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Degasperis–Procesi equation

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Used in hydrology

In mathematical physics, the Degasperis–Procesi equation

u t − u x x t + 2 κ u x + 4 u u x = 3 u x u x x + u u x x x {\displaystyle \displaystyle u_{t}-u_{xxt}+2\kappa u_{x}+4uu_{x}=3u_{x}u_{xx}+uu_{xxx}}

is one of only two exactly solvable equations in the following family of third-order, non-linear, dispersive PDEs:

u t − u x x t + 2 κ u x + ( b + 1 ) u u x = b u x u x x + u u x x x , {\displaystyle \displaystyle u_{t}-u_{xxt}+2\kappa u_{x}+(b+1)uu_{x}=bu_{x}u_{xx}+uu_{xxx},}

where κ {\displaystyle \kappa } and b are real parameters (b=3 for the Degasperis–Procesi equation). It was discovered by Antonio Degasperis and Michela Procesi in a search for integrable equations similar in form to the Camassa–Holm equation, which is the other integrable equation in this family (corresponding to b=2); that those two equations are the only integrable cases has been verified using a variety of different integrability tests. Although discovered solely because of its mathematical properties, the Degasperis–Procesi equation (with κ > 0 {\displaystyle \kappa >0} ) has later been found to play a similar role in water wave theory as the Camassa–Holm equation.

Soliton solutions

Main article: Peakon

Among the solutions of the Degasperis–Procesi equation (in the special case κ = 0 {\displaystyle \kappa =0} ) are the so-called multipeakon solutions, which are functions of the form

u ( x , t ) = ∑ i = 1 n m i ( t ) e − | x − x i ( t ) | {\displaystyle \displaystyle u(x,t)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}(t)e^{-|x-x_{i}(t)|}}

where the functions m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} and x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} satisfy

x ˙ i = ∑ j = 1 n m j e − | x i − x j | , m ˙ i = 2 m i ∑ j = 1 n m j sgn ⁡ ( x i − x j ) e − | x i − x j | . {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}m_{j}e^{-|x_{i}-x_{j}|},\qquad {\dot {m}}_{i}=2m_{i}\sum _{j=1}^{n}m_{j}\,\operatorname {sgn} {(x_{i}-x_{j})}e^{-|x_{i}-x_{j}|}.}

These ODEs can be solved explicitly in terms of elementary functions, using inverse spectral methods.

When κ > 0 {\displaystyle \kappa >0} the soliton solutions of the Degasperis–Procesi equation are smooth; they converge to peakons in the limit as κ {\displaystyle \kappa } tends to zero.

Discontinuous solutions

The Degasperis–Procesi equation (with κ = 0 {\displaystyle \kappa =0} ) is formally equivalent to the (nonlocal) hyperbolic conservation law

∂ t u + ∂ x [ u 2 2 + G 2 ∗ 3 u 2 2 ] = 0 , {\displaystyle \partial _{t}u+\partial _{x}\left=0,}

where G ( x ) = exp ⁡ ( − | x | ) {\displaystyle G(x)=\exp(-|x|)} , and where the star denotes convolution with respect to x. In this formulation, it admits weak solutions with a very low degree of regularity, even discontinuous ones (shock waves). In contrast, the corresponding formulation of the Camassa–Holm equation contains a convolution involving both u 2 {\displaystyle u^{2}} and u x 2 {\displaystyle u_{x}^{2}} , which only makes sense if u lies in the Sobolev space H 1 = W 1 , 2 {\displaystyle H^{1}=W^{1,2}} with respect to x. By the Sobolev embedding theorem, this means in particular that the weak solutions of the Camassa–Holm equation must be continuous with respect to x.

Notes

  1. Degasperis & Procesi 1999; Degasperis, Holm & Hone 2002; Mikhailov & Novikov 2002; Hone & Wang 2003; Ivanov 2005.
  2. Johnson 2003; Dullin, Gottwald & Holm 2004; Constantin & Lannes 2007; Ivanov 2007.
  3. Degasperis, Holm & Hone 2002.
  4. Lundmark & Szmigielski 2003; Lundmark & Szmigielski 2005.
  5. Matsuno 2005a; Matsuno 2005b.
  6. Coclite & Karlsen 2006; Coclite & Karlsen 2007; Lundmark 2007; Escher, Liu & Yin 2007.

References

Further reading

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