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| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| |
| Languages | |
| Chumashan languages, English | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional tribal religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chumash |
The `Aqi people are a distinct social group within the Chumash community, historically recognized for their unique social roles and gender identity within traditional Chumash society. Occupying a third-gender role, the `Aqi often took on tasks and wore clothing traditionally associated with women in their culture.
History
Early History
The Chumash have inhabited the coastal regions of California for over 11,000 years, establishing a rich cultural history long before European contact. The `Aqi were integral to the social structure of the Chumash, fulfilling roles that were recognized and respected within their communities.
Post-European Contact
Following the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, the traditional roles of the `Aqi and the broader Chumash social structures underwent significant disruptions. The Spanish missions introduced forced assimilation policies that conflicted with traditional Chumash customs, including the established roles of third-gender individuals like the `Aqi.
Culture
Social Roles
The `Aqi were known for their specific ceremonial duties, crucial to the cultural and spiritual life of the Chumash. They served as mediators during conflicts and were often pivotal in spiritual ceremonies, believed to connect with various aspects of Chumash cosmology due to their unique social position.
Gender Identity
Unlike the binary gender roles enforced by European settlers, the `Aqi's gender identity was fluid, blending traditional male and female roles. This fluidity allowed them to perform a variety of functions within their communities, challenging rigid gender norms.
Significance
The existence of the `Aqi offers profound insights into the understanding of gender fluidity within indigenous cultures. Recognized as "socially high status" individuals, they highlight the diversity and complexity of pre-colonial social structures and challenge contemporary interpretations of gender roles.
References
- Gill-Peterson, Jules. A Short History of Trans Misogyny. p. 16. 2024. Discusses the high social status of the `Aqi in Chumash society.
- Hogan, C. Michael. "Morro Creek." The Megalithic Portal, edited by A. Burnham, 2008.
- Goldstein, Lynne. "Social Structure and Ethnicity in the Chumash Region." Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, 41(1-2), 2005.
- "Chumash Community Garden Update." Santa Ynez Chumash Environmental Office.
- Slater, Sandra, and Yarbrough, Fay A. "Gender and Sexuality in Indigenous North America, 1400-1850." University of South Carolina Press.
- Hollimon, Sandra. "The Third Gender in Native California: Two-Spirit Undertakers Among the Chumash and Their Neighbors." In Archaeologies of Sexuality.
Further reading
- Hudson, Travis. The Chumash People: Material Culture and Social Organization. 1990.
- Estrada, Gabriel S. "Two-spirit Histories in Southwestern and Mesoamerican Literatures." Exploring the role of two-spirit people across various indigenous cultures.