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Dehornoy order

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In the mathematical area of braid theory, the Dehornoy order is a left-invariant total order on the braid group, found by Patrick Dehornoy. Dehornoy's original discovery of the order on the braid group used huge cardinals, but there are now several more elementary constructions of it.

Definition

Suppose that σ 1 , … , σ n − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{n-1}} are the usual generators of the braid group B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} on n {\displaystyle n} strings. Define a σ i {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}} -positive word to be a braid that admits at least one expression in the elements σ 1 , … , σ n − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{n-1}} and their inverses, such that the word contains σ i {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}} , but does not contain σ i − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}^{-1}} nor σ j ± 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{j}^{\pm 1}} for j < i {\displaystyle j<i} .

The set P {\displaystyle P} of positive elements in the Dehornoy order is defined to be the elements that can be written as a σ i {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}} -positive word for some i {\displaystyle i} . We have:

  • P P ⊆ P ; {\displaystyle PP\subseteq P;}
  • P , { 1 } {\displaystyle P,\{1\}} and P − 1 {\displaystyle P^{-1}} are disjoint ("acyclicity property");
  • the braid group is the union of P , { 1 } {\displaystyle P,\{1\}} and P − 1 {\displaystyle P^{-1}} ("comparison property").

These properties imply that if we define a < b {\displaystyle a<b} as a − 1 b ∈ P {\displaystyle a^{-1}b\in P} then we get a left-invariant total order on the braid group. For example, σ 1 < σ 2 σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}<\sigma _{2}\sigma _{1}} because the braid word σ 1 − 1 σ 2 σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}^{-1}\sigma _{2}\sigma _{1}} is not σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}} -positive, but, by the braid relations, it is equivalent to the σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}} -positive word σ 2 σ 1 σ 2 − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{2}\sigma _{1}\sigma _{2}^{-1}} , which lies in P {\displaystyle P} .

History

Set theory introduces the hypothetical existence of various "hyper-infinity" notions such as large cardinals. In 1989, it was proved that one such notion, axiom I 3 {\displaystyle I_{3}} , implies the existence of an algebraic structure called an acyclic shelf which in turn implies the decidability of the word problem for the left self-distributivity law L D : x ( y z ) = ( x y ) ( x z ) , {\displaystyle LD:x(yz)=(xy)(xz),} a property that is a priori unconnected with large cardinals.

In 1992, Dehornoy produced an example of an acyclic shelf by introducing a certain groupoid G L D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}_{LD}} that captures the geometrical aspects of the L D {\displaystyle LD} law. As a result, an acyclic shelf was constructed on the braid group B ∞ {\displaystyle B_{\infty }} , which happens to be a quotient of G L D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}_{LD}} , and this implies the existence of the braid order directly. Since the braid order appears precisely when the large cardinal assumption is eliminated, the link between the braid order and the acyclic shelf was only evident via the original problem from set theory.

Properties

  • The existence of the order shows that every braid group B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} is an orderable group and that, consequently, the algebras Z B n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} B_{n}} and C B n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} B_{n}} have no zero-divisor.
  • For n ⩾ 3 {\displaystyle n\geqslant 3} , the Dehornoy order is not invariant on the right: we have σ 2 < σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{2}<\sigma _{1}} and σ 2 σ 1 > σ 1 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{2}\sigma _{1}>\sigma _{1}^{2}} . In fact no order of B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} with n ⩾ 3 {\displaystyle n\geqslant 3} may be invariant on both sides.
  • For n ⩾ 3 {\displaystyle n\geqslant 3} , the Dehornoy order is neither Archimedean, nor Conradian: there exist braids β 1 , β 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{1},\beta _{2}} satisfying β 1 p < β 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{1}^{p}<\beta _{2}} for every p {\displaystyle p} (for instance β 1 = σ 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\sigma _{2}} and β 2 = σ 1 {\displaystyle \beta _{2}=\sigma _{1}} ), and braids β 1 , β 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{1},\beta _{2}} greater than 1 {\displaystyle 1} satisfying β 1 > β 2 β 1 p {\displaystyle \beta _{1}>\beta _{2}\beta _{1}^{p}} for every p {\displaystyle p} (for instance, β 1 = σ 2 − 1 σ 1 {\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\sigma _{2}^{-1}\sigma _{1}} and β 2 = σ 2 − 2 σ 1 {\displaystyle \beta _{2}=\sigma _{2}^{-2}\sigma _{1}} ).
  • The Dehornoy order is a well-ordering when restricted to the positive braid monoid B n + {\displaystyle B_{n}^{+}} generated by σ 1 , … , σ n − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1},\ldots ,\sigma _{n-1}} . The order type of the Dehornoy order restricted to B n + {\displaystyle B_{n}^{+}} is the ordinal ω ω n − 2 {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega ^{n-2}}} .
  • The Dehornoy order is also a well-ordering when restricted to the dual positive braid monoid B n ∗ + {\displaystyle B_{n}^{*+}} generated by the elements σ i … σ j − 1 σ j σ j − 1 − 1 … σ i − 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}\dots \sigma _{j-1}\sigma _{j}\sigma _{j-1}^{-1}\dots \sigma _{i}^{-1}} with 1 ⩽ i < j ⩽ n {\displaystyle 1\leqslant i<j\leqslant n} , and the order type of the Dehornoy order restricted to B n ∗ + {\displaystyle B_{n}^{*+}} is also ω ω n − 2 {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega ^{n-2}}} .
  • As a binary relation, the Dehornoy order is decidable. The best decision algorithm is based on Dynnikov's tropical formulas, see Chapter XII of; the resulting algorithm admits a uniform complexity O ( ℓ 2 ) {\displaystyle O(\ell ^{2})} .

Connection with knot theory

  • Let Δ n {\displaystyle \Delta _{n}} be Garside's fundamental half-turn braid. Every braid β {\displaystyle \beta } lies in a unique interval [ Δ n 2 m , Δ n 2 m + 2 ) {\displaystyle [\Delta _{n}^{2m},\Delta _{n}^{2m+2})} ; call the integer m {\displaystyle m} the Dehornoy floor of β {\displaystyle \beta } , denoted ⌊ β ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor \beta \rfloor } . Then the link closure of braids with a large floor behave nicely, namely the properties of β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} can be read easily from β {\displaystyle \beta } . Here are some examples.
  • If | ⌊ β ⌋ | > 1 {\displaystyle \vert \lfloor \beta \rfloor \vert >1} then β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} is prime, non-split, and non-trivial.
  • If | ⌊ β ⌋ | > 1 {\displaystyle \vert \lfloor \beta \rfloor \vert >1} and β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} is a knot, then β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} is a toric knot if and only if β {\displaystyle \beta } is periodic, β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} is a satellite knot if and only if β {\displaystyle \beta } is reducible, and β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} is hyperbolic if and only if β {\displaystyle \beta } is pseudo-Anosov.

References

  1. Dehornoy, Patrick (1992), "Deux propriétés des groupes de tresses", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I, 315 (6): 633–638, ISSN 0764-4442, MR 1183793
  2. ^ Dehornoy, Patrick (1994), "Braid groups and left distributive operations", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 345 (1): 115–150, doi:10.2307/2154598, JSTOR 2154598, MR 1214782
  3. ^ Dehornoy, Patrick; Dynnikov, Ivan; Rolfsen, Dale; Wiest, Bert (2008), Ordering braids, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 148, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4431-1, MR 2463428
  4. Dehornoy, Patrick (1989), "Sur la structure des gerbes libres", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I, 309 (3): 143–148, MR 1005627
  5. Laver, Richard (1992), "The left distributive law and the freeness of an algebra of elementary embeddings", Advances in Mathematics, 91 (2): 209–231, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(92)90016-E, hdl:10338.dmlcz/127389, MR 1149623
  6. Dehornoy, Patrick (1996), "Another use of set theory", Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 2 (4): 379–391, doi:10.2307/421170, JSTOR 421170, MR 1321290
  7. Laver, Richard (1996), "Braid group actions on left distributive structures, and well orderings in the braid groups", Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 108: 81–98, doi:10.1016/0022-4049(95)00147-6, MR 1382244
  8. Burckel, Serge (1997), "The wellordering on positive braids", Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, 120 (1): 1–17, doi:10.1016/S0022-4049(96)00072-2, MR 1466094
  9. Fromentin, Jean (2011), "Every braid admits a short sigma-definite expression", Journal of the European Mathematical Society, 13 (6): 1591–1631, arXiv:0811.3902, doi:10.4171/JEMS/289, MR 2835325
  10. Dynnikov, Ivan (2002), "On a Yang-Baxter mapping and the Dehornoy ordering", Russian Mathematical Surveys, 57 (3): 151–152, doi:10.1070/RM2002v057n03ABEH000519, MR 1918864
  11. Malyutin, Andrei; Netsvetaev, Nikita Yu. (2003), "Dehornoy order in the braid group and transformations of closed braids", Rossiĭskaya Akademiya Nauk. Algebra i Analiz, 15 (3): 170–187, doi:10.1090/S1061-0022-04-00816-7, MR 2052167
  12. Ito, Tetsuya (2011), "Braid ordering and knot genus", Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications, 20 (9): 1311–1323, arXiv:0805.2042, doi:10.1142/S0218216511009169, MR 2844810, S2CID 14609189

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