith, Henry Perry (1884). History of the city of Buffalo and Erie County: with ... biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers ... Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason & Co. p. 16.
68. "TreeKeeper 8 System for Buffalo, NY". City of Buffalo Bureau of Forestry. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
69. ^ "Buffalo city, Erie County, New York". United States Census Bureau. 2020. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021.
70. Ouroussoff, Nicolai (November 14, 2008). "Saving Buffalo's Untold Beauty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
71. Kamin, Blair (September 1, 2013). "Louis Sullivan still has a skyscraper in Buffalo, but Chicago has none". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
72. E. Kaplan, Marilyn (June 1989). "Preservation Tech Notes: Guaranty Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
73. Korom, Joseph J. (2008). The American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height. Branden Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8283-2188-4. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
74. Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (1982). H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works. MIT Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780262650151. OCLC 8389021.
75. Buckley, Eileen (June 5, 2018). "Recalling treatment at Buffalo's former mental institution". WBFO. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
76. Miller, Melinda (November 17, 2013). "Preparing for 38 floors of emptiness at One Seneca Tower". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
77. "Darwin Martin House State Historic Site". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. State of New York. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
78. "Douglas Jemal moves 'full speed ahead' on bevy of Buffalo projects". October 25, 2021.
79. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983). "The Changing Structure of the City: Neighborhoods and the Rise of Downtown". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 176–195. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
80. Dewey, Caitlin (March 17, 2019). "Fruit Belt fights for its name over fears big tech is erasing it". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021. and Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency. "Neighborhood Profile". Open Data Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
81. Herko, Carl (March 14, 1993). "One street, different worlds all along Main, a barrier between the haves and the have-nots". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
82. Lewyn, Michael (2000). "The City of Buffalo And Its Neighborhoods". Car-free in Buffalo: a guide to Buffalo's neighborhoods, suburbs and public transportation. San Jose: Writers Club Press. pp. 35–64. ISBN 0595127053.
83. ^ Sommer, Mark (April 10, 2018). "Elmwood grapples with growth, but there's harmony on Hertel". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
84. Caya, Chris (March 24, 2014). "Brewery's choice typifies growth of Larkinville". WBFO. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021. and Schneider, Keith (July 31, 2013). "Once Just a Punch Line, Buffalo Fights Back". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
85. "Downtown Buffalo: Looking Ahead With A Clearer View" (PDF). Buffalo Niagara Partnership. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
86. Epstein, Jonathan D. (January 28, 2021). "After years of inaction, downtown development is a bustling scene". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
87. News Editorial Board (November 1, 2019). "Editorial: U-turn on Chandler Street". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
88. Teaman, Rachel (July 9, 2019). "Buffalo Green Code, with a national award, builds on 20 years of planning for place-based urban regeneration". University at Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
89. Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
90. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Buffalo Climate Narrative". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
91. Paul, Don (May 10, 2021). "Don Paul: Weather's 'new normals' are really new averages". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
92. Niziol, Thomas A.; Snyder, Warren R.; Waldstreicher, Jeff S. (March 1, 1995). "Winter Weather Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States. Part IV: Lake Effect Snow". Weather and Forecasting. 10 (1): 63–66. Bibcode:1995WtFor..10...61N. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1995)010<0061:WWFTTE>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
93. Blechmen, Jerome B. (1996). "A comparison between mean monthly temperature and mean monthly snowfall in New York State". National Weather Digest. 20 (4): 42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.664.7098.
94. Kirst, Sean (December 15, 2016). "Golden Snowball is symbol of upstate winters. So where is it?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
95. Dewey, Kenneth F. (December 1977). "Lake-effect Snowstorms and the Record Breaking 1976–77 Snowfall to the Lee of Lakes Erie and Ontario". Weatherwise. 30 (6): 230–231. Bibcode:1977Weawi..30f.228D. doi:10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836. ISSN 0043-1672. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
96. ^ Freedman, Andrew (January 2007). "Anatomy of a Forecast: 'Arborgeddon' Takes Buffalo by Surprise". Weatherwise. 60 (4): 16–21. Bibcode:2007Weawi..60d..16F. doi:10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21. ISSN 0043-1672. S2CID 191572229. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
97. Vermette, Stephen (July 4, 2015). "Enough Already! Buffalo's Snowvember". Weatherwise. 68 (4): 34–39. Bibcode:2015Weawi..68d..34V. doi:10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369. ISSN 0043-1672. S2CID 191715976. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
98. ^ "Buffalo Daily Records". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
99. Fortner, Rosanne W; Mayer, Victor J (1987). "The Effect of Lake Erie on Climate". The Great Lake Erie: a reference text for educators and communicators (PDF). Ohio State University Research Foundation. pp. 41, 48. OCLC 22509849. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
100. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
101. "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
102. "WMO Climate Normals for Buffalo/Greater Buffalo, NY 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
103. "Buffalo, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
104. "Buffalo (city), New York". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014.
105. ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
106. US Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
107. ^ Hauptman, Laurence M. (1999). "Chapter 7: The Lake Effect". Conspiracy of interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 107, 111–113. ISBN 978-0-8156-0547-8. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
108. Tulke, Julia (2020). "Of Silo Dreams and Deviant Houses: Uneven Geographies of Abandonment in Buffalo, New York". Buffalo at the crossroads: the past, present, and future of American urbanism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9781501749797. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
109. ^ Blatto, Anna (April 2018). "A City Divided: A Brief History of Segregation in Buffalo" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. pp. 3, 4, 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
110. ^ Goldman, Mark (1983). "Praying for a Miracle". High hopes: the rise and decline of Buffalo, New York. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 267–291. ISBN 9780873957342. OCLC 09110713.
111. Yin, Li (December 2009). "The Dynamics of Residential Segregation in Buffalo: An Agent-based Simulation". Urban Studies. 46 (13): 2753. Bibcode:2009UrbSt..46.2749Y. doi:10.1177/0042098009346326. S2CID 154853805. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
112. Kraus, Neil (2000). Race, neighborhoods, and community power: Buffalo politics, 1934–1997. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0791447437. OCLC 43296770. Buffalo, one of the most segregated cities in the United States.
113. Partnership for the Public Good (June 22, 2015). "From Puerto Rico to Buffalo" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
114. Ellis, David Maldwyn (1979). "The Peoples of New York". New York: State and City. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780801411809. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
115. ^ Partnership for the Public Good (February 28, 2018). "Immigrants, Refugees, and Languages Spoken in Buffalo" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
116. Raja, Samina; Yadav, Pavan (June 2008). "Beyond Food Deserts: Measuring and Mapping Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments". Journal of Planning Education and Research. 27 (4): 469. doi:10.1177/0739456X08317461. S2CID 40262352. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
117. Scanlon, Scott (March 27, 2020). "Covid-19 or not, Western New York has serious health issues". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
118. Partnership for the Public Good. "Public Education In Buffalo And The Region" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
119. Nicholas, Mark A. (2006). "Practicing Local Faith & Local Politics: Senecas, Presbyterianism, and A "New Indian Mission History"". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 73 (1): 69–72. doi:10.2307/pennhistory.73.1.0069. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27778719. S2CID 157731538. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
120. Herbeck, Dan (May 23, 2020). "Facing huge debts, Buffalo Diocese studies possible mergers of churches, schools". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
121. 2010 U.S. religion census: religious congregations & membership study: an enumeration by nation, state, and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups. Kansas City, Mo.: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. 2012. p. 397. ISBN 978-0615623443.
122. Kotzin, Chana Revell (2013). Jewish community of Greater Buffalo. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-1-4671-2006-7.
123. Watson, Stephen T. (March 27, 2020). "Synagogues in Buffalo, Ontario plan online Shabbat service". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
124. Reinl, James (February 2, 2016). "Muslim refugees in Buffalo defy stereotypes". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
125. Krishna, Ashima (August 30, 2019). "A new solution for America's empty churches: A change of faith". The Conversation. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
126. Neville, Anne (September 8, 2019). "Hindu festival honoring Lord Ganesha is new beginning of welcoming community". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
127. Keenan, John (December 7, 2016). "Where is the world's most 'godless' city?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
128. "Major Employers" (PDF). Invest Buffalo Niagara. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
129. ^ "Buffalo Metro Economic Indicators". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 2020. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
130. ^ University at Buffalo Regional Institute (2017). "Buffalo Niagara Labor Market Assessment 2017" (PDF). University at Buffalo Regional Institute. Invest Buffalo Niagara. pp. 6–11, 22–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
131. "GDP by County, Metro, and Other Areas". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
132. Ksiazek, Kristin; Weaver, Rusty; Magavern, Sam (September 19, 2019). "Distinguishing The Social Sector: A Buffalo-Niagara Labor Market Study" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
133. Lane, Paul (January 25, 2020). "Government dominates largest Buffalo employers list". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
134. Glynn, Matt (June 9, 2021). "M&T Bank drops six spots to No. 444 on Fortune 500". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
135. Goldman, Mark (2007). City on the edge: Buffalo, New York. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. chpt. 14. ISBN 9781591024576. OCLC 74648927.
136. Abel, Jaison R. (September 26, 2019). "The Buffalo Economy Since the Great Recession". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. p. 13. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
137. McKinley, Jesse (July 2, 2018). "Cuomo's 'Buffalo Billion': Is New York Getting Its Money's Worth?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
138. Robinson, David (January 26, 2021). "Buffalo Niagara jobless rate rises to 7.5% as orange zone limits take a toll". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
139. "Bureau of Labor Statistics Data: Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
140. Edwards, Roxanna; Smith, Sean M. (April 28, 2020). "Job market remains tight in 2019, as the unemployment rate falls to its lowest level since 1969". Monthly Labor Review. doi:10.21916/mlr.2020.8. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
141. Healy, Ed. "Buffalo, NY Theatres". Visit Buffalo Niagara. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
142. Healy, Patrick (December 23, 2011). "Shea's Performing Arts Center in Buffalo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
143. Bond, Francesca (July 9, 2019). "Going backstage - and on stage - at Shakespeare in Delaware Park". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021. and "History – Shakespeare in Delaware Park". Shakespeare in Delaware Park. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
144. Sabrina Kahwaty (December 29, 2023). "Former NCO Conductor Shines On". digital.buffalospree.com. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
145. Volker Blech (August 3, 2021). "Matthias Manasi: "Will mich wieder auf Europa konzentrieren"". morgenpost.de. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
146. The Am-Pol Eagle (June 18, 2021). "Manasi to leave the NCO". ampoleagle.com. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
147. Bracely Dawn (February 16, 2016). "Classical: Continued success for BPO, Nickel City Opera". buffalonews.com. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
148. Jeff Schober (March 16, 2021). "The majesty of Shea's Performing Arts Center: what you've never known before". buffalotales.net. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
149. Chuck LaChiusa (August 2, 2014). "2014 Restored Auditorium Shea's Buffalo Theatre / Shea's Performing Arts Center". buffaloah.com. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
150. Jana Eisenberg (April 4, 2018). "Buffalo Architectural Spotlight: Shea's Performing Arts Center". visitbufalloniagara.com. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
151. OrangeSmile (January 2, 2024). "Shea's Buffalo Theatre, United States". orangesmile.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
152. Rothstein, Edward (May 22, 2004). "If Music Is the Architect ..." The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
153. Woolfe, Zachary (October 25, 2016). "Buffalo Philharmonic, Once Languishing, Has Come a Long Way". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
154. Ruberto, Toni (November 25, 2020). "Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra earns three Grammy nominations". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
155. Preval, Jeff (May 18, 2021). "Outer Harbor amphitheater would replace concert venue at Canalside". WGRZ. Tegna Inc. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
156. ^ Smyczynski, Christine A. (2018). "City of Buffalo". Explorer's guide Buffalo & Niagara Falls. New York, NY: The Countryman Press. pp. 31–84. ISBN 9781581574463. OCLC 1033675525.
157. Mason, Pete (February 18, 2021). "Buffalo's Colored Musicians Club: the Last Venue of its Kind - NYS Music". NYSMusic.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
158. Continelli, Louise (September 15, 1996). "Rick James adored by the famous and obscure, Buffalo's celebrated son mirrors the America cracked tragedy". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
159. Miers, Jeff (August 13, 2014). "Considering the musical legacy of Rick James in Buffalo". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
160. Bialczak, Mark (June 21, 2009). "Spyro Gyra remembers the days when Syracuse was Buffalo-extended for them (song)". syracuse.com. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
161. Lippa, Nick (October 13, 2020). "Grover Washington Jr. mural brings a little Mister Magic to Buffalo's East Side". WBFO. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
162. Glor, Jeff (February 20, 2021). "Ani DiFranco on new album "Revolutionary Love," career and marriage". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
163. Kelley, Frannie (December 19, 2019). "Griselda Set Out To Be Your Favorite Rapper's Favorite Rappers. It's Paying Off". NPR. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
164. "The World's Top Ten Food Cities". National Geographic. February 2015. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
165. Trillin, Calvin (August 25, 1980). "An attempt to compile the short history of the Buffalo chicken wing". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2021. and Galarneau, Andrew Z. (May 2, 2014). "At 50, the Buffalo-style chicken wing has conquered the world". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
166. Delany, Alex (July 30, 2018). "Who Serves the Best Wings in Buffalo? I Ate at 12 Spots to Find Out". Bon Appétit. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
167. ^ Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo Wings in Buffalo: A World of Difference in Wings". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". The Countryman Press. pp. 19–108. ISBN 978-1-68268-123-7. For the record, Duff's beat Anchor on Travel Channel's Food Wars in 2010, and when President Obama visited the city, he visited Duff's .
168. Swanson, Stevenson (May 14, 2003). "Star grazing". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
169. Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo: America's Most Underrated Pizza City?". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". The Countryman Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-1-68268-123-7.
170. Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Boozing Up Buffalo: Last Call, 4 AM". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". The Countryman Press. pp. 303–330. ISBN 978-1-68268-123-7.
171. Tucker, Elizabeth; McHale, Ellen (2013). "Foodways". New York State Folklife Reader: Diverse Voices. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 235–237. ISBN 978-1-62103-967-9. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
172. Fink, James (September 27, 2019). "Sweet deal: How Ted Marks grew Fowler's Chocolates". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021. and Carey, Elizabeth (February 22, 2011). "Buffalo sponge candy makes national TV". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
173. Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Buffalo is Just One Big Fish Fry". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". The Countryman Press. pp. 197–202. ISBN 978-1-68268-123-7.
174. Tsujimoto, Ben (October 10, 2019). "Buffalo ethnic food incubator West Side Bazaar picks new location". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
175. ^ Bovino, Arthur (2018). "Eating Out in Buffalo: Beyond Wings, Weck, and Pizza". Buffalo Everything: A Guide to Eating in "The Nickel City". The Countryman Press. pp. 273–302. ISBN 978-1-68268-123-7.
176. Tsujimoto, Ben (May 9, 2019). "In the Buffalo area's crowded food truck landscape, why do new trucks open?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
177. Bay, Scott (September 18, 2020). "50 Best Places to Travel in 2021 for a Much-needed Vacation". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
178. Sommer, Mark (November 22, 2019). "Albright-Knox expansion kicks off with $10M more from Gundlach". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
179. "AKG Art Museum to open to the public today". WGRZ. May 8, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
180. Kennicott, Philip (January 2, 2020). "Perspective | I grew up in Upstate New York. It took the art of Charles Burchfield to help me rediscover the beauty of its winters". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
181. Quaintance, Hannah (2018). "The Freedom Wall: Public Art and Negotiations of African American Heritage in Buffalo, New York". Future Anterior. 15 (1). Project MUSE: 16–29. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
182. Goldman, Mary Kunz (November 17, 2017). "100-Plus Things: Buffalo History Museum". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
183. "Buffalo Museum of Science: Hours, admission and more info". NYUp.com. Advance Publications. January 20, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
184. Dewey, Caitlin (July 4, 2019). "How Canalside, once a wasteland, became Buffalo's pride". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
185. WGRZ Staff (August 5, 2020). "Canalside carousel marks important milestone". WGRZ. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
186. Licata, Elizabeth (April 30, 2021). "A sense of place". Buffalo Spree. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
187. Staff (August 17, 2015). "Chicken wing contest pits men, women champions at same table". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
188. Drury, Tracey (March 17, 2021). "National Buffalo Wing Festival considers return for 2021 event". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
189. "About Us - The Taste of Buffalo". Taste of Buffalo Festival. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
190. Heyen, Billy (January 24, 2021). "When is the last time Bills went to a Super Bowl? History of Buffalo's big game appearances". Sporting News. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
191. Baumbach, Jim (May 7, 2016). "This John Tavares is a lacrosse legend". Newsday. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
192. "Sports". University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
193. "Canisius College Athletics - Official Athletics Website". Canisius College Athletics. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
194. ^ Schuyler, David (November 3, 2015). "Parks in Urban America". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History: 1, 7. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.58. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
195. ^ Kowsky, Francis R. (March 1, 1987). "Municipal Parks and City Planning: Frederick Law Olmsted's Buffalo Park and Parkway System". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 46 (1): 49–64. doi:10.2307/990145. JSTOR 990145.
196. "About the Conservancy | Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy - His Legacy. Our Inheritance". Buffalo Olmsted Parks. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
197. "Division of Parks & Recreation | Buffalo, NY". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021. and "Public Pool & Ice Skating Rink Information | Buffalo, NY". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
198. "Buffalo Olmsted Park System, Map & Guide" (PDF). Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
199. "About Us - Tifft Nature Preserve - Nature Next Door". Tifft Nature Preserve. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021. and "Tifft Nature Preserve - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
200. "History". Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
201. "ParkScore for Buffalo, New York". Trust for Public Land. 2022. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
202. ^ Lubin, Lisa (November 24, 2016). "Buffalo's reborn Canalside pulses with energy year-round". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2021. In 2016, Lisa Lubin of the Chicago Tribune wrote, 'The famous Niagara Falls are just down river from . But now  you can take a day trip instead of the other way around.'
203. Zhao, Michelle. "Taking the High Road to Canalside: How Community Activism Has Shaped Buffalo's Waterfront" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
204. Harkness, Alaina J. (March 16, 2017). "Mayors can lead the way on waterfront revitalization". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
205. Magavern, Sam (August 2019). "Buffalo's Outer Harbor: The Right Place for a World-Class Park" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. pp. 5, 19–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
206. Sommer, Mark (March 2, 2016). "State rules out swimming at Gallagher Beach". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
207. Farrell, Michael (September 5, 2019). "Stashing your bike after summer? Not so fast - here are 9 great fall rides". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
208. Popiolkowski, Joseph (August 11, 2016). "10 interesting things to know about the new Tonawanda Rails to Trails". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
209. "Article 4, Duties and Powers". City of Buffalo Charter. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
210. Schroeder, Mark J. F. (June 30, 2016). "City of Buffalo Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". City of Buffalo. pp. 35–37. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
211. Duke, Adam (October 15, 2024). "Chris Scanlon assumes role as acting mayor of Buffalo: "An incredible responsibility"". News 4 Buffalo. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
212. McCarthy, Bob (April 2, 2006). "Local GOP can't go it alone". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021. Who was the last Republican elected mayor? The answer, for those needing help on the cocktail party circuit, is Chester Kowal, in 1961. Since then the Republican Party in Buffalo has largely proven irrelevant.
213. Dye, Alana Barrington; Norton, Schyler; Hawthorne, Edward (February 2019). "Buffalo Common Council Fact Sheet" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
214. Morello, Dillon (October 2, 2024). "Councilman Bryan Bollman 'ready' to become Buffalo Common Council president". News 4 Buffalo. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
215. Erie County Board of Elections (February 2017). "Erie County Legislative Districts" (PDF). Erie County Board of Elections. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021. and Erie County Board of Elections (February 2017). "City of Buffalo Legislative Districts" (PDF). Erie County Board of Elections. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
216. "Court Structure - NYCOURTS.GOV". NYCOURTS.gov. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021. and "Buffalo City Court - NYCOURTS.GOV". NYCOURTS.gov. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
217. "FBI Buffalo Division". FBI Buffalo Field Office. March 29, 2011. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011.
218. "2020-21 Adopted Budget | Buffalo, NY". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
219. Heaney, Jim (October 15, 2024). "Buffalo Mayor Byron Brown's legacy of failure". Investigative Post. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
220. "Crime, Arrest and Firearm Activity Report: Buffalo Index Crimes" (PDF). New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
221. Mayor's Office (January 17, 2018). "Mayor Brown Announces Appointment of Byron Lockwood as Interim Police Commissioner". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
222. ^ Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2013). "Buffalo, New York". Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America. SAGE Publications. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-1-4522-7445-4.
223. New York State Attorney General (November 1, 2019). "Attorney General James Provides Funds For Police Body-Worn Cameras To The Buffalo, Niagara Falls, And Amherst Police Departments | New York State Attorney General". Attorney General of New York. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
224. ^ Kristich, Colleen (May 6, 2021). "Building A Safer Buffalo: Invest In Communities, Divest From Police". Partership for the Public Good. pp. 4–6, 12–13. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
225. Knowles, Hannah (April 14, 2021). "Judge rules in favor of ex-Buffalo officer who said she was fired for stopping a colleague's chokehold". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
226. Hartfield, Elizabeth; Croft, Jay (June 6, 2020). "Buffalo officers quit special team after 2 officers are suspended for shoving a 75-year-old protester". CNN. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
227. Drury, Tracey. "AMR's Tim Frost is connecting emergency services from Buffalo to the Southern Tier". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
228. Christmann, Samantha (June 22, 2019). "28 new firefighters bring Buffalo Fire Department to full staff". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
229. "Article 14: Department of Fire". City of Buffalo Charter. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
230. Mroziak, Michael (August 18, 2017). "All aboard the Cotter for a special family reunion". WBFO. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
231. Belson, Ken (September 13, 2007). "Vacant Houses, Scourge of a Beaten-Down Buffalo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
232. Lyons, Sarah (2009). "Buffalo's Demolition Strategy" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. University at Buffalo Law School Housing Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
233. "The youngest of the 10 people killed in the Buffalo shooting was laid to rest". NPR. May 21, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2023 – via Associated Press.
234. Michel, Lou; Tsujimoto, Ben; Becker, Maki (May 14, 2022). "Ten killed in mass shooting at Jefferson Avenue supermarket; shooter in custody". Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
235. Heaney, Jim (April 4, 2020). "Buffalo's only daily faces an uphill battle". Buffalo Spree. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
236. Petro, Mike (February 20, 2023). "Buffalo News plans to close downtown production facility, move printing to Cleveland". Buffalo News. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
237. Petro, Michael (February 22, 2023). "Buffalo News plans to close downtown production facility, move printing to Cleveland". Editor and Publisher. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
238. "About". The Record. Buffalo State College. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
239. "About". The Spectrum. University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
240. Kicey, Michael. "Research Guides: Newspaper Research: Western New York News". University at Buffalo Research Library (Lockwood). Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
241. "Radio stations in Buffalo, New York - Radio Lineup". www.radiolineup.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
242. "Radio Stations in Buffalo, New York". radio-locator.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2021. There are 92 radio stations that may be within distant listening range of Buffalo, New York.
243. "Buffalo Toronto Public Media's Commitment to Canada". WNED-TV. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2021. More than half of Buffalo Toronto Public Media's membership is Canadian.
244. The Nielsen Company (September 28, 2019). "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). Nielsen. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
245. ^ Simon, Jeff (April 17, 2011). "Buffalo's star turn". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
246. ^ Staff (May 23, 2016). ""Marshall" isn't the first movie to be filmed in Buffalo". WKBW-TV. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
247. Belcher, Mark (April 15, 2016). "Buffalo to be taken over by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for two weeks". WIVB-TV. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
248. Buckley, Eileen. "Locally-shot 'The American Side' to premiere in Buffalo". WBFO. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
249. Herbert, Geoff (January 30, 2018). "'The First Purge': New 'The Purge' movie filmed in WNY targets Trump with poster". NYup.com. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
250. Ruberto, Toni (November 12, 2020). "Buffalo is magical in 'True Adventures of Wolfboy'". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
251. Ruberto, Toni (August 22, 2019). "Could 'A Quiet Place 2' surpass 'The Natural' in Buffalo film history?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
252. Pignataro, T. J. (January 12, 2013). "Hopes for 'Draft Day' film may rest on financing". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
253. Hernandez, Sunny (February 9, 2021). "Hollywood in Western NY: Buffalo to get two new major motion picture film studios". NYup.com. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
254. Fink, James (June 18, 2021). "Buffalo Studios project delayed by Covid challenges". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
255. "About Us". Buffalo Public Schools. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
256. BPS Student Membership (January 26, 2017). Statistical Highlights 2016-17 (PDF) (Report). pp. 4, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
257. "New York State Education Law, Article 52, City School Districts of Cities With One Hundred Twenty-five Thousand Inhabitants or More". New York State Senate. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
258. Buffalo City School District. "Section 1000 - Bylaws" (PDF). Buffalo City School District. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
259. "Buffalo City School District - Graduation Rate Data". New York State Education Department Data Site. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
260. "City Honors School at Fosdick Masten Park". U.S. News & World Report, 2021 Best U.S. High Schools. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
261. "Charter Schools". Buffalo Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
262. Thomas, G. Scott (September 15, 2016). "Here is the 2016-2017 Private Schools Directory". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
263. "Carnegie Classifications | Standard Listings". Carnegie Classifications. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
264. "Academics". University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
265. "UB at a Glance". University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
266. "Our Campuses". University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
267. "University at Buffalo--SUNY". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
268. Lee, Richard J. (January 1, 2014). "The Campus School at SUNY Buffalo State, 1871-1991". A Selection of Works on the History of Buffalo State College. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
269. Epstein, Jonathan D. (November 4, 2020). "Bryant & Stratton relocates downtown campus". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
270. "Central Library (downtown Buffalo)". Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
271. "Special Collections". Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
272. Dewey, Caitlin (August 3, 2020). "Central Library's Reading Park creates community space for downtown". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
273. "Library Cards". Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
274. "Buffalo Psychiatric Center Inpatient Services Handbook" (PDF). New York State Office of Mental Health - Buffalo Psychiatric Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
275. "Explore". Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
276. "Gates Vascular Institute". University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Department of Neurology. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
277. "Cancer Scorecard". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
278. Chazanof, William (2018). "VI. Problems of an Expanding Population". Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company. Syracuse University Press. p. 100. doi:10.1353/book.61263. ISBN 9781684450022. JSTOR j.ctv64h6xr. Retrieved May 20, 2021 – via Project MUSE.
279. Goldman, Mark (October 29, 2010). City on the Lake: The Challenge of Change in Buffalo, New York. Prometheus Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-61592-392-2.
280. "Interstate 190 in Buffalo to Queen Elizabeth Way in Fort Erie" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
281. NYSDOT. "2019 Traffic Volume Report - Routes" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. pp. 8, 227, 125. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
282. "NY 5 in Buffalo from Niagara Square" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021. and "NY 33 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
283. "NY 33 to NY 198 to I-190 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
284. Kirst, Sean (May 16, 2021). "Should the Skyway stay or go? In Buffalo, a community responds". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
285. "US 62 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
286. "NY 130 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021. and "NY 354 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
287. "NY 266 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021., "NY 265 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 26, 2021. and "NY 384 in Buffalo" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
288. Maciag, Mike (December 9, 2014). "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
289. "2018 - 2019 Annual Performance Report" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. March 31, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
290. "NFTA-Metro Downtown System Map" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
291. Hughes-Cromwick, MacPherson. "2018 Public Transportation Factbook" (PDF). American Public Transport Association. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
292. Watson, Stephen T. (April 24, 2017). "Will Amherst embrace Metro rail extension this time?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
293. "Airport History". Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
294. The Port Authority of NY & NJ. "2019 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of NY & NJ. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
295. McCarthy, Robert J. (November 28, 2018). "Buffalo airport celebrates top customer service ranking". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
296. Minkewicz, Sarah (June 18, 2021). "NFTA unveils new meet and greet area at Buffalo Niagara Airport". WIVB. Nexstar Media Group. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
297. Liberty, Michelle (May 3, 2009). "Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) Fact Sheet" (PDF). Partnership for the Public Good. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
298. Sommer, Mark (November 28, 2020). "Buffalo's new downtown train station draws rave reviews: 'It's gorgeous'". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
299. Drury, George H. (1994). The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 91, 229–231. ISBN 978-0-89024-072-4.
300. McCarthy, Robert J. (April 9, 2017). "NFTA says moving bus terminal to train station would come with high cost". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
301. University at Buffalo (December 2016). "Measuring the Impact of Complete Streets Projects: Preliminary Field Testing, Final Report" (PDF). The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
302. Nussbaumer, Newell (July 3, 2020). "Niagara Street Now... Other Streets Next?". Buffalo Rising. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
303. Scanlon, Scott (August 11, 2017). "Can Buffalo Niagara boost its walkability?". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
304. "Annual Drinking Water Quality Report For Calendar Year 2019" (PDF). Buffalo Water, managed by Veolia. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
305. Fink, James (February 14, 2020). "Inside the Col. Francis G. Ward Pump Station". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
306. "Buffalo Sewer Authority; Biosolids Facility Report | ECHO | US EPA". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021. and "About". Buffalo Sewer Authority. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
307. ^ "Chapter 14: Cooperation with Other Agencies; Public Utilities". Buffalo Police Department Manual of Procedures. City of Buffalo. 11.0. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
308. Dewey, Caitlin (February 15, 2019). "As Buffalo's internet speeds rank among slowest in U.S., consumers can't do much". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
309. "Streets / Sanitation". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
310. ^ Department of Public Works, Parks and Streets. "2016-2017 Snow Removal Standard Operating Procedures". City of Buffalo. pp. 5–10. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
311. Mroziak, Michael; Buckley, Eileen; Debo, Dave; Fetouh, Omar; Caya, Chris (January 30, 2019). "Blizzard warning, driving ban, state of emergency in Buffalo". WBFO. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
312. WGRZ Staff (December 26, 2020). "City of Buffalo reinstates alternate parking rules following holiday snow storm". WGRZ-TV. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
313. "Chapter 7: Traffic; Closing the Skyway Complex". Manual of Procedures. City of Buffalo Police Department. 3.0. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
314. "Lake Erie - Niagara River Ice Boom Installation 2020". International Joint Commission. December 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
315. "Section 6: Lake Erie - Niagara River Ice Boom". International Joint Commission. August 23, 2018. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
316. "Lake Erie-Niagara River ICE BOOM" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
317. Liddiard, R.; Comfort, G.; Abdelnour, R. (September 15, 2005). Performance of the Lake Erie Ice Boom, Eight Years After Major Design Modifications in 1997. CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment: 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers. Hanover, New Hampshire. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.498.4173.
318. "Buffalo Sister Cities". City of Buffalo. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2022.

Further reading

• Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
• Kowsky, Francis R. (1985). Buffalo Architecture: a guide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262520638. OCLC 637993088.
• Bohen, Timothy (2012). Against the Grain: The History of Buffalo's First Ward. Buffalo, N.Y.: Petit Printing. ISBN 9780615620527. OCLC 815395883.
• Williams, Lillian Serence (1999). Strangers in the land of paradise: the creation of an African American community, Buffalo, New York, 1900–1940. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253335524.
• Leary, Thomas E; Sholes, Elizabeth C. (1997). Buffalo's waterfront. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0752408293. OCLC 38087547.
• Myers, Stephen G (2012). Buffalo. Arcadia. ISBN 9780738591650. OCLC 835592368.
• Severance, Frank H. (1879). "Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo". Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Harold B. Lee Library. Buffalo: Bigelow Bros.
• Builders' Association Exchange of Buffalo; National Association of Builders (1896). Queen of the lakes, Buffalo, the electric city of the future. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Co. Printers. OCLC 17204632.
• Gerber, David A. (1989). The making of an American pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825–60. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252015953.

External links

• Official website
• NYPL Digital Gallery, Media related to Buffalo
• Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division: Historical images related to Buffalo
• WNED Documentaries and Specials: Historical and cultural programming related to Buffalo from Buffalo–Toronto Public Media
• Geographic data related to Buffalo, New York at OpenStreetMap

Articles relating to Buffalo, New York

v t e Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area Principal city Buffalo Other major cities Niagara Falls North Tonawanda Lockport Lackawanna Tonawanda Olean Counties Erie Niagara Cattaraugus v t e City of Buffalo, New York Metro area Western New York Government and services City Hall Common Council Fire Library Mayors Parks Police Transportation Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Metro Rail Bus transit center Buffalo airport Niagara Falls airport Amtrak Depew station Exchange Street station Erie Canal Research and education University at Buffalo Buffalo Public Schools Buffalo State University Bryant & Stratton College Canisius University D'Youville University Erie Community College Trocaire College Medicine and healthcare Erie County Medical Center Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Kaleida Health (Buffalo General Medical Center) John R. Oishei Children's Hospital University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Gates Vascular Institute Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute Catholic Health Sisters of Charity Hospital Mount St. Mary's Hospital & Health Center Other topics Architecture tallest buildings Culture festivals Economy Flag History timeline Media Neighborhoods Notable Buffalonians Seal Parks and recreation Sports Category v t e Municipalities and communities of Erie County, New York, United States County seat: Buffalo Cities Buffalo Lackawanna Tonawanda Towns Alden Amherst Aurora Boston Brant Cheektowaga Clarence Colden Collins Concord Eden Elma Evans Grand Island Hamburg Holland Lancaster Marilla Newstead North Collins Orchard Park Sardinia Tonawanda Wales West Seneca Villages Akron Alden Angola Blasdell Depew East Aurora Farnham Gowanda‡ Hamburg Kenmore Lancaster North Collins Orchard Park Sloan Springville Williamsville CDPs Angola on the Lake Billington Heights Cheektowaga Clarence Clarence Center Eden Eggertsville Elma Center Grandyle Village Harris Hill Highland-on-the-Lake Holland Lake Erie Beach North Boston Tonawanda Town Line University at Buffalo Wanakah West Seneca Other hamlets Akron Junction Alden Center Armor Athol Springs Bagdad Bellevue Big Tree Blakeley Blossom Boston Bowmansville Brant Brighton Carnegie Chaffee Clarksburg Cleveland Hill Clifton Heights Collins Center Concord Creekside Crittenden Dellwood Derby Doyle Duells Corner Dutchtown East Amherst East Concord East Eden East Elma East Seneca Ebenezer Eden Valley Ellicott Elma Evans Center Ferry Village Footes Forks Fowlerville Gardenville Getzville Glenwood Green Acres Valley Griffins Mills Holland Hunts Corners Jerusalem Corners Jewettville Kenilworth Lake View Langford Lawtons Locksley Park Looneyville Loveland Marilla Marshfield Millersport Millgrove Morton Corners Mount Vernon Murrays Corner New Ebenezer New Oregon North Bailey North Evans Oakfield Patchin Peters Corners Pine Hill Pinehurst Pontiac Porterville Protection Sand Hill Sandy Beach Scranton Sheenwater Shirley Snyder South Cheektowaga South Newstead South Wales Spring Brook Swifts Mills Taylor Hollow Town Line Station Swormville Walden Cliffs Wales Center Wales Hollow Water Valley Webster Corners Wende West Alden West Falls Weyer Williston Windom Wolcottsburg Woodlawn Woodside Wyandale Zoar Indian reservations Cattaraugus Reservation Tonawanda Reservation‡ Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal v t e Great Lakes megalopolis as defined by the RPA Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census. Great Lakes region cities Brantford Buffalo–Niagara Falls Buffalo Niagara Falls Chicago city Cleveland city Detroit city Duluth–Superior Duluth Superior Erie city Grand Rapids city Guelph Green Bay city Hamilton Holland Kalamazoo city Kenosha Lansing city London Milwaukee city Muskegon Niagara Region St. Catharines Niagara Falls Welland Niles Oshawa Rochester, New York city South Bend city Thunder Bay Toledo city Toronto city Traverse City city Waterloo Region Kitchener Cambridge Waterloo Windsor Surrounding cities Akron city Altoona Ann Arbor Barrie Bloomington, Indiana city Bloomington–Normal Bloomington, Illinois Normal Canton city Champaign city Cincinnati city Columbus city Dayton city Eau Claire city Elkhart Evansville city Fargo city Flint Fort Wayne city Fox Cities Appleton Oshkosh Indianapolis city Jackson Janesville–Beloit Kankakee city Kingston La Crosse–Onalaska La Crosse Onalaska Lafayette city Madison city Mahoning Valley Youngstown Minneapolis–Saint Paul Minneapolis Saint Paul Greater Montreal Laval Longueuil Montreal National Capital Region Ottawa Gatineau Pittsburgh city Peoria city Peterborough Rockford city Rochester, Minnesota city Saguenay St. Cloud city Saginaw city Sioux Falls city Springfield city Sudbury urban neighbourhoods Syracuse city Terre Haute city Trois-Rivières Utica–Rome Utica Rome Quad Cities Bettendorf Davenport East Moline Moline Rock Island Greater Quebec city Cities of states south of region Elizabethtown city Kansas City city Louisville city St. Louis city Topeka city Wheeling city Other metro-regions Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Golden Horseshoe Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area Detroit–Windsor Greater Pittsburgh Metro East Other megaregions v t e State of New York Albany (capital) Topics Index Airports Bibliography Climate change Crime Demographics Economy Education Geography Gun laws Healthcare History Homelessness LGBT rights Museums Music Nickname Parks People Politics Sports Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Politics Abortion Administrative divisions Congressional districts Constitution Delegations Senators Representatives Elections Government Law Regions Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region Central New York Champlain Valley Tri-State area Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Long Island Mohawk Valley Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley St. Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Tug Hill Upstate Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Jamestown Kingston New York City Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome Watertown Counties Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Tryon Nassau New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saint Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Charlotte Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates Places Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census-designated places History Lenape New Netherland Rensselaerswyck History of slavery in New York Province of New York Stamp Act Congress Invasion of Canada (1775) Saratoga campaign New York and New Jersey campaign State cessions New York in the American Civil War 9/11 attacks New York (state) portal v t e County seats of New York Albany Albion Auburn Ballston Spa Batavia Bath Belmont Binghamton Buffalo Canandaiagua Canton Carmel Catskill Cooperstown Cortland Delhi Elizabethtown Elmira Fonda Fort Edward Geneseo Goshen Herkimer Hudson Ithaca Johnstown Kingston Lake Pleasant Little Valley Lockport Lowville Lyons Malone Mayville Mineola Monticello New City Norwich Oswego Owego Penn Yan Plattsburgh Poughkeepsie Queensbury Riverhead Rochester Schenectady Schoharie Syracuse Troy Utica Wampsville Warsaw Waterloo Watertown Watkins Glen White Plains v t e New York state public-benefit corporations Oversight New York State Authorities Budget Office, New York State Comptroller, New York State Financial Control Board, New York State Public Authorities Control Board Class A Statewide Agriculture & New York State Horse Breeding Development Fund Dormitory Authority of the State of New York Empire State Development Corporation Homeless Housing & Assistance Corporation National Heritage Trust New York Job Development Authority New York Local Government Assistance Corporation New York State Affordable Housing Corporation New York State Archives Partnership Trust New York State Canal Corporation New York State Energy Research & Development Authority New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation New York State Housing Finance Agency New York State Housing Trust Fund Corporation New York State Thoroughbred Breeding and Development Fund Corporation New York State Thruway Authority New York State Urban Development Corporation Power Authority of the State of New York State of New York Mortgage Agency State of New York Municipal Bond Bank Agency State University Construction Fund Tobacco Settlement Financing Corporation Defunct New York State Theatre Institute Corporation Class A Regional Albany Convention Center Authority Albany Port District Commission Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority Capital District Transportation Authority Central New York Regional Transportation Authority Development Authority of the North Country Erie County Fiscal Stability Authority Erie County Medical Center Corporation Hudson River Park Trust Hudson River–Black River Regulating District Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority Long Island Power Authority Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Metropolitan Transportation Authority Municipal Assistance Corporation for the City of NY Municipal Assistance Corporation for the City of Troy Nassau County Interim Finance Authority Nassau Health Care Corporation Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Performing Arts Center Corporation New York Convention Center Operating Corporation New York State Bridge Authority Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority North Country Power Authority Olympic Regional Development Authority Overcoat Development Corporation Port of Oswego Authority Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation United Nations Development Corporation Utility Debt Securitization Authority Westchester County Health Care Corporation Defunct Industrial Exhibit Authority Class B Adirondack Park Agency New York Racing Association Class C* Green Island Power Authority New York City School Construction Authority Class D# Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority Niagara Falls Bridge Commission Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey * (local jurisdiction: towns, villages, and small cities) # (interstate and international) v t e Northeastern United States Topics Culture Geography Government History States Connecticut Delaware Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Maine Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Federal districts District of Columbia Major cities Allentown Alexandria Arlington Baltimore Boston Bridgeport Buffalo Burlington Cambridge Elizabeth Erie Hartford Jersey City Lowell Manchester New Haven New York City Newark Paterson Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Quincy Reading Rochester Scranton Springfield Stamford Syracuse Washington, D.C. Waterbury Wilmington Worcester State capitals Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton See also Northeast megalopolis

• Buffalo, New York
• 1801 establishments in New York (state)
• Cities in Erie County, New York
• Cities in New York (state)
• County seats in New York (state)
• Erie Canal
• Inland port cities and towns of the United States
• New York State Heritage Areas
• Populated places established in 1801
• New York (state) populated places on Lake Erie
• Western New York