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Crocosmia
Crocosmia aurea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Subfamily:	Crocoideae
Tribe:	Freesieae
Genus:	Crocosmia Planch.
Type species
Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.f.) Planch.
Synonyms
Crocanthus Klotzsch ex Klatt name published without description Curtonus N.E.Br.

Crocosmia (/krəˈkɒzmiə, kroʊ-/), also known as montbretia (/mɒnˈbriːʃə/), is a small genus of flowering plants in the iris family, Iridaceae. It is native to the grasslands of southern and eastern Africa, ranging from South Africa to Sudan. One species is endemic to Madagascar.

Description

They can be evergreen or deciduous perennials that grow from basal underground corms. The alternate leaves are cauline (stem-borne) and ensiform (sword-shaped). The blades are parallel-veined. The margin is entire. The corms form in vertical chains, with the youngest at the top, and oldest and largest buried most deeply in the soil. The roots of the lowermost corm in a chain are contractile roots and drag the corm deeper into the ground where conditions allow. The chains of corms are fragile and easily separated, a quality that has enabled some species to become invasive and difficult to control in the garden.

They have colourful inflorescences of 4 to 20 vivid red and orange alternate flowers on a horizontally divaricate (branched) stem. The terminal inflorescence can have the form of a cyme or a raceme. These flower from early summer well into autumn. The flowers are sessile on a flexuose (zigzag) arched spike. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic. All stamens have an equal length. The style branches are apically forked. They are pollinated by insects, birds (sunbirds) or by the wind. The dehiscent capsules are shorter than they are wide.

The genus name is derived from the Greek words krokos, meaning "saffron", and osme, meaning "odour" – from the dried leaves emitting a strong smell like that of saffron (a spice derived from Crocus – another genus belonging to the Iridaceae) when immersed in hot water.

The alternative name montbretia is still widely used, especially for the garden hybrid C. × crocosmiiflora. "Montbretia" is commonly used in the British Isles for orange-flowered C. × crocosmiiflora cultivars that have naturalised, while "crocosmia" is reserved for less aggressive red-flowered cultivars. Montbretia is also a heterotypic synonym of the genus Tritonia, in which some species of Crocosmia were once included. It was named by Alire Raffeneau Delile for Ernest Coquebert de Montbret [fr], a fellow French botanist on Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.

Species

Species accepted by Kew Plants of the World Online:

• Crocosmia ambongensis (H.Perrier) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning – Madagascar
• Crocosmia aurea (Pappe ex Hook.) Planch. (Falling Stars) – eastern + southern Africa from Cape Province to Sudan; naturalised in Azores
• Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E.Br. – South Africa; naturalised in parts of Europe, Rwanda, Zaire, Assam, Norfolk Island in Australia, Fiji, the Caribbean, Argentina, Tristan da Cunha (C. aurea × C. pottsii)
• Crocosmia fucata (Lindl.) M.P.de Vos – Kamiesberg Mountains in Cape Province of South Africa
• Crocosmia masoniorum (L.Bolus) N.E.Br. (Giant montbretia) – Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal
• Crocosmia mathewsiana (L.Bolus) Goldblatt ex M.P.de Vos – Drakensberg Mountains in Mpumalanga
• Crocosmia paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt (Aunt Eliza) – Lesotho, Eswatini, South Africa
• Crocosmia pearsei Oberm. – Lesotho, Free State, Drakensberg Mountains in Mpumalanga
• Crocosmia pottsii (Baker) N.E.Br. (Pott's montbretia) – Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal

Garden hybrids

• Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora

Cultivation

Crocosmias are grown worldwide, and more than 400 cultivars have been produced. Some hybrids have become invasive, especially C. × crocosmiiflora hybrids, which are invasive in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, North Carolina, and the West Coast of the United States.

Crocosmia are winter-hardy in temperate regions. They can be propagated through division, removing offsets from the corm in spring.

24 cultivars possessed the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2023, including:

• Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Carmin Brillant'
• Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Star of the East'
• Crocosmia 'Hellfire'
• Crocosmia 'Lucifer'
• Crocosmia 'Paul's Best Yellow'
• Crocosmia 'Severn Sunrise'

Gallery

• Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora corms in winter
• Close-up of Crocosmia 'Lucifer' in bloom
• Montbretia, south Manchester, England

Notes

1. Also called 'Carmin Brilliant'.
2. Once called Crocosmia × Curtonus by Alan Bloom.

References

1. ^ "Crocosmia Planch." Kew Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
2. "Crocosmia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
3. "Crocosmia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
4. RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. ISBN 978-1405332965.
5. "Montbretia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
6. Goldblatt, Peter; Manning, John C (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 144–147. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.
7. "How to Grow Crocosmias". BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2024. Crocosmias are also known as montbretia, although this tends to refer to the common species Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora.
8. Wells, Diana (1997). 100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names. Algonquin Books. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9781565121386.
9. "Montbretia crocosmia x crocosmiiflora identification guide". Environet Invasive Plant Specialists. 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
10. "Wildly beautiful but caution should be taken with invasive plants". Irish Examiner. 5 August 2017.
11. "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora". Weeds of Australia. Lucidcentral. 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
12. "Common Weeds of New Zealand: Introduced and Invasive Species". Wildflowers-and-Weeds.com. Thomas J. Elpel. 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
13. "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia)". CABI Digital Library. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
14. "Weed Information Sheet: Montbretia". Weedbusters. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
15. "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
16. "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora". invasive.org. University of Georgia. October 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
17. "Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora". CAL-IPC. California Invasive Plant Council. 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
18. "AGM Plants April 2023 © RHS – Ornamental" (PDF). RHS. April 2023. p. 30. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
19. "Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Carmin brillant'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
20. "Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora 'Star of the East'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
21. "Crocosmia 'Hellfire'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
22. "Crocosmia 'Lucifer'". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
23. "Crocosmia 'Lucifer'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
24. "Crocosmia 'Paul's Best Yellow'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
25. "Crocosmia 'Severn Sunrise'". RHS. Retrieved 21 August 2024.

External links

• De Vos, M. P. (1999) "Crocosmia". Flora of Southern Africa 7: 129–138.
• Peter Goldblatt, John Manning, Gary Dunlop, Auriol Batten - Crocosmia and Chasmanthe (Royal Horticultural Society Plant Collector Guide)
• Kostelijk, P.J. (1984) "Crocosmia in gardens". The Plantsman 5: 246–253.

• Garden plants
• Iridaceae
• Iridaceae genera