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Stiff voice

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(Redirected from D̬) Method of pronunciation This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Stiff voice
◌̭

The term stiff voice describes the pronunciation of consonants or vowels with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal folds stiffer, than occurs in modal voice. Although there is no specific IPA diacritic for stiff voice, the voicing diacritic (a subscript wedge) may be used in conjunction with the symbol for a voiced consonant. In Bru, for example, stiff-voiced vowels have tenseness in the glottis and pharynx without going so far as to be creaky voiced, whereas slack-voiced vowels are lax in the glottis without going so far as to be breathy voice.

One language with stiff voice is Thai:

Bilabial Dental
phonation Thai IPA gloss Thai IPA gloss
stiff voice บ้า bâa 'crazy' ด่า dàa 'curse, scold'
tenuis ป้า bpâa 'aunt' ตา dtaa 'eye'
aspirated ผ้า pâa 'cloth' ท่า tâa 'landing place'

Javanese contrasts stiff and slack voiced bilabial, dental, retroflex, and velar stops.

Bilabial Dental Stop Dental Affricate Retroflex Velar
phonation IPA gloss IPA gloss IPA gloss IPA gloss IPA gloss
stiff voice 'nail' 'guest' 'sheet (of paper)' 'little' 'river'
slack voice 'standard' 'blow' (type of women's clothing) 'first' 'dig'

Mpi (Loloish) contrasts modals and stiff voice in its vowels. This is not register: for each of the six Mpi tones, a word may have either a modal or stiff-voiced vowel. For example, low tone contrasts /sì/ 'blood' and /sì̬/ 'seven'.

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  2. Gordon, Matthew; Ladefoged, Peter (2001). "Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview" (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 29 (4): 383–406. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.7720. doi:10.1006/jpho.2001.0147.
Phonation
Glottal states (from open to closed)
BreathBreathySlack voiceModal voiceStiff voiceCreaky voiceGlottalizedBallistic
(full airstream)(murmur,
whispery voice)		(intermediate)(maximum vibration)(intermediate)(restricted airstream)(blocked airstream)(fortis)
Supra-glottal phonation
Non-phonemic phonation


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