Misplaced Pages

Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath
Capital city
Samuel Beckett BridgeConvention CentreTrinity CollegeO'Connell BridgeThe Custom HouseDublin Castle
FlagCoat of arms
Nickname: The Fair City
Motto(s): Obedientia Civium Urbis Felicitas "The obedience of the citizens produces a happy city" Alternatively translated as "An obedient citizenry produces a happy city"
DublinLocation within IrelandShow map of IrelandDublinLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe
Coordinates: 53°21′N 6°16′W / 53.350°N 6.267°W / 53.350; -6.267
Country	Ireland
Province	Leinster
Region	Eastern and Midland
County	Dublin
Founded	Unknown
Government
• Local authority	Dublin City Council
• Headquarters	Dublin City Hall
• Lord Mayor	James Geoghegan (Fine Gael)
• Dáil constituencies	Dublin Central Dublin Bay North Dublin North-West Dublin South-Central Dublin Bay South
• EP constituency	Dublin
Area
• Capital city	117.8 km (45.5 sq mi)
• Urban	345 km (133 sq mi)
Population
• Capital city	592,713
• Density	5,032/km (13,030/sq mi)
• Urban	1,534,900
• Urban density	4,449/km (11,520/sq mi)
• Ethnicity (2022 census)	Ethnic groups 76.82% White 64.24% White Irish 12.19% White Other 0.39% Irish Traveller   5.11% Asian / Asian Irish   1.58% Black / Black Irish   3.50% Other / Mixed background   12.98% Not stated
Demonyms	Dubliner, Dub
Time zone	UTC0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (IST)
Eircode	D01 to D18, D20, D22, D24 & D6W
Area code	01 (+3531)
ISO 3166 code	IE-D
GDP	€157.2 billion (city) €222.1 billion (greater)
GDP per capita	€108,500 (city) €106,600 (greater)
Website	Official website

Dublin (/ˈdʌblɪn/ ; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, pronounced [ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈclʲiə] or [ˌbʲlʲaː ˈclʲiə]) is the capital city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2022 census, the city council area had a population of 592,713, while Dublin and its suburbs had a population of 1,263,219, and County Dublin had a population of 1,501,500, making it the largest city by population on the island of Ireland.

A settlement was established in the area by the Gaels during or before the 7th century, followed by the Vikings. As the Kingdom of Dublin grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the British Empire and sixth largest in Western Europe after the Acts of Union in 1800. Following independence in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, renamed Ireland in 1937. As of 2018, the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which placed it among the top thirty cities in the world.

Etymology

The name Dublin comes from the Middle Irish word Du(i)blind (literally "Blackpool"), from dubh [d̪ˠuβˠ] "black, dark" and linn [l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)] "pool". This evolved into the Early Modern Irish form Du(i)bhlinn, which was pronounced "Duílinn" [ˈd̪ˠiːlʲin̠ʲ] in the local dialect. The name refers to a dark tidal pool on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle, where the River Poddle entered the Liffey.

Historically, scribes writing in Gaelic script, used a b with a dot over it to represent a modern bh, resulting in Du(i)ḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. The Middle Irish pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn as well as Welsh Dulyn and Breton Dulenn. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicised as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (Gàidhealtachd, cognate with Irish Gaeltacht), such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of Loch Linnhe.

It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, Dyflin, and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") further up the river, at the present-day Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street.

Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", is the common name for the city in Modern Irish, which is often contracted to Bleá Cliath or Blea Cliath when spoken. Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church. There are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is anglicised as Hurlford.

History

The area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times; fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the Convention Centre Dublin indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the south quays near St. James's Gate which also indicate mesolithic human activity.

Ptolemy's map of Ireland, of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. Ptolemy, the Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer, called it Eblana polis (Ancient Greek: Ἔβλανα πόλις).

Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.

It is now thought the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, from which Dyflin took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in Temple Bar.

Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library within Dublin Castle. Táin Bó Cuailgne ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".

Middle Ages

In 841, the Vikings established a fortified base in Dublin. The town grew into a substantial commercial center under Olaf Guthfrithson in the mid-to-late 10th century and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169. The hinterland of Dublin in the Norse period was named in Old Norse: Dyflinnar skíði, lit. 'Dublinshire'. It was upon the death of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in early 1166 that Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated King of Ireland without opposition.

According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves. Slavery in Ireland and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries. Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice. The victims came from Wales, England, Normandy and beyond.

The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, Henry II of England affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland. Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the barony of Dublin City was separated from the barony of Dublin. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the City of Dublin.

Dublin Castle, which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England. Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert the Bruce of Scotland to capture the city in 1317. It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the Black Death, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.

Dublin was the heart of the area known as the Pale, a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the English Crown. The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen Elizabeth I established Trinity College in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic St. Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin dates from 1610, and was by John Speed.

The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700. By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.

Early modern

As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around Temple Bar, Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square, Parliament House and the Royal Exchange. The Wide Streets Commission was established in 1757 at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the Guinness brewery was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin. During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.

Late modern and contemporary

Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Acts of Union 1800, under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland. Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding. By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London.

The Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the Oireachtas, in Leinster House. Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, it became the capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.

Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish Troubles, although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the Ulster Volunteer Force, bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin.

Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and 10 million square feet (900 thousand square metres) of office space.

Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of 2017 has close to full employment, but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.

Government

Local

Dublin City Council is a unicameral assembly of 63 members elected every five years from local electoral areas. It is presided over by the Lord Mayor, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's Mansion House. Council meetings occur at Dublin City Hall, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on Wood Quay. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power.

National

As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas. It is composed of the President of Ireland, Dáil Éireann as the house of representatives, and Seanad Éireann as the upper house. The President resides in Áras an Uachtaráin in Phoenix Park, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in Leinster House, a former ducal residence on Kildare Street. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland, which dissolved in 1801, are located in College Green.

Government Buildings house the Department of the Taoiseach, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the Office of the Attorney General. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir Aston Webb as the Royal College of Science. The First Dáil originally met in the Mansion House in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989. Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.

For elections to Dáil Éireann, there are five constituencies that are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area: Dublin Central (4 seats), Dublin Bay North (5 seats), Dublin North-West (3 seats), Dublin South-Central (4 seats) and Dublin Bay South (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total. The constituency of Dublin West (4 seats) is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in Fingal.

At the 2020 general election, the Dublin city area elected 5 Sinn Féin, 3 Fine Gael, 3 Fianna Fáil, 3 Green Party, 3 Social Democrats, 1 Right to Change, 1 Solidarity–People Before Profit and 1 Labour TDs.

Geography

Landscape

Dublin is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey and its urban area encompasses approximately 345 square kilometres (133 sq mi) in east-central Ireland. It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the Wicklow Mountains, to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.

Watercourses

The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at Leixlip from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage. The city itself was founded where the River Poddle met the Liffey, and the early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small Steine or Steyne River, the larger Camac and the Bradogue, in particular.

Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the River Tolka, running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the River Dodder running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city.

Two canals – the Grand Canal on the southside and the Royal Canal on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west, both connecting with the River Shannon.

Climate

Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a maritime climate (Cfb) with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. At Merrion Square, the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to the urban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974.

The highest temperature officially recorded in Dublin is 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) on 18 July 2022, at the Phoenix Park. A non-official record of 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) was also recorded at Phoenix Park in July 1876

Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. Ringsend in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in), with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 726 mm (29 in). At Merrion Square, the wettest year and driest year on record occurred within 5 years of each other, with 1953 receiving just 463.1 mm (18.23 in) of rainfall, while 1958 recorded 1,022.5 mm (40.26 in). The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers.

The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Based on satellite observations, Met Éireann estimates that Dublin's coastal areas typically receive over 1,600 hours of sunshine per year, with the climate getting progressively duller inland. Dublin airport, located north of city and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast, records an average of 1,485 hours of sunshine per year. The station at Dublin airport has been maintaining climate records since November 1941. The sunniest year on record was 1,740 hours in 1959, and the dullest year was 1987 with 1,240 hours of sunshine. The lowest amount of monthly sunshine on record was 16.4 hours in January 1996, while the highest was 305.9 hours in July 1955.

In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin. The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined – by an estimated 350 deaths annually.

1. Ethnicity within the Dublin City Council local authority
2. Weather station is located 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from the Dublin city centre.
3. Extremes are recorded at multiple stations near Dublin, including Dublin Airport, Casement, Phoenix Park, Merrion Square, Glasnevin, Peamount and Trinity College.

Cityscape

Areas

City centre

The historic city centre of Dublin is encircled by the Royal Canal and Grand Canal, bounded to the west by Heuston railway station and Phoenix Park, and to the east by the IFSC and the Docklands. O'Connell Street is the main thoroughfare of the inner city and many Dublin Bus routes, as well as the Green line of the Luas, have a stop at O'Connell Street. The main shopping streets of the inner city include Henry Street on the Northside, and Grafton Street on the Southside.

In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters. These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of Dublin Castle, Christ Church and St Patrick's Cathedral and the old city walls), the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and Merrion Square), the Docklands Quarter (around the Dublin Docklands and Silicon Docks), the Cultural Quarter (around Temple Bar), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street).

Suburbs

Dublin has dozens of suburbs; northside suburbs include Blanchardstown, Finglas, Ballymun, Clontarf, Raheny, Malahide and Howth, while southside suburbs include Tallaght, Sandyford, Templeogue, Drimnagh, Rathmines, Dún Laoghaire and Dalkey.

Starting in the late 2010s, there was a significant amount of high density residential developments in the suburbs of Dublin, with mid to high-rise apartments being built in Sandyford, Ashtown, and Tallaght.

Cultural divide

A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider. The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than the northside. There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west.

Landmarks

Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is Dublin Castle, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's King John in 1204, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure. Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a keep, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence.

One of Dublin's most prominent landmarks is the Spire of Dublin, officially entitled the "Monument of Light." It is a 121.2-metre (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel, completed in 2003 and located on O'Connell Street, where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaced Nelson's Pillar and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects, who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city.

The Old Library of Trinity College Dublin, holding the Book of Kells, is one of the city's most visited sites. The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The Ha'penny Bridge, an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.

Other landmarks and monuments include Christ Church Cathedral and St Patrick's Cathedral, the Mansion House, the Molly Malone statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of the National Museum of Ireland and the National Library of Ireland, The Custom House and Áras an Uachtaráin. Other sights include the Anna Livia monument. The Poolbeg Towers are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city.

Parks

There are 302 parks and 66 green spaces within the Dublin City Council area as of 2018, with the council managing over 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of parks. Public parks include the Phoenix Park, Herbert Park, St Stephen's Green, Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island. The Phoenix Park is about 3 km (2 miles) west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 16-kilometre (10 mi) perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres), making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild fallow deer. The residence of the President of Ireland (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751, is located in the park. The park is also home to Dublin Zoo, Ashtown Castle, and the official residence of the United States Ambassador. Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park.

St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, Grafton Street, and to a shopping centre named after it, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies.

Saint Anne's Park is a public park and recreational facility, shared between Raheny and Clontarf, both suburbs on the Northside. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former 2-square-kilometre (0.8 sq mi; 500-acre) estate assembled by members of the Guinness family, beginning with Benjamin Lee Guinness in 1835. The largest municipal park is adjacent (North) Bull Island, also shared between Clontarf and Raheny, featuring a 5 km beach, Dollymount Strand.

City boundaries

From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the baronies of Dublin City and the barony of Dublin. Over time, the city has absorbed area previously administered as part of County Dublin (now the three counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin), with a change in 1985 also returning areas to the county.

Economy

The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by purchasing power and 10th richest by personal income. According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin was the 13th most expensive city in the European Union (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010). As of 2017, approximately 874,400 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area. Around 60% of people who are employed in Ireland's financial, ICT, and professional sectors are located in this area.

A number of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although Guinness has been brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted a number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, PayPal, Yahoo!, Facebook, X, Accenture, TikTok and Pfizer now have European headquarters or operational bases in the city with several located in enterprise clusters like the Digital Hub and Silicon Docks. The presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and led to Dublin sometimes being referred to as the "Tech Capital of Europe".

Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's International Financial Services Centre in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies. Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as Citibank. The Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ), Internet Neutral Exchange (INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after Brexit. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary boom in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the Dublin Docklands and Spencer Dock. Completed projects include the Convention Centre, the 3Arena, and the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre.

In the second quarter of 2018, Dublin touched its lowest unemployment rate in a decade, when it fell down to 5.7% as reported by the Dublin Economic Monitor. In November 2022, Dublin was ranked as one of the worst cities in the world for travel, health and cost of living. On 24 September 2022, thousands took to the streets in protest against the cost of living crisis.

As of 2024, the Gross Domestic Product of Dublin is €253.6 billion, meaning it has one of the biggest city economies in the European Union.

Transport

Road

The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin. The M50 motorway, a semi-ring road which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the West-Link toll bridge was replaced by the eFlow barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.

The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the Dublin Port Tunnel, which officially opened in 2006 to mainly cater for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects Dublin Port and the M1 motorway close to Dublin Airport. The city is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

The 2016 TomTom Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe.

Bus

Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes which cover the city and suburbs. The majority of these are provided by Dublin Bus, with a modest number having been transferred to Go Ahead Ireland in 2018. A number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. A "Real Time Passenger Information" system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012 in which signs relay display the projected time of the next buses' arrival based on its GPS position. The National Transport Authority is responsible for integration of bus and rail services in Dublin and has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a TFI Leap Card, which can be used on all of Dublin's public transport services.

The BusConnects programme includes a number of proposed improvements to Dublin's bus network, including new spine and orbital routes. The spine routes are intended to increase the frequency of buses along major corridors, and the orbital routes aim to "provide connections between suburbs and town centres, without having to travel into the City Centre". In 2022, Dublin Bus began the process of electrifying its fleet with new battery-powered buses, with plans for 85% of Dublin buses to be zero-emission by 2032.

Cycling

The 2011 census indicated that 5.9% of commuters in Dublin cycled. A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and an 87.2% increase over 2006 levels. The increase was attributed to measures such as the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns to promote cycling and the introduction of the 30 km/h city centre speed limit.

Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and as of 2012 the city had over 200 kilometres (120 miles) of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists. In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities. The same index showed a fall to 15th in 2015, and Dublin was outside the top 20 in 2017.

Dublinbikes is a self-service bicycle rental scheme which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by JCDecaux and Just Eat, the scheme consists of hundreds of unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals throughout the city centre. Users must make a subscription for either an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket. As of 2018, Dublinbikes had over 66,000 long-term subscribers making over 2 million journeys per year.

Rail

Heuston and Connolly stations are the two main railway termini in Dublin. Operated by Iarnród Éireann, the Dublin Suburban Rail network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as Drogheda and Dundalk in County Louth, Gorey in County Wexford, and extending as far as Portlaoise in County Laois, and once a day to Newry. One of the five lines is the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from Malahide and Howth southwards as far as Bray and Greystones in County Wicklow. Commuter rail operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail diesel multiple units. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16 million and 11.7 million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers).

Dublin once had an extensive system of trams but this was largely phased out by 1949. A new light rail system, often described as a tram system, the Luas, was launched in 2004, and is run by Transdev Ireland (under contract from Transport Infrastructure Ireland), carrying over 34 million passengers annually. The network consists of two interconnecting lines; the Red Line links the Docklands and city centre with the south-western suburbs of Tallaght and Saggart, while the Green Line connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including Sandyford and Brides Glen, mostly along the former route of the Harcourt Street railway line. Together these lines comprise a total 67 stops and 44.5 kilometres (27.7 mi) of track. Construction of a 6 km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on 9 December 2017.

A metro service is proposed under the name of Metrolink, and planned to run from Dublin's northside to Charlemont via Dublin Airport and St. Stephen's Green.

Rail and ferry

Dublin Connolly is connected by bus to Dublin Port and ferries run by Irish Ferries and Stena Line to Holyhead for connecting trains on the North Wales Coast Line to Chester, Crewe and London Euston. Dublin Connolly to Dublin Port can be reached via Amiens Street, Dublin into Store Street or by Luas via Busáras where Dublin Bus operates services to the Ferry Terminal.

Air

Dublin Airport

Dublin Airport (owned and operated by DAA) is located north of Dublin city, near Swords in the administrative county of Fingal. The headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier Aer Lingus and regional airline CityJet are located there, and those of low-cost carrier Ryanair nearby. The airport offers a short and medium-haul network, domestic services to regional airports in Ireland, and long-haul services to the United States, Canada, the Middle East and Hong Kong. Dublin Airport is the 11th busiest in the European Union, and by far the busiest airport on the island of Ireland.

In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew, with 158 summer flights a week to North America, making it the sixth largest European hub for that route over the year. Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers travelling between Dublin and North America to 2.9 million.

From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5 million passengers in its annual traffic, as the number of commercial aircraft movements has similarly followed a growth trend from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015.

In 2019, Dublin Airport was the 12th busiest airport in Europe, with almost 33 million passengers passing through the airport.

Other air transport

Dublin is also served by Weston Airport and other small facilities, by a range of helicopter operators, and the military and some State services use Casement Aerodrome nearby.

Education

Dublin is the largest centre of education in Ireland, and is home to four universities and a number of other higher education institutions. It was the European Capital of Science in 2012.

The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland, dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College (TCD), was established by Royal Charter in 1592 under Elizabeth I. It was closed to Roman Catholics until 1793, and the Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has over 18,000 students.

The National University of Ireland (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin (UCD), which has over 30,000 students. Founded in 1854, it is now the largest university in Ireland. UCD's main campus is at Belfield, about 5 km (3 mi) from the city centre, in the southeastern suburbs.

As of 2019, Dublin's principal, and Ireland's largest, institution for technological education and research, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), with origins in 1887, has merged with two major suburban third level institutions, Institute of Technology, Tallaght and Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown, to form Technological University Dublin, Ireland's second largest university by student population. The new university offers a wide range of courses in areas include engineering, architecture, the sciences, health, journalism, digital media, hospitality, business, art and design, music and the humanities programmes, and has three long-term campuses, at Grangegorman, Tallaght and Blanchardstown.

Dublin City University (DCU), formerly the National Institute for Higher Education (NIHE) Dublin, offers courses in business, engineering, science, communication courses, languages and primary education. It has around 16,000 students, and its main campus is located about 7 km (4 mi) from the city centre, in the northern suburbs. Aside from the main Glasnevin Campus, the Drumcondra campuses includes the former St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra now also hosting students from the nearby Mater Dei Institute of Education and students from the Church of Ireland College of Education at the DCU Campus at All Hallows College.

The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) conducts a medical school which is both a university (since 2019) and a recognised college of the NUI, and is situated at St. Stephen's Green in the city centre; there are also large medical schools within UCD and Trinity College. The National College of Art and Design (NCAD) provides education and research in art, design and media. The National College of Ireland (NCI) is also based in Dublin, as well as the Economic and Social Research Institute, a social science research institute, on Sir John Rogerson's Quay, and the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

The Institute of International and European Affairs is also in Dublin. Dublin Business School (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students located on Aungier Street, and Griffith College Dublin has its main facility in Portobello. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including The Gaiety School of Acting. The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast.

Dublin is also home to the Royal Irish Academy, membership of which is considered Ireland's highest academic honour.

The suburban town of Dún Laoghaire is home to the Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT), which supports training and research in art, design, business, psychology and media technology. Dublin joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2019.

Demographics

The City of Dublin is the area administered by Dublin City Council. The traditional County Dublin includes the city and the administrative counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. The Greater Dublin Area includes County Dublin and the adjoining counties, County Kildare, County Meath and County Wicklow.

In the 2022 census, the population of the City of Dublin was 592,713, while the population of Dublin city and suburbs was 1,263,219. County Dublin had a population of 1,458,154, and the population of the Greater Dublin Area was 2,082,605.

Of the population of Dublin city and its suburbs, 62.9% (794,925) were born in Dublin, 26.6% (336,021) were born outside of Ireland, while the remaining 10.5% (132,273) were born in a county other than Dublin.

After World War II, Italians were by far the largest immigrant group in both Dublin and Ireland and became synonymous with the catering and restaurant landscape. Since the late 1990s, Dublin has experienced a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania. There is also immigration from outside Europe, including from Pakistan, Brazil, the Philippines, China, India and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of newer arrivals than any other part of the country. Sixty percent of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin.

The capital attracts the largest proportion of non-Catholic migrants from other countries. Increased secularisation in Ireland has prompted a drop in regular Catholic church attendance in Dublin from over 90 percent in the mid-1970s down to 14 percent according to a 2011 survey and less than 2% in some areas As of the 2016 census, 68.2% of Dublin's population identified as Catholic, 12.7% as other stated religions, with 19.1% having no religion or no religion stated.

According to the 2022 census, the population of County Dublin self-identified as 80.4% white (68.0% white Irish, 12.0% other white and 0.4% Irish traveller), 5.8% Asian, 3.0% mixed backgrounds, 2.2% Black and 8.5% not stated. In the same census, the ethnic makeup of Dublin city was 76.81% white (including 64.23% white Irish and 12.19% other white people), 12.98% not stated, 5.11% Asian, 3.50% other and 1.58% black.

As of July 2018, there were 1,367 families within the Dublin region living in homeless accommodation or other emergency housing.

Culture

The arts

Dublin has a significant literary history, and produced many literary figures, including Nobel laureates William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett. Other influential writers and playwrights include Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift and the creator of Dracula, Bram Stoker. It is also the location of key and notable works of James Joyce, including Ulysses, which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include J. M. Synge, Seán O'Casey, Brendan Behan, Maeve Binchy, John Banville and Roddy Doyle. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the National Print Museum of Ireland and National Library of Ireland. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO City of Literature, joining Edinburgh, Melbourne and Iowa City with the permanent title.

Handel's oratorio Messiah was first performed at Neal's Music Hall, in Fishamble Street, on 13 April 1742.

There are several theatres within the city centre, and various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including Noel Purcell, Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Stephen Rea, Colin Farrell, Colm Meaney and Gabriel Byrne. The best known theatres include the Gaiety, Abbey, Olympia, Gate, and Grand Canal. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included Yeats with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as Synge, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in 2010 in the Grand Canal Dock area.

Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of Irish art and the Irish artistic scene. The Book of Kells, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic monks in AD 800 and an example of Insular art, is on display in Trinity College. The Chester Beatty Library houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and decorative arts assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BCE onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

In addition public art galleries are found across the city and are free to visit, including the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery, the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, the Douglas Hyde Gallery, the Project Arts Centre and the exhibition space of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Private galleries in Dublin include Green on Red Gallery, Kerlin Gallery, Kevin Kavanagh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation.

Three branches of the National Museum of Ireland are located in Dublin: Archaeology in Kildare Street, Decorative Arts and History in Collins Barracks and Natural History in Merrion Street. Dublin is home to the National College of Art and Design, which dates from 1746, and Dublin Institute of Design, founded in 1991. Dublinia is a living history attraction showcasing the Viking and Medieval history of the city.

Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre acting as a hub for collectives and new exhibitions. The Guardian noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of c. 2010. Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society, Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society, the Glasnevin Musical Society, Third Day Chorale, Second Age Theatre Company, Irish National Opera.

Dublin was shortlisted to be World Design Capital 2014. Taoiseach Enda Kenny was quoted to say that Dublin "would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014".

In October 2021, Dublin was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Bordeaux, Copenhagen, Florence, Ljubljana, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.

Entertainment

Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities, with an estimate of 50% of citizens being younger than 25. There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around St. Stephen's Green and Grafton Street, especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street, the location of many nightclubs and pubs.

The best known area for nightlife is Temple Bar, south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including stag and hen parties from the UK. It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues; however, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet. The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals.

Music

Live music is played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including the Dubliners, Thin Lizzy, the Boomtown Rats, U2, the Script, Sinéad O'Connor, Boyzone, Kodaline, Fontaines D.C. and Westlife. Dublin has several mid-range venues that host live music throughout the week, including Whelans and Vicar Street. The 3Arena venue in the Dublin Docklands plays host to visiting global performers.

Shopping

Dublin city centre is a popular shopping destination for both locals and tourists. The city has numerous shopping districts, particularly around Grafton Street and Henry Street. The city centre is also the location of large department stores, including Arnotts, Brown Thomas and (prior to its 2015 closure) Clerys.

While the city has seen the loss of some traditional market sites, Moore Street remains one of the city's oldest trading districts. There has also been some growth in local farmers' markets and other markets. In 2007, Dublin Food Co-op relocated to a warehouse in The Liberties area, where it is home to market and community events. Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including Dundrum Town Centre, Blanchardstown Centre, the Square in Tallaght, Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in Clondalkin, Omni Shopping Centre in Santry, Nutgrove Shopping Centre in Rathfarnham, Northside Shopping Centre in Coolock and Swords Pavilions in Swords.

Media

Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies based there. RTÉ is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in Donnybrook. Fair City is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of Carraigstown.

Virgin Media Television, eir Sport, MTV Ireland and Sky News are also based in the city. The headquarters of An Post and telecommunications companies such as Eir, as well as mobile operators Vodafone and 3 are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as The Irish Times and Irish Independent, as well as local newspapers such as The Evening Herald.

As well as being home to RTÉ Radio, Dublin also hosts the national radio networks Today FM and Newstalk, and local stations. Commercial radio stations based in the city include 4fm (94.9 MHz), Dublin's 98FM (98.1 MHz), Radio Nova 100FM (100.3 MHz), Q102 (102.2 MHz), SPIN 1038 (103.8 MHz), FM104 (104.4 MHz), Sunshine 106.8 (106.8 MHz). There are also numerous community and special interest stations, including Dublin City FM (103.2 MHz), Dublin South FM (93.9 MHz), Liffey Sound FM (96.4 MHz), Near FM (90.3 MHz), and Raidió Na Life (106.4 MHz).

Sport

GAA

Croke Park is the largest sport stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association, it has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after Nou Camp in Barcelona and Wembley Stadium in London. It hosts the premier Gaelic football and hurling games, international rules football and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972 and it played host to the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk of the stadium. During the redevelopment of Lansdowne Road, Croke Park played host to the Irish Rugby Union Team and Republic of Ireland national football team as well as hosting the Heineken Cup rugby 2008–09 semi-final between Munster and Leinster, which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match. The Dublin GAA team plays most of their home league hurling games at Parnell Park.

Rugby Union

IRFU Stadium Lansdowne Road was laid out in 1874. This was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic of Ireland national football team. A joint venture between the Irish Rugby Football Union, the FAI and the Government, saw it redeveloped into a new state-of-the-art 50,000 seat Aviva Stadium, which opened in May 2010. Lansdowne Road/Aviva Stadium hosted the Heineken Cup final in 1999, 2003, and 2013, and is also due to host the 2023 final. Rugby union team Leinster Rugby play their competitive home games in the RDS Arena and the Aviva Stadium, while Donnybrook Stadium hosts their friendlies and A games, Ireland A and Women, Leinster Schools and Youths and the home club games of All Ireland League clubs Old Wesley and Bective Rangers. County Dublin is home for 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.

Association football

Dublin is home to five League of Ireland association football clubs: Bohemian, Shamrock Rovers, Shelbourne, St Patrick's Athletic and University College Dublin. The first Irish side to reach the group stages of a European competition (2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage) are Shamrock Rovers, who play at Tallaght Stadium in South Dublin. Bohemian F.C play at Dalymount Park, the oldest football stadium in the country, and home ground for the Ireland football team from 1904 to the 1970s. St Patrick's Athletic play at Richmond Park; University College Dublin at the UCD Bowl in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown; and Shelbourne at Tolka Park. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the Carlisle Grounds in Bray, hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the 2011 UEFA Regions' Cup. The Aviva Stadium hosted the 2011 UEFA Europa League final and the 2024 UEFA Europa League final.

Cricket

Dublin has two ODI cricket grounds in Castle Avenue (Clontarf Cricket Club) and Malahide Cricket Club Ground. College Park has Test status and played host to Ireland's first Test cricket match, a women's match against Pakistan in 2000. The men's Irish cricket team also played their first Test match against Pakistan at Malahide Cricket Club Ground during 2018. Leinster Lightning play their home inter-provincial matches in Dublin at College Park.

Other

The Dublin Marathon has been run since 1980 at the end of October. The Women's Mini Marathon has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world. The Great Ireland Run takes place in Dublin's Phoenix Park in mid-April.

Two Dublin baseball clubs compete in the Irish Baseball League. The Dublin Spartans and the Dublin Bay Hurricanes are both based at The O'Malley Fields at Corkagh Park. The Portmarnock Red Rox, from outside the city, competes in the Baseball Ireland B League.

The Dublin area hosts greyhound racing at Shelbourne Park and horse racing at Leopardstown. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the RDS, which hosted the Show Jumping World Championships in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in The National Stadium on the South Circular Road. The National Basketball Arena is located in Tallaght, is the home of the Irish basketball team, the venue for the basketball league finals, and has also hosted boxing and wrestling events. The National Aquatic Centre in Blanchardstown is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. There are also Gaelic Handball, hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in Santry, which held the athletics events of the 2003 Special Olympics.

Cuisine

As of the 2022 Michelin Guide, six Dublin restaurants shared nine Michelin stars – including Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud, Liath and Chapter One with two. Irish-born Kevin Thornton was awarded two Michelin stars in 2001 – though his restaurant, Thornton's, closed in 2016. The Dublin Institute of Technology commenced a bachelor's degree in culinary skills in 1999.

Historically, Irish coffee houses and cafes were associated with those working in media. Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of apartment living in the city, Dublin's cafés attracted younger patrons looking for an informal gathering place and an ad hoc office. Cafés became more popular in the city, and Irish-owned coffee chains like Java Republic, Insomnia, and O'Brien's Sandwich Bars now compete internationally. In 2008, Irish barista Stephen Morrissey won the title of World Barista Champion.

English and Irish languages

Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and Irish, a situation found also in the area around it, the Pale. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area which stretched between Leinster and Connacht, but had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east Ulster dialect of County Meath and County Louth to the north.

In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, William Gerard (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe". The Old English historian Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".

English authorities of the Cromwellian period accepted the fact that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surrounds. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at Drogheda and Athy. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".

In early 18th century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.

Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a Gaelic revival, centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity. This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.

Current era

The native language of most Dubliners today is English, and several local dialects are subsumed under the label Dublin English. Dublin also has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the 2016 census showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort which is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.

The Dublin Irish-speaking cohort is supported by a number of Irish-medium schools. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 gaelscoileanna (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 gaelcholáistí (Irish-language secondary schools).

Two Irish language radio stations, Raidió Na Life and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, have studios in the city, and the online station Raidió Rí-Rá broadcasts from studios in the city. A number of Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. Conradh na Gaeilge offers language classes and is used as a meeting place for different groups. The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the County Meath Gaeltacht of Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib which is 55 km (34 mi) away.

International relations

Dublin city council has an International Relations Unit, established in 2007. It works on hosting of international delegations, staff exchanges, international promotion of the city, twinning and partnerships, work with multi-city organisations such as Eurocities, economic partnerships and advice to other Council units.

Twin and partner cities

Dublin is twinned with five places:

The city also has "friendship" or "co-operation agreements" with a number of other cities: Moscow (since 2009) and St Petersburg (since 2010) in Russia and Guadalajara in Mexico (since 2013), and has previously proposed an agreement with Rio de Janeiro also. Previous agreements have included those with Mexico City (2014−2018), Tbilisi in Georgia (2014−2017) and Wuhan in China (2016−2019).

Notable people

See also

• Dublin English
• List of people from Dublin
• List of subdivisions of County Dublin

References

1. "Dublin City Council, Dublin City Coat of Arms". Dublincity.ie. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
2. "An Obedient Citizenry Produces a Happy City – Human Experience". Office of Public Works. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
3. ^ "Census Mapping: Dublin City Council". Central Statistics Office. 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
4. "8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of date to mark Dublin's millennium". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
5. "Dublin City Profile" (PDF). Maynooth University. Dublin City Development Board. 1 January 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
6. "Census of Population 2011". Population Density and Area Size by Towns by Size, Census Year and Statistic. Central Statistics Office. April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
7. "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2024". CSO. 27 August 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
8. "SAP2022T2T2CTY - Usually Resident Population by Ethnic or Cultural Background". CSO. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
9. "Database – Eurostat". European Commission. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
10. "Dublin". Placename database of Ireland. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
11. "The Growth and Development of Dublin". Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
12. "Primate City Definition and Examples". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
13. ^ "Census Mapping: Dublin City and its Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
14. "Key Findings - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
15. ^ Dickson, David (2014). Dublin The Making of a Capital City. Profile Books Ltd. pp. x. ISBN 978-0-674-74444-8.
16. Conway, Richard (31 May 2022). "How Dublin's Modest Terraced Houses Came Back Into Fashion". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
17. "Global Financial Centres Index 8" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
18. "The World According to GaWC 2018". Globalization and World Cities Research Network: Loughborough University. 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
19. ^ "Baile Átha Cliath/Dublin". logainm.ie. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
20. "Placenames Database of Ireland: Duibhlinn/Devlin". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
21. "Placenames Database of Ireland: Béal Duibhlinne/Ballydivlin". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
22. "Placenames Database of Ireland: Duibhlinn/Difflin". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
23. Clarke, Howard (1995). Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0716524595.
24. Tambling, Jeremy (2017). The Palgrave Handbook of Literature and the City. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 98. ISBN 978-1137549105.
25. "Dublin/Baile Átha Cliath – Placenames Database of Ireland". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022. Baile Átha: almost invariably throughout Ireland is pronounced as if written Blah as B.A Claith - Blaclia; Blá Cliath; Baile Átha Cliath...a name shortened into Blea Cliath
26. Ryan, Danielle (19 July 2013). "Archaeologists find ancient fish trap at Dublin quays site". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
27. "2007:494 - Spencer Dock, North Wall Quay, Dublin, Dublin". excavations.ie. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
28. Holder, Alfred (1896). Alt-celtischer sprachschatz (in German). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. col.1393. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
29. McDonald, Frank (8 January 2010). "From the Archives: 8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of the date to mark Dublin's millennium". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
30. Clarke, Howard (1995). Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0716524595
31. "Pre-Viking dwelling found in Temple Bar". Irish Independent. 26 February 1999. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
32. Roesdahl, Else (2016). The Vikings (Third ed.). Penguin Books. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-141-98476-6.
33. Winroth, Anders (2016). The Age of the Vikings. Princeton University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
34. ^ Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: a history. London: Macmillan. p. 1222. ISBN 978-0-333-76370-4.
35. "Viking and Norman Dublin" (PDF). Dublin City Parks Strategy 2019–2022. Dublin City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
36. Church, Peter J. (2021). "Why Are There Very Few Scandinavian Place-names in Ireland?" (PDF). Northern Studies. 52: 22–37.
37. ^ Dickson, David (2014). Dublin The Making of a Capital City. Profile Books Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-74444-8.
38. Holm, Poul (1989). "The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland: x.
39. Holm, Poul (1989). "The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland: 335. the very idea of the taking of prisoners of war spread to the Irish in the tenth century
40. ^ "A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland". Dublin.info. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
41. "Fitzhenry, Meiler" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
42. "The Story of Ireland Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Brian Igoe (2009). p.49.
43. "Black Death Archived 30 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p.58. ISBN 0-313-32492-1
44. Maxwell 1997, p. 56-57.
45. "Dublin: a cultural history Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Siobhán Marie Kilfeather (2005). Oxford University Press US. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-19-518201-4
46. Maxwell 1997, p. 252.
47. "Dublin's Buildings". Dublin Civic Trust. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
48. "Dublin Renaissance". architectural-review.com. The Architectural Review. 1993. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. the impossibly bureaucratic sounding Wide Streets Commissioners cut broad, ersatz boulevard swathes through the dense urban grain to create Parliament Street, Dame Street and Westmoreland Street The minor streets of Temple Bar, originally little more than mean alleyways, have evolved over time
49. Maxwell 1997, p. 220.
50. Maxwell 1997, p. 58-59.
51. Lisa Marie Griffith (2014). Stones of Dublin. Collins Press. ISBN 9781848898721. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020. was Dublin's largest brewery in 1810, Ireland's largest in 1833, and the largest in the world by 1914. Guinness was also the city's largest employer
52. "St James's Gate: a brief history". The Irish Times. 16 April 2004. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2018. 1886 Guinness officially the biggest brewery in the world with an annual production of 1.2 million barrels. 1906 the workforce exceeds 3,200; some 10,000 are directly dependent on the brewery for their livelihood – one in thirty of Dublin's population
53. Maxwell 1997, p. 256.
54. Lyons, F.S.L. (1973). Ireland since the famine. Suffolk: Collins / Fontana. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-00-633200-8.
55. Maxwell 1997, p. 139.
56. McDonald, Frank (1985). The destruction of Dublin. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 332. ISBN 0-7171-1386-8. OCLC 60079186. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
57. ^ "Dublin Economic Monitor – October 2017". issuu. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
58. Olivia Kelly (19 December 2018). "Construction of homes in Dublin city halves". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018. The number of homes under construction in Dublin city is down almost 50 per cent on last year, with a 20 per cent drop across the region as a whole, according to a new report from the Government's Dublin Housing Supply Task Force
59. City of Dublin Local Electoral Areas Order 2018 (S.I. No. 614 of 2018). Signed on 19 December 2018. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 1 February 2019.
60. Department of the Taoiseach: Guide to Government Buildings (2005)
61. "Constituency Commission Report 2017" (PDF). Dáil and European Parliament Constituencies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
62. "Election 2020 Results". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
63. ^ "Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
64. "Final Characterisation Report" (PDF). Eastern River Basin District. Sec. 7: Characterisation of the Liffey Catchment Area. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
65. O'Brennan, Lily M. (1 September 1940). "Little Rivers of Dublin". Dublin Historical Record. 3 (1): 24–25. JSTOR 30083879. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
66. O'Brennan, Lily M. (1 September 1940). "Little Rivers of Dublin". Dublin Historical Record. 3 (1): 23–24. JSTOR 30083879. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
67. Doyle, Joseph W. (2013). Ten Dozen Waters: The Rivers and Streams of County Dublin (7th ed.). Dublin, Ireland: Rath Eanna Research. ISBN 9780956636362.
68. ^ "Historical Data: DUBLIN (MERRION SQUARE) - Station No. 3923". Met Éireann. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
69. Dooley, Katherine; Kelly, Ciaran; Seifert, Natascha; Myslinski, Therese; O'Kelly, Sophie; Siraj, Rushna; Crosby, Ciara; Dunne, Jack Kevin; McCauley, Kate; Donoghue, James; Gaddren, Eoin; Conway, Daniel; Cooney, Jordan; McCarthy, Niamh; Cullen, Eoin (3 January 2023). "Reassessing long-standing meteorological records: an example using the national hottest day in Ireland". Climate of the Past. 19 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:2023CliPa..19....1D. doi:10.5194/cp-19-1-2023. ISSN 1814-9332.
70. "Climatology details for station DUBLIN (RINGSEND), IRELAND and index RR: Precipitation sum". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
71. "Sunshine and Solar Radiation". Met Éireann. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
72. "Historical Data - Monthly Average (1941-present) - Dublin Airport (mly532)". Met Éireann. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
73. "Smoky coal ban". Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
74. ^ "How the coal ban dealt with Dublin's burning issue". The Irish Times. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
75. Clancy, L.; Goodman, P.; Sinclair, H; Dockery, D. (2002). "Effect of air-pollution on death rates in Dublin Ireland: an intervention study". The Lancet. 360 (9341): 1210–1214. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12401247. S2CID 23915805. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
76. "Dublin Airport 1991–2020 averages". Met Éireann. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
77. "Historical Data - Monthly Average (1991-2020) - Dublin Airport (mly532)". Met Éireann. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
78. "Absolute Maximum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
79. "Absolute Minimum Air Temperatures for each Month at Selected Stations" (PDF). Met Éireann. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
80. "Temperature records broken as Met Éireann establish new Climate Services Division". Met Éireann. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
81. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Dublin Airport" (XLSX). ncei.noaa.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 16 April 2024. WMO number: 03969
82. "Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Dublin, Ireland". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
83. "Climatological Information for Merrion Square, Ireland". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018.
84. "Dublin". www.tripadvisor.com.
85. Brady, Joseph; Simms, Anngret. Dublin : through space and time, c. 900-1900. Four Courts Press, Dublin. pp. 12, 282. ISBN 978-1851826100.
86. "Dublin – A Vibrant City – Quarters". VisitDublin.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
87. "Dublin launches new 'Creative Quarter' for city centre". TheJournal.ie. 11 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
88. "Welcome to medieval quarter". 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
89. "Dublin Town – Creative Quarter – DublinTown – What's On, Shopping & Events in Dublin City – Dublin Town". What's On, Shopping & Events in Dublin City – Dublin Town. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
90. Murphy, Aidan (27 February 2019). "Sandyford site with planning for over 450 homes makes €38m". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
91. Quinlan, Ronald (15 June 2022). "Sean Mulryan's Ballymore delivers 'carbon cure' at 8th Lock apartments". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
92. Escorihuela, Maria (13 September 2023). "Construction Starts on New Apartments at Belgard Square North, Tallaght | COADY Architects". Retrieved 10 April 2024.
93. ^ "Time to move beyond the northside-southside myth". The Irish Times. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
94. McCarthy, Denis; Benton, David (2004). Dublin Castle: at the heart of Irish History. Dublin: Irish Government Stationery Office. pp. 12–18. ISBN 978-0-7557-1975-4.
95. "Spire cleaners get prime view of city". Irish Independent. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
96. "The Dublin Spire". Archiseek. 2003. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
97. "Guinness Storehouse tops list of most visited attractions". The Irish Times. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
98. "Some Famous Landmarks of Dublin – Dublin Hotels & Travel Guide". Traveldir.org. 8 March 1966. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
99. "Dublin City Parks". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
100. It is larger than all of London's city parks put together, and more than twice the area of New York's Central Park. "The Phoenix Park Visitor Guide". Office of Public Works. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
101. "Outline History of Áras an Uachtaráin". Áras an Uachtaráin. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
102. Dublin Corporation Act 1900 (63 & 64 Vict. c. cclxiv)
103. Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930, s. 2: Inclusion of certain urban districts in the city (No. 27 of 1930, s. 2). Enacted on 17 July 1930. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.
104. Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930, s. 17: Inclusion of certain rural areas in the City (No. 27 of 1930, s. 17). Enacted on 17 July 1930. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.; Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930, 1st Sch.: Added rural area (No. 27 of 1930, 1st Sch.). Enacted on 17 July 1930. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.
105. Local Government and Public Health Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1941 (No. 1P of 1941). Enacted on 17 July 1941. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.
106. Local Government (Dublin) (Amendment) Act 1940, s. 4: Inclusion of Howth urban district in Dublin city (No. 21 of 1940, s. 4). Enacted on 10 July 1940. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.; Local Government (Dublin) (Amendment) Act 1940 (Appointed Day) Order 1942 (S.I. No. 372 of 1942). Signed on 20 August 1942. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.
107. Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1953, Schedule (No. 1P of 1953, Schedule). Enacted on 28 March 1953. Act of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 13 September 2013.
108. Local Government (Reorganisation) Act 1985, s. 10: Alteration of boundaries of Dublin City and County (No. 7 of 1985, s. 10). Enacted on 3 April 1985. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 August 2021.; Local Government (Reorganisation) Act (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 1985 (S.I. No. 129 of 1985). Signed on 8 May 1985. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 17 August 2021.
109. Dublin County Borough (Electoral Areas) (Amendment) Order 1994 (S.I. No. 107 of 1994). Signed on 29 April 1994. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.; Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993, s. 8: Alteration of certain boundaries existing before establishment day (No. 31 of 1993, s. 8). Enacted on 21 December 1993. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 14 June 2022.
110. "Richest cities in the world by purchasing power in 2009". City Mayors. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
111. "Richest cities in the world by personal earnings in 2009". Citymayors.com. 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
112. "Dublin falls in city-cost rankings". The Irish Times. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
113. "About Dublin. Economic Activity, Tax & Employment". Dublin Chamber. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
114. "I.F.S.C". I.F.S.C.ie. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
115. "Monitor: Dublin unemployment falls to lowest level in 10 years amid economic resurgence". Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
116. "14th issue of the Dublin Economic Monitor". Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
117. "Dublin ranked one of the worst cities in the world for cost of living". Independent.ie. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
118. McGreevy, Ronan; O'Riordan, Ellen. "Cost-of-living protest: Thousands turn out for Dublin march". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
119. "EFlow Website". eFlow. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
120. Kelpie, Colm (23 March 2016). "Revealed: Dublin ranked worse than London or Paris for road congestion". The Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
121. "TomTom Traffic Index". TomTom. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
122. "Ticketing". National Transport. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
123. "Dublin Network Redesign". Busconnects. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
124. "Dublin Bus - Transport Minister, NTA and Dublin Bus unveil electric bus charging infrastructure". Dublin Bus. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
125. "Report on trends in mode share of vehicles and people crossing the Canal Cordon 2006 to 2013" (PDF). Dublin City Council & National Transport Authority. 2013. pp. 4, 8, 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
126. "Cycling Maps". Dublincitycycling.ie. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
127. "Copenhagenize Consulting – Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2011". Copenhagenize.eu. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
128. "Copenhagenize Consulting – Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2011". Copenhagenize.eu. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
129. "Copenhagenize Consulting – Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities 2017". Copenhagenize.eu. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
130. "Dublinbikes – How does it work?". Dublinbikes. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
131. "Dublinbikes – latest figures". Dublinbikes.ie. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
132. "Dublinbikes Strategic Planning Framework 2011–2016" (PDF). Dublin City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
133. "DART (Dublin Area Rapid Transit)". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
134. "Passenger Journeys by Rail by Type of Journey and Year – StatBank – data and statistics". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
135. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Luas. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
136. "Luas Cross City Opened". Luas.ie. Transdev. December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
137. Melia, Paul (22 March 2018). "Revealed: Preferred route for €3bn MetroLink from city centre to Dublin Airport unveiled". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
138. "53 – Dublin Bus". dublinbus.ie. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
139. "2017 Year in Review". Dublin Airport. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
140. "Dublin Airport flying high after record year for transatlantic traffic – Independent.ie". The Irish Independent. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
141. ^ "Record 2016 For Dublin Airport With Almost 28M Passengers". dublinairport.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
142. "Flight Statistics 1998 – 2014". Irish Aviation Authority. 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
143. "ESOF Dublin". EuroScience. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
144. Walshe, John; Reigel, Ralph (25 November 2008). "Celebrations and hard work begin after capital lands science 'Olympics' for 2012". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
145. "History – About Trinity". tcd.ie. Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019. Catholics were permitted to enter and take degrees from 1793 the removal of the Catholic episcopal 'ban' (in 1970)
146. "Trinity College Dublin Profile 2016/17" (PDF). Higher Education Authority. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
147. "DCU incorporation of CICE, St Pats and Mater Dei". DCU. 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
148. "Membership | Royal Irish Academy". www.ria.ie. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
149. "About Dublin Learning City. What is a Learning City?". Dublin Learning City. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
150. "Census 2016 -Non-Irish Nationalities Living in Ireland". CSO. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
151. "Polish – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
152. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
153. "Romanian – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
154. "Lithuanian – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
155. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
156. "Italian – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
157. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
158. "Spanish – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
159. "Latvian – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
160. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
161. "French – CSO – Central Statistics Office". cso.ie. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
162. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
163. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
164. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
165. "Population Usually Resident and Present in the State 2011 to 2016". Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
166. "Census Mapping: Dublin". Central Statistics Office. 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
167. "Population and Actual and Percentage Change". Central Statistics Office. 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
168. "Economic Profile of Dublin". Dublin Chamber. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
169. "Population and Birthplace". Central Statistics Office. 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
170. "RTÉ Archives | The Italians". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
171. "'Because She Never Let Them In': Irish Immigration a Century Ago and Today" (PDF). Working Paper Series. UCD Centre for Economic Research. December 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
172. "Dublin heralds a new era in publishing for immigrants". The Guardian. 12 March 2006. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017.
173. "Foreign nationals now 10% of Irish population". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
174. Catholic Church's Hold on Schools at Issue in Changing Ireland Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 21 January 2016
175. Ganiel, Gladys (23 August 2018). "After Francis: what's the future for the church in Ireland?". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
176. "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Settlements Dublin City And Suburbs. Population by religion". Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
177. "Interactive Data Visualisations | CSO Ireland". visual.cso.ie. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
178. "Interactive Data Visualisations | CSO Ireland". visual.cso.ie. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
179. "Dublin Region Families who are Homeless July 2018 (Week of 23rd–29th)" (PDF). homelessdublin.ie. Dublin Region Homeless Executive. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
180. Irish Independent – Delight at City of Literature accolade for Dublin Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
181. "Visual arts: Commercial galleries adapt to rise of the fairs". irishtimes.com. The Irish Times. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
182. "National Museum of Ireland". Museum.ie. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
183. Conway, Richard (22 November 2010). "Dublin's independent arts scene is a silver lining in the recession-hit city". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
184. "RTÉ report on World Design Capital shortlist". RTÉ News. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
185. McDonald, Frank (22 June 2011). "Dublin on shortlist to be 'World Design Capital'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
186. "2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism - Competition winners 2022". European Commission. 2 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
187. "The Irish Experience". The Irish Experience. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
188. "Dublin Guide, Tourist Information, Travel Planning, Tours, Sightseeing, Attractions, Things to Do". TalkingCities.co.uk. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
189. "Hen and stag nights examined". BBC News. 29 March 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Officials noted a police report on the experiences of Dublin as a popular destination for revellers
190. "New Lonely Planet guide slams Ireland for being too modern, Ireland Vacations". IrishCentral. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
191. "Whelan in the years". irishtimes.com. The Irish Times. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
192. "Vicar Street set to go "Rock and Room" with new hotel". rte.ie. RTÉ. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
193. Doyle, Kevin (17 December 2009). "Let us open up for Sunday shoppers says Moore Street". The Herald. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
194. McKenna, John (7 July 2007). "Public appetite for real food". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
195. Van Kampen, Sinead (21 September 2009). "Miss Thrifty: Death to the shopping centre!". The Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
196. Mooney, Sinead (7 July 2007). "Food Shorts". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
197. Dublin Food Co-op website Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ref. Markets / News and Events / Recent Events / Events Archive
198. "Croke Park Stadium". Crokepark.ie. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
199. "World record crowd watches Harlequins sink Saracens". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
200. "Taoiseach Officially Opens Aviva Stadium". IrishRugby.ie. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
201. "Irish Rugby : Club & Community : Ulster Bank League : Ulster Bank League Tables". Archived from the original on 4 August 2013.
202. "Thousands of football fans flock to Dublin for Europa League final". rte.ie. 22 May 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
203. "Ireland Women v Pakistan Women, 2000, Only Test". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
204. "Pakistan Confirmed as Ireland's First Test Opponents". cricketireland.ie. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
205. "College Park to become Lightning home ground". CricketEurope. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
206. "History". VHI Women's Mini Marathon. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
207. "Race History". Great Ireland Run. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
208. McCormack, Sean (10 June 2021). "Ireland's baseball league finally returns after lockdown curveball". Dublin Live. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
209. "Red Rox Welcome Titans to Portmarnock for Opening of Newest Diamond – Baseball Ireland". Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
210. "Michelin-starred restaurants in Ireland, 2022: The complete guide". The Irish Times. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
211. Pope, Conor; Keena, Colm (1 September 2016). "Leading chef Kevin Thornton to close Dublin restaurant". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
212. Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín (2011). "The Changing Geography and Fortunes of Dublin's Haute Cuisine Restaurants, 1958–2008". Food, Culture & Society. 14 (4): 525–545. doi:10.2752/175174411X13088262162631. S2CID 218839288.
213. ^ Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín (2012). "Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History". M/C Journal. 15 (2). doi:10.5204/mcj.456.
214. "Full of beans: meet Stephen, the world's best barista". Irish Independent. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
215. Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in Stair na Gaeilge, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. ISBN 0-901519-90-1
216. See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and Leerssen, Joep, Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. ISBN 978-0268014278
217. Ellis, Henry (ed.). The Description of Ireland, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People): http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.03.0089 Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
218. Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). Hell or Connaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652-1660. Hamish Hamilton Ltd. p. 156. ISBN 978-0856404047.
219. Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193.
220. Caerwyn Williams, J.E. & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.) (1979). Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael, pp. 279 and 284. An Clóchomhar Tta.
221. Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276.
222. Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,’ Volume 84, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 1984
223. Ó Conluain, Proinsias & Ó Céileachair, Donncha (1958). An Duinníneach, pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. Sáirséal agus Dill. ISBN 0-901374-22-9.
224. Ó Broin, Brian (16 January 2010). "Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
225. John Walsh; Bernadette OʼRourke; Hugh Rowland, Research Report on New Speakers of Irish: https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
226. "Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language". Census of Population 2016. Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020.
227. "Education through the Medium of Irish 2015/2016" (PDF). gaelscoileanna.ie. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
228. "International Relations". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
229. ^ "Dublin City Council: International Relations Unit". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
230. "Managing our International relationships – City twinning". Dublin City Council. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2018. We are currently twinned with four cities: Beijing (The People's Republic of China) – Twinned since 2010 Barcelona (Spain) – Twinned since 1998 Liverpool (United Kingdom) – Twinned since 1997 San José (United States of America) – Twinned since 1986
231. "Sister City Program". City of San José. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
232. "Liverpool City Council twinning". Government of the United Kingdom. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
233. "Ciutats agermanades, Relacions bilaterals, L'acció exterior". CIty of Barcelona. 18 June 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
234. "Barcelona City Council signs cooperation agreements with Dublin, Seoul, Buenos Aires and Hong Kong". Ajuntament de Barcelona. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
235. "Dublin signs twinning agreement with Beijing". Dublin City Council. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
236. Coonan, Clifford (3 June 2011). "Dublin officially twinned with Beijing". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2014.(subscription required)
237. "Dublin City twinned with Ramallah, Palestine". Dublin City Council. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
238. "International Relations". Dublin City Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020. Dublin is currently twinned with: San José (1986) Liverpool (1997) Barcelona (1998, Addendum in 2009 for 2 years) Beijing (2011) ... a less formal commitment between two or more cities. Dublin currently has the following agreements:...
239. Coonan, Clifford (21 May 2011). "Dublin was also in talks with Rio de Janeiro in Brazil about twinning with that city". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2011.(subscription required)
240. "Mexican city to be twinned with Dublin, says Lord Mayor". The Irish Times. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.(subscription required)

Sources

• Maxwell, Constantia (1997). Dublin Under the Georges. Lambay Books. ISBN 0-7089-4497-3.

Further reading

• John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-9544694-1-0
• Pat Liddy, Dublin A Celebration: From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000), ISBN 0-946841-50-0
• Maurice Craig, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989), ISBN 0-7134-2587-3
• Frank McDonald, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989), ISBN 1-871793-03-3
• Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (Yale University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-300-09064-1

External links

• Dublin City Council – Official website of the local authority for Dublin
• Dublin Tourist Board – Official tourism site
• Dublin UNESCO City of Literature official site
• Dublin Historic Maps, Boundaries & an OSM Miscellany

v t e Regions of County Dublin
County seats: Dublin Dún Laoghaire Tallaght Swords
Cities	Dublin
Towns and villages	List of towns and villages in County Dublin
Counties	Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal South Dublin
Other regions	Northside Southside Greater Dublin Area County Dublin
Civil sub-divisions	List of subdivisions of County Dublin List of townlands of County Dublin List of Dublin postal districts
Baronies of Dublin	Balrothery East Balrothery West Castleknock Coolock Dublin Dublin City Nethercross Newcastle Rathdown Uppercross

Other articles related to Dublin

v t e Cities in Ireland Republic of Ireland City Councils Dublin Cork Galway Metropolitan District within City and County Council Limerick Waterford Municipal District within County Council Kilkenny  Northern Ireland Belfast Bangor Derry Lisburn Newry Armagh v t e Capital cities of the member states of the European Union Netherlands: Amsterdam Greece: Athens Germany: Berlin Slovakia: Bratislava Belgium: Brussels Romania: Bucharest Hungary: Budapest Denmark: Copenhagen Ireland: Dublin Finland: Helsinki Portugal: Lisbon Slovenia: Ljubljana Luxembourg: Luxembourg Spain: Madrid Cyprus: Nicosia France: Paris Czech Republic: Prague Latvia: Riga Italy: Rome Bulgaria: Sofia Sweden: Stockholm Estonia: Tallinn Malta: Valletta Austria: Vienna Lithuania: Vilnius Poland: Warsaw Croatia: Zagreb v t e European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence 1987 Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin 1989 Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid 1993 Antwerp 1994 Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City 1996 Copenhagen 1997 Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv 2004 Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius 2010 Essen Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020-April 2021 Rijeka Galway 2022 Kaunas Esch-sur-Alzette Novi Sad 2023 Veszprém Timișoara Elefsina 2024 Tartu Bad Ischl Bodø 2025 Nova Gorica / Gorizia Chemnitz 2026 Oulu Trenčín 2027 Liepāja v t e Capitals of European states and territories Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Sovereign states Amsterdam, Netherlands Andorra la Vella, Andorra Ankara, Turkey Astana, Kazakhstan Athens, Greece Baku, Azerbaijan Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chișinău, Moldova Copenhagen, Denmark Dublin, Ireland Helsinki, Finland Kyiv, Ukraine Lisbon, Portugal Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Minsk, Belarus Monaco Moscow, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus Oslo, Norway Paris, France Podgorica, Montenegro Prague, Czech Republic Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, North Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia Tirana, Albania Vaduz, Liechtenstein Valletta, Malta Vatican City Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland Yerevan, Armenia Zagreb, Croatia States with limited recognition North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus Pristina, Kosovo Sukhumi, Abkhazia Tiraspol, Transnistria Tskhinvali, South Ossetia Dependencies United Kingdom Constituent countries London, England Edinburgh, Scotland Cardiff, Wales Belfast, Northern Ireland Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Douglas, Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar, Gibraltar St Helier, Jersey Saint Peter Port, Guernsey Other Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway) Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark) Federal states Austria Bregenz, Vorarlberg Eisenstadt, Burgenland Graz, Styria Innsbruck, Tyrol Klagenfurt, Carinthia Linz, Upper Austria Salzburg, Salzburg Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria Vienna, Vienna Belgium Communities Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community Eupen, German-speaking Community Regions Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders Namur, Wallonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska Brčko, Brčko District Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Berlin, Berlin Bremen, Bremen Dresden, Saxony Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Erfurt, Thuringia Hamburg, Hamburg Hanover, Lower Saxony Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate Munich, Bavaria Potsdam, Brandenburg Saarbrücken, Saarland Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Wiesbaden, Hesse Russia Republics Cheboksary, Chuvashia Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia Elista, Kalmykia Grozny, Chechnya Izhevsk, Udmurtia Kazan, Tatarstan Magas, Ingushetia Makhachkala, Dagestan Maykop, Adygea Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria Petrozavodsk, Karelia Saransk, Mordovia Simferopol, Crimea (disputed) Syktyvkar, Komi Ufa, Bashkortostan Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Autonomous okrugs Naryan-Mar, Nenets Krais Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai Perm, Perm Krai Stavropol, Stavropol Krai Oblasts Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast Kirov, Kirov Oblast Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto) Kursk, Kursk Oblast Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast Oryol, Oryol Oblast Penza, Penza Oblast Pskov, Pskov Oblast Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast Samara, Samara Oblast Saratov, Saratov Oblast Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast Tambov, Tambov Oblast Tula, Tula Oblast Tver, Tver Oblast Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast Vologda, Vologda Oblast Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol (disputed) Switzerland Aarau, Aargau Altdorf, Uri Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden Basel, Basel-Stadt Bellinzona, Ticino Chur, Grisons Delémont, Jura Frauenfeld, Thurgau Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg Geneva, Canton of Geneva Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Lausanne, Vaud Liestal, Basel-Landschaft Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel Sarnen, Obwalden Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz Sion, Valais Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn Stans, Nidwalden St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen Glarus, Canton of Glarus Zug, Canton of Zug Zurich, Canton of Zürich Autonomous entities Italy Autonomous regions Cagliari, Sardinia Palermo, Sicily Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Aosta, Aosta Valley Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia Portugal Autonomous regions Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores Funchal, Madeira Spain Barcelona, Catalonia Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands Logroño, La Rioja Madrid, Community of Madrid Mérida, Extremadura Murcia, Region of Murcia Oviedo, Asturias Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Pamplona, Navarre Santander, Cantabria Santiago de Compostela, Galicia Seville, Andalusia Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto) Valencia, Valencian Community Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto) Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto) Zaragoza, Aragon Other Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France) Batumi, Adjara (Georgia) Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova) Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece) Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland) Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia) Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)  Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands  Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed  Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union  A city-state v t e European Capitals of Sport 2001 Madrid 2002 Stockholm 2003 Glasgow 2004 Alicante 2005 Rotterdam 2006 Copenhagen 2007 Stuttgart 2008 Warsaw 2009 Milan 2010 Dublin 2011 Valencia 2012 Istanbul 2013 Antwerp 2014 Cardiff 2015 Turin 2016 Prague 2017 Marseille 2018 Sofia 2019 Budapest 2020 Málaga 2021 Lisbon 2022 The Hague 2023 Glasgow 2024 Genoa

• Dublin (city)
• 841 establishments
• 9th-century establishments in Ireland
• Capitals in Europe
• Cities in the Republic of Ireland
• County towns in the Republic of Ireland
• Former boroughs in the Republic of Ireland
• Leinster
• Local government areas of the Republic of Ireland
• Populated coastal places in the Republic of Ireland
• Populated places established in the 9th century
• Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea
• Staple ports
• Tourism regions of the island of Ireland
• Viking Age populated places