| Danish Runic Inscription 66 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Created | c. 1000 |
| Discovered | Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark |
| Rundata ID | DR 66 |
| Runemaster | unknown |
| Text – Native | |
| Old Norse : See article. | |
| Translation | |
| See article. | |
Danish Runic Inscription 66 or DR 66, also known as the Mask stone, is a granite Viking Age memorial runestone that was discovered in Aarhus, Denmark. The inscription features a facial mask and memorializes a man who died in a battle.
Description
The runestone is famous for bearing a depiction of a facial mask and an Old Norse runic inscription mentioning a battle between kings, which also appears on Västergötland Runic Inscription 40. There is insufficient evidence to establish which battle the inscription refers to, but the Battle of Svolder (c.1000) and the Battle of Helgeån (1026) have been proposed as candidates. The mask depicted has been explained by the Moesgård Museum as "probably intended to be protection against evil spirits". Other inscriptions using a facial mask, which was a common motif, include DR 62 in Sjelle, DR 81 in Skern, DR 258 in Bösarp, the now-lost DR 286 in Hunnestad, DR 314 in Lund, DR 335 in Västra Strö, Vg 106 in Lassegården, Sö 86 in Åby ägor, Sö 112 in Kolunda, Sö 167 in Landshammar, Sö 367 in Släbro, Nä 34 in Nasta, U 508 in Gillberga, U 670 in Rölunda, U 678 in Skokloster, U 824 in Holms, U 1034 in Tensta, and U 1150 in Björklinge, and on the Sjellebro Stone.
The stone may have originally been located along the important road into Aarhus from the west, as it was found with most of the other runestones in Aarhus in buildings adjoining this important road. In the Mask Stone's case, it was discovered beneath Aarhus Mill in 1850, where the city park Mølleparken ("The Mill Park") now exists. The stone is currently on exhibition at the Moesgård Museum, the logo of which was inspired by the stone's mask.
The runic text indicates that the stone was raised by four men as a memorial to a man named Fúl. The relationship between the men is described as a félag, which was a joint financial venture between partners during the Viking Age. Other runestones that use a form of the term félag include Sö 292 in Bröta, Vg 112 in Ås, Vg 122 in Abrahamstorp, the now-lost Vg 146 in Slöta, Vg 182 in Skattegården, U 391 in Villa Karlsro, the now-lost U 954 in Söderby, DR 1 in Haddeby, DR 68 in Århus, DR 125 in Dalbyover, DR 127 in Hobro, DR 262 in Fosie, DR 270 in Skivarp, DR 279 in Sjörup, DR 316 in Norra Nöbbelöv, DR 318 in Håstad, DR 321 in Västra Karaby, DR 329 and DR 330 in Gårdstånga, DR 339 in Stora Köpinge, and X UaFv1914;47 in Berezanj, Ukraina.
Inscription
§A⁑
kunulfʀ
Gunnulfr
Gunulfʀ
⁑
auk
ok
ok
⁑
augutr
Eygautr/Auðgautr
Øgotr/Øþgotr
⁑
auk
ok
ok
⁑
aslakʀ
Áslakr
Aslakʀ
⁑
auk
ok
ok
⁑
rulfʀ
Hrólfr
Rolfʀ
⁑
risþu
reistu
resþu
⁑ kunulfʀ ⁑ auk ⁑ augutr ⁑ auk ⁑ aslakʀ ⁑ auk ⁑ rulfʀ ⁑ risþu
{} Gunnulfr {} ok {} Eygautr/Auðgautr {} ok {} Áslakr {} ok {} Hrólfr {} reistu
{} Gunulfʀ {} ok {} Øgotr/Øþgotr {} ok {} Aslakʀ {} ok {} Rolfʀ {} resþu
Gunnulfr and Eygautr/Auðgautr and Áslakr and Hrólfr raised
§B⁑
stin
stein
sten
⁑
þansi
þenna
þænsi
⁑
eftiʀ
eptir
æftiʀ
×
ful
Fúl/Full/Fyl,
Ful/Full/Fyl,
⁑
fela(k)a
félaga
felaga
⁑
sin
sinn,
sin,
⁑ ¶ ⁑
iaʀ
er
æʀ
⁑
uarþ
varð
warþ
(⁑)
…y--
…
…
×
tuþr
dauðr,
døþr,
⁑
⁑ stin ⁑ þansi ⁑ eftiʀ × ful ⁑ fela(k)a ⁑ sin {⁑ ¶ ⁑} iaʀ ⁑ uarþ (⁑) …y-- × tuþr ⁑
{} stein {} þenna {} eptir {} Fúl/Full/Fyl, {} félaga {} sinn, {} er {} varð {} … {} dauðr, {}
{} sten {} þænsi {} æftiʀ {} Ful/Full/Fyl, {} felaga {} sin, {} æʀ {} warþ {} … {} døþr, {}
this stone in memory of Fúll/Fullr/Fylr, their partner, who died
§Cþo
þá
þa
⁑
kunukaʀ
konungar
kunungaʀ
× ¶
barþusk
bǫrðusk.
barþusk.
⁑
þo ⁑ kunukaʀ {× ¶} barþusk ⁑
þá {} konungar {} bǫrðusk. {}
þa {} kunungaʀ {} barþusk. {}
when kings fought.
Notes
- ^ Damm 2005:49.
- Zilmer 2005:191–192.
- Bertelsen 2006:46–47.
- "Århus-sten 3". Danske Runeindskrifter. Danish National Museum and University of Copenhagen. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- Jesch 2001:232–235.
- "Runic inscription DR 66". Scandinavian Runic-text Database (2020 ed.). Uppsala University: Department of Scandinavian Languages. Retrieved Feb 25, 2024.
References
- Annette, Damm (2005). Viking Aros. Denmark: Moesgård Museum. ISBN 87-87334-63-1
- Bertelsen, Lise Gjedssø (2006). "On Öphir's Pictures". In Stoklund, Marie; Nielsen, Michael Lerche; et al. (eds.). Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology, Volume 2000. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 31–64. ISBN 87-635-0428-6.
- Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-826-6.
- Zilmer, Kristel (2005). 'He Drowned in Holmr's Sea – His Cargo-ship Drifted to the Sea-bottom, Only Three Came out Alive': Records and Representations of Baltic Traffic in the Viking Age and the Early Middle Ages in Early Nordic Sources. Tartu University Press.
External links
- Maskesten - Billedsten fra Vikingtiden - Arild Hauge webpage on mask stones