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Dunedin North (previously known as North Dunedin) is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was established for the 1905 election and has existed since. It was last held by David Clark of the New Zealand Labour Party, who replaced the long-standing representative Pete Hodgson. It was considered a safe Labour seat, with Labour holding the seat for all but one term (1975–1978) since 1928. In the 2020 electoral boundary review, Otago Peninsula (previously in the Dunedin South electorate) was added to the area to address a population quota shortfall; with this change the electorate was succeeded by the Dunedin electorate in the 2020 election.

Population centres

Through the City Single Electorates Act, 1903, the three-member electorates of the four main centres were split again, and this became effective at the end of the 15th Parliament and was thus used for the 1905 election. The City of Dunedin electorate was split into the Dunedin Central, Dunedin North, and Dunedin South electorates.

Due to World War II, the 1941 census was postponed. The next census was brought forward to 1945 so that the significant changes in population since the 1936 census could be taken into consideration in a 1946 electoral redistribution prior to the scheduled 1946 general election. At the same time, the Labour government abolished the country quota. The electoral redistribution changed all 76 electorates. When the draft electoral redistribution was released for consultation in early April 1946, it was proposed for the Dunedin North electorate to be abolished and most of its area was supposed to go to a re-created Chalmers electorate. Based on consultation feedback, the Port Chalmers Borough became part of the Oamaru electorate. With such a geographic change, the proposed name of Chalmers electorate was no longer viable and the name changed to North Dunedin electorate instead. Apart from the Port Chalmers Borough going to Oamaru, there was little change in geographic area covered when Dunedin North became North Dunedin. In the 1952 electoral redistribution, the Oamaru electorate expanded further inland and its southern boundary moved north, resulting in the area north of Dunedin Harbour all going to North Dunedin. In the 1957 electoral redistribution, North Dunedin became more rural in nature by expanding towards the north (the Oamaru electorate was split between North Dunedin, Otago Central and Waitaki at this point).

The North Dunedin electorate was renamed Dunedin North in the 1962 electoral redistribution prior to the 1963 election. The character of the electorate changed significantly and it became urban again. In the 1967 electoral redistribution, the North Dunedin electorate moved south, losing the Port Chalmers Borough once more to the re-established Oamaru electorate but gaining area from Dunedin Central. In the 1972 electoral redistribution, Port Chalmers came back to the Dunedin North electorate. There were only minor boundary changes in the 1977 electoral redistribution, but a significant urban shift to the south occurred through the 1983 electoral redistribution, when the Dunedin Central electorate was subsumed by Dunedin North and Dunedin West. There were further boundary changes through the 1987 electoral redistribution.

The 2013 redistribution saw the electorate expand to include Palmerston, Macraes Flat, Moeraki, Hampden and Herbert-Waianakarua. In its final shape from 2014 to 2020, the Dunedin North electorate covered the northern half of the city of Dunedin. It was bordered by Waitaki in the north, Dunedin South in west, south, and south-east, and the Pacific Ocean in the north-east.

The electorate covered what is the equivalent of the Waikouaiti Coast-Chalmers ward of the Dunedin City Council outside the actual urban area of Dunedin. This included the population centre of Waikouaiti, Karitane, Waitati, Seacliff, Warrington, Port Chalmers, Sawyers Bay, Roseneath, and Aramoana.

In urban Dunedin it covered most of northern, central and western Dunedin. This included the city centre and the suburbs of City Rise, Pine Hill, Dunedin North, North East Valley, Opoho, Ravensbourne, Mornington, Roslyn, Maori Hill, Leith Valley, Kaikorai Valley, Brockville, Halfway Bush, and Wakari.

Socio-economic make-up

A notable influence on voting patterns in the electorate was the location of the University of Otago and Otago Polytechnic in Dunedin North. The electorate has the highest proportion of persons aged 15 to 19 in the country, with 14.1%. It also has the highest proportion of people on a student allowance (8.8%), employed in the education and training industry (11.7%), and employed in the health care and social assistance industry (12.3%).

The Dunedin North electorate has a low rate of enrolment compared to New Zealand as a whole. As of 31 May 2012, 78.4% of the estimate eligible population was enrolled to vote, compared to 92.8% nationally. The figure was brought down by the low number of people aged 18 to 24 enrolled — less than half (47.5%) of the estimated eligible population was enrolled, compared to 75.2% nationally. Enrolments of those aged 25 and over are comparable to the national averages.

History

The first representative was Alfred Richard Barclay, who had previously represented the City of Dunedin electorate. In the 1908 election, he was defeated by G. M. Thomson, who served for two parliamentary terms before being defeated.

Barclay was succeeded by Andrew Walker representing the United Labour Party in the 1914 election. The remnants of United Labour formed the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916 and Walker became the new party's first President. He served for one parliamentary term until the 1919 election, when he was defeated by the Independent Edward Kellett. Kellett died during the parliamentary term on 15 May 1922, and this caused the 1922 by-election, which was won by Jim Munro.

Munro was confirmed at the 1922 general election, but was defeated by Harold Tapley in the 1925 election. Munro in turn defeated Tapley at the 1928 election and then served the electorate until his death on 27 May 1945.

Munro's death caused the 1945 by-election, which was won by Robert Walls. Walls served the electorate until his death on 6 November 1953. This caused the 1953 by-election, which was won by Ethel McMillan, who served the electorate until her retirement in 1975.

McMillan was succeeded by Richard Walls of the National Party in the 1975 election, who held the electorate for one parliamentary term before being defeated by Labour's Stan Rodger in the 1978 election. Rodger retired in 1990 and was succeeded by Pete Hodgson. Hodgson served the electorate until his retirement in 2011. Hodgson was succeeded by David Clark in the 2011 election, when he beat Michael Woodhouse. In the 2014 election, Clark was again successful against Woodhouse and managed to increase his majority.

In the 2019/2020 electoral boundary review, the Electoral Commission added the Otago Peninsula area to the Dunedin North electorate. The electorate's area had to grow as it 5.8% below its population quota, where the maximum allowable quota is capped to 5%. This change in area required the name of the electorate to be changed to Dunedin.

Members of Parliament

Key

  Liberal–Labour   Independent   Reform   United Labour   Labour   Independent Labour   National   Green   ACT

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Dunedin North electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2017 election

2017 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y David Clark		21,259	57.48	+10.08	17,808	47.63	+15.81
	National	Michael Woodhouse		9,505	25.70	−4.51	10,382	27.77	−4.49
	Green	Niki Bould		3,053	8.25	−9.12	5,110	13.67	−9.27
	Opportunities	Abe Gray		1,645	4.45	—	1,535	4.11	—
	NZ First	Warren Voight		1,069	2.89	—	1,899	5.08	+1.67
	ACT	Sam Purchas		150	0.40	—	157	0.41	+0.09
	Independent	Adrian Daegal Graamans		71	0.19	−0.12
	Independent	Stan Lusby		38	0.01	−0.17
	Māori Party						108	0.29	−0.06
	Legalise Cannabis						89	0.24	−0.25
	Conservative						60	0.16	−2.57
	Ban 1080						55	0.15	−0.02
	United Future						20	0.08	−0.17
	People's Party						17	0.05	—
	Democrats						15	0.04	−0.07
	Outdoors						14	0.04	—
	Mana Party						11	0.03	—
	Internet						10	0.03	—
Informal votes				195			86
Total valid votes				36,985			37,385
	Labour hold		Majority	11,754	31.78	+11.92

2014 election

2014 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y David Clark		16,315	47.40	+3.15	11,147	31.82	−1.98
	National	Michael Woodhouse		10,398	30.21	−2.14	11,302	32.26	−0.13
	Green	Metiria Turei		5,978	17.37	−2.14	8,035	22.94	−0.45
	Conservative	Jonathan Daley		621	1.80	+1.80	956	2.73	+1.38
	Legalise Cannabis	Abe Gray		580	1.69	+0.33	172	0.49	−0.08
	Internet	Rob Stewart		255	0.74	+0.74
	Independent	Adrian Daegal Graamans		106	0.31	+0.31
	Democrats	Miriam Mowat		159	0.31	−0.36	37	0.11	−0.10
	Independent	Stan Lusby		62	0.18	+0.18
	NZ First						2,364	6.75	+1.06
	Internet Mana						603	1.72	+1.12
	Māori Party						124	0.35	−0.07
	ACT						111	0.32	−0.41
	United Future						86	0.25	−0.29
	Ban 1080						60	0.17	+0.17
	Civilian						27	0.08	+0.08
	Independent Coalition						7	0.02	+0.02
	Focus						1	0.00	+0.00
Informal votes				216			99
Total valid votes				34,636			35,131
Turnout				35,230	79.88	+11.50
	Labour hold		Majority	5,917	17.19	+5.29

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 40,356

2008 election

2008 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Pete Hodgson		17,127	52.62	−2.46	14,608	44.24	−10.58
	National	Michael Woodhouse		9,972	30.64	−0.79	9,692	29.35	+4.21
	Green	Metiria Turei		3,611	11.09	+3.64	5,221	15.81	+4.99
	ACT	Hilary Calvert		573	1.76	+1.15	749	2.27	+1.28
	Legalise Cannabis	Julian Crawford		483	1.48	−0.06	143	0.43	+0.14
	Alliance	Victor Billot		448	1.38	+0.54	106	0.32	+0.12
	United Future	Mary Edwards		228	0.70	−1.32	312	0.94	−1.82
	Democrats	Olive McRae		105	0.32	+0.32	36	0.11	+0.05
	NZ First						1,132	3.43	+0.58
	Progressive						310	0.94	−1.38
	Bill and Ben						252	0.76	+0.76
	Māori Party						230	0.70	+0.41
	Kiwi						125	0.38	+0.38
	Family Party						57	0.17	+0.17
	Workers Party						18	0.05	+0.05
	Pacific						14	0.04	+0.04
	Libertarianz						9	0.03	−0.01
	RAM						4	0.01	+0.01
	RONZ						2	0.01	−0.01
Informal votes				234			89
Total valid votes				32,547			33,020
	Labour hold		Majority	7,155	21.98	−1.67

2005 election

2005 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Pete Hodgson		17,769	55.08	−4.42	17,915	54.82	+5.11
	National	Katherine Rich		10,139	31.02	+7.94	8,217	25.14	+8.95
	Green	Philippa Jamieson		2,405	7.46	+0.59	3,536	10.82	−1.54
	United Future	Mark Peters		652	2.02	−0.34	901	2.76	−2.78
	Legalise Cannabis	Jason Baker-Sherman		498	1.54	−0.51	95	0.29	−0.42
	Progressive	James Boyack		330	1.02	−0.02	431	1.32	−0.65
	Alliance	Victor Billot		270	0.84	−1.14	65	0.20	−2.89
	ACT	Willie Martin		196	0.61	−1.15	322	0.99	−3.20
	NZ First						931	2.85	−1.61
	Māori Party						96	0.29	+0.29
	Destiny						78	0.24	+0.24
	Christian Heritage						35	0.11	−0.72
	Democrats						21	0.06	+0.06
	Libertarianz						14	0.04	+0.04
	99 MP						10	0.03	+0.03
	Direct Democracy						4	0.01	+0.01
	One NZ						4	0.01	−0.04
	RONZ						4	0.01	+0.01
	Family Rights						3	0.01	+0.01
Informal votes				241			71
Total valid votes				32,259			32,682
	Labour hold		Majority	7,630	23.65	−12.36

2002 election

2002 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Pete Hodgson		17,573	59.50	−0.88	14,866	49.71	+1.83
	National	Katherine Rich		6,936	23.49	−3.76	4,841	16.19	−4.26
	Green	Philippa Direen		2,028	6.87	+2.65	3,697	12.36	+4.93
	United Future	Todd Whitcombe		697	2.36	+2.36	1,658	5.54	+5.54
	Legalise Cannabis	Paul John McMullan		606	2.05	+0.13	212	0.71	+0.71
	Alliance	Carolyn Payne-Harker		586	1.98	−4.32	924	3.09	−9.32
	ACT	Willie Martin		520	1.76	−1.17	1,254	4.19	−0.53
	Progressive	Frede Jorgensen		306	1.04	+1.04	588	1.97	+1.97
	Christian Heritage	Glenn Peoples		280	0.95	−0.94	248	0.83	+0.83
	NZ First						1,333	4.46	+3.74
	ORNZ						253	0.85	+0.85
	One NZ						15	0.05	+0.05
	Mana Māori						9	0.03	+0.03
	NMP						6	0.02	+0.02
Informal votes				291			99
Total valid votes				29,532			29,904
Turnout				29,904	79.1
	Labour hold		Majority	10,637	36.01	−4.64

1999 election

1999 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Pete Hodgson		18,856	60.38		15,052	47.88
	National	Katherine Rich		6,161	19.73		6,427	20.45
	Alliance	Quentin Findlay		1,968	6.30		3,902	12.41
	Green	Michael Tritt		1,318	4.22		2,336	7.43
	ACT	Hilary Calvert		915	2.93		1,485	4.72
	Legalise Cannabis	Paul John McMullan		599	1.92		397	1.26
	Christian Heritage	David Harris		589	1.89		651	2.07
	South Island	Alan McDonald		404	1.29		216	0.69
	NZ First	Donna Waipouri-Baxter		224	0.72		401	1.28
	McGillicuddy Serious	Bernard Smith		152	0.49		46	0.15
	NMP	Patrick Byrne		41	0.13		28	0.09
	Christian Democrats						185	0.59
	United NZ						151	0.48
	Libertarianz						64	0.20
	Animals First						49	0.16
	Natural Law						15	0.05
	One NZ						12	0.04
	Mana Māori						9	0.03
	Freedom Movement						6	0.02
	The People's Choice						2	0.006
	Mauri Pacific						1	0.003
	Republican						0	0.00
Informal votes				384			176
Total valid votes				31,227			31,435
	Labour hold		Majority	12,695	40.65

1996 election

1996 general election: Dunedin North
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	Labour	Y Pete Hodgson		17,375	52.32		13,449	40.15
	National	Margie Stevens		7,168	21.58		8,304	24.79
	Alliance	Jim Flynn		4,488	13.51		4,648	13.88
	NZ First	Neil Benson		1,824	5.49		2,224	6.64
	ACT	Michael Steeneveld		1,157	3.48		1,452	4.33
	United NZ	Graeme Brown		553	1.67		718	2.14
	McGillicuddy Serious	Doug Mackie		453	1.36		120	0.36
	Natural Law	Mary-Anne McGregor		193	0.58		56	0.17
	Christian Coalition						1,198	3.58
	Legalise Cannabis						1,100	3.28
	Animals First						75	0.22
	Progressive Green						63	0.19
	Green Society						28	0.08
	Mana Māori						20	0.06
	Ethnic Minority Party						12	0.04
	Asia Pacific United						8	0.02
	Superannuitants & Youth						7	0.02
	Libertarianz						6	0.02
	Conservatives						5	0.01
	Advance New Zealand						4	0.01
	Te Tawharau						0	0.00
Informal votes				386			100
Total valid votes				33,211			33,497
	Labour hold		Majority	10,207	30.73

1993 election

1990 election

1987 election

1984 election

1981 election

1978 election

1975 election

1972 election

1969 election

1966 election

1963 election

1960 election

1957 election

1954 election

1953 by-election

1951 election

1949 election

1946 election

1945 by-election

1943 election

1935 election

1931 election

1928 election

1922 by-election

1914 election

Table footnotes

1. Hilary Calvert entered parliament as a list MP on 24 September 2010 after David Garrett resigned.
2. 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.
3. John McCrae was the official candidate for the United–Reform Coalition
4. Robert Black, who was not endorsed by the United Party, withdrew just before the election

Notes

1. ^ Scholefield 1950, pp. 156–157.
2. McRobie 1989, pp. 66ff.
3. McRobie 1989, p. 95.
4. "Electoral districts – south loses two seats". Evening Star. No. 25759. 4 April 1946. p. 7. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
5. "New boundaries: electoral districts". Otago Daily Times. No. 26190. 28 June 1946. p. 4. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
6. McRobie 1989, pp. 93, 97.
7. McRobie 1989, pp. 97–101.
8. McRobie 1989, pp. 101–105.
9. McRobie 1989, pp. 105–109.
10. McRobie 1989, pp. 109–113.
11. McRobie 1989, pp. 113–117.
12. McRobie 1989, pp. 117–121.
13. McRobie 1989, pp. 121–125.
14. McRobie 1989, pp. 125–129.
15. Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
16. "Dunedin North – Electorate Profile" (PDF). Parliamentary Library. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
17. "Enrolment Statistics". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
18. Scholefield 1950, p. 94.
19. Scholefield 1950, p. 143.
20. Scholefield 1950, p. 118.
21. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 128.
22. Scholefield 1950, p. 142.
23. "Hon Pete Hodgson". New Zealand Parliament. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
24. "Agony and ecstasy for Dunedin party faithful". Otago Daily Times. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
25. "New names, new boundaries: How the electorate changes will affect you". The Spinoff. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
26. "Dunedin electorates set to get larger". Otago Daily Times. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
27. "Official Count Results -- Dunedin North (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
28. 2014 election results
29. 2011 election results
30. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
31. 2008 election results
32. "Electorate Profile Dunedin North". New Zealand Parliament.
33. "Official Count Results (1999) – Electoral Votes for registered parties by electorate". NZ Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
34. "Official Count Results (1999) – Candidate Vote Details". NZ Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
35. "Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Dunedin North, 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
36. "Part III – Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
37. "Part III – Party Lists of unsuccessful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
38. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 16.
39. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 24.
40. ^ Norton 1988, p. 215.
41. ^ Norton 1988, p. 214.
42. "The General Election, 1949". National Library. 1950. pp. 1–5, 8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
43. "The General Election, 1946". National Library. 1947. pp. 1–11, 14. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
44. "Declaration of Result of Poll". Evening Star. No. 25553. 3 August 1945. p. 2. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
45. "The General Election, 1943". National Library. 1944. p. 11. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
46. "General Election". The Evening Post. Vol. CXX, no. 138. 7 December 1935. p. 11. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
47. Ammentorp, Steen. "Falconer". generals.dk. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
48. "Alexander Smith Falconer". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 July 2022 – via Online Cenotaph.
49. "Brigadier A. S. Falconer". New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
50. Tennant, Margaret. "Helen McKenzie Black". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
51. The General Election, 1931. Government Printer. 1932. p. 2. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
52. "John McCrae". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 9 July 2022 – via Online Cenotaph.
53. "Dunedin North". Auckland Star. Vol. LXII, no. 264. 7 November 1931. p. 11. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
54. Skinner, W. A. G. (1929). The General Election, 1928. Government Printer. p. 2. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
55. "The election : nomination day". Evening Star. No. 20009. 29 October 1928. p. 7. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
56. "Dunedin North Election". Evening Star. Vol. 12, no. 18005. 27 June 1922. p. 4. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
57. Hislop, J. (1915). The General Election, 1914. National Library. pp. 1–33. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

References

• McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
• Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
• Scholefield, Guy (1950) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
• Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

External links

• Dunedin North electorate profile (Parliamentary Library)

• Historical electorates of New Zealand
• Politics of Dunedin
• 1905 establishments in New Zealand
• 1946 disestablishments in New Zealand
• 2020 establishments in New Zealand