Optimal daylighting of a room using prism lighting. The prism tile canopies mounted outside over the windows send light skimming across the ceiling, so that workers deeper in the room also have natural light coming over their left shoulders. Multiple prescriptions of prism tiles are used, so some light is also sent horizontally and slightly downwards.
The reflection-based daylight redirecting film, stuck to the inside of top part of the windows, is reflecting light sharply up onto the ceiling. This is a suboptimal use of prism lighting. While the ceiling does diffuse the reflected light, it still mostly lights the area nearest the window, where it is superfluous. However, glare is reduced without reducing the amount of daylight in a room.
The same film in a similar room, but at another sun angle. The light is reflected at a shallower angle, lighting the room more evenly.
Daylight redirecting film (DRF) is a thin, flexible plastic film which can be applied to a window to refract or reflect incoming light upwards so that the deeper parts of the room are lit more evenly. It can be used as a substitute for opaque blinds. It is a form of prism lighting.
Function
Uneven light from a window.
The same light, redistributed by prism tiles in the window.
The human eye's response to light is non-linear: halving the light level does not halve the perceived brightness of a space, it makes it look only slightly dimmer. If light is redistributed from the brightest parts of a room to the dimmest, the room therefore appears brighter overall, and more space can be given a useful and comfortable level of illumination (see before and after images from an 1899 article, left). This can reduce the need for artificial lighting.
Refraction and total internal reflection inside optical prisms can bend beams of light. This bending of the light allows it to be redistributed. The prism structure only bends light appropriately at certain angles; if the angle of incoming light changes, a variety of prisms or a movable prism awning may be needed.
While the films do save energy from lighting, the savings vary substantially by climate, aspect, electricity costs, and existing lighting type. At 2014 costs, including labour, payback time may be measured in decades.
Window films are also used for cooling and heating energy saving, and to block UV.
Manufacture
Daylight redirecting film is made of acrylic on a flexible polyester backing, one side coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive (to make it peel-and-stick).
There are two types of film. Some film is moulded with tiny triangular prisms, making a flexible peel-and-stick miniature prismatic panel. The prisms are joined at the edges into a sheet. A prism sheet is somewhat like a linear Fresnel lens, but each ridge may be identical. Unlike a Fresnel lens, the light is not intended to be focused but used for anidolic lighting.
Another film is moulded with thin near-horizontal voids protruding into or through the acrylic; the slits reflect light hitting their top surfaces upwards. Refraction is minimized, to avoid colouring the light.
The slit-based films are more transparent (both are translucent), but when the sun is high, they tend to send the light up at the ceiling, not deeper into the room. Prism-based films are translucent rather than transparent, but offer finer control over the direction of the outgoing light beam; the film can be made in a variety of prism shapes to refract light by a variety of angles. Prism-based films are a lighter modern version of glass prism tiles.
Daylight redirecting window film was initially made of one redirecting film and one glare-reducing diffusing film, often located on different interior surfaces of a double-glazed window, but integrated single films are now available.
See also
References
- Henry Crew, Ph.D.; Olin H. Basquin, A.M., eds. (1898), "Pocket Hand-book of Electro-glazed Luxfer Prisms containing useful information and tables relating to their use For Architects, Engineers and Builders.", Glassian
- ^ Padiyath, Raghunath; 3M company, St Paul, Minnesota (2013), Daylight Redirecting Window Films, U.S.A. Department of Defense ESTCP Project number EW-201014, retrieved 2017-10-09
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - V. B. Bhatia (2001). Astronomy and astrophysics with elements of cosmology. CRC Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8493-1013-3.
- Jianhong (Jackie) Shen; Yoon-Mo Jung (2006). "Weberized Mumford-Shah model with Bose-Einstein photon noise". Appl. Math. Optim. 53 (3): 331–358. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.1834. doi:10.1007/s00245-005-0850-1. S2CID 18794171.
- ^ Daylight Redirecting Window Film Archived 2019-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies. E3tnw.org
- "SerraGlaze : Q&A" (PDF). Sweets.construction.com. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- Object of the Moment: 3M Daylight Redirecting Film by 3M, by Selin Ashaboglu, March 02, 2017