| Dysidea etheria | |
|---|---|
| |
| A preserved specimen from the Caribbean | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Dictyoceratida |
| Family: | Dysideidae |
| Genus: | Dysidea |
| Species: | D. etheria |
| Binomial name | |
| Dysidea etheria Laubenfels, 1936 | |
Dysidea etheria, commonly known as the ethereal sponge or heavenly sponge, is a species of lobate sponge within the class Demospongiae. This marine sponge is known for its light blue color and can be found in the Caribbean as well as off the coasts of Florida and Georgia. Like all other poriferans, D. etheria is capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. The use of spicule collection as well as chemical defenses allows D. etheria to protect itself against predators such as the zebra doris and the orange knobby star. D. etheria is also known as a host species of the invasive brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis. Lastly, various molecular biology studies have utilized D. etheria to both study foreign particle transport in sponges and to isolate novel molecules.
Etymology
The specific epithet "etheria" was given to this species of sponge by Laubenfels upon its discovery in the Dry Tortugas in 1936 due to its sky-blue color.
Description
Dysidea etheria is a species of lobate sponge that are massive and semi-incrusting. They are identifiable by their internal and external light blue coloration. The exopinacoderm has also been observed to be colored a brownish grey.
The shaping of the sponge's lobes have been described as elongated, digitated, or lamellar. The size of D. etheria can range from ten to fifteen centimeters in width and four to seven centimeters in height. The diameter of the sponge's lobes have been observed to range from two to four centimeters.
The sponge's oscula, ranging from five to ten millimeters in width, are typically found on the tops of its lobes. The oscula also have a transparent iris-membrane, and the oscular membrane openings have occasionally been observed to be compound. One millimeter high sharp conules make up the surface of the sponge and are spaced three millimeters apart.
D. etheria has a thin exopinacoderm and a flesh-like choanosome. The sponge also has an irregular skeleton which is loosely fibroreticular. Calcareous debris is contained within the white fibers with which the skeleton is made up of.
Habitat and distribution
Found within marine environments of depths reaching up to 40 meters, D. etheria inhabits bays and lagoons. This species has been spotted on a variety of natural and manmade substrates. A majority of such substrates are known to be hard and vertical, such as on docks or pilings. Another manmade substrate is the hull of a concrete ship where D. etheria was seen on a scleractinian. As for natural substrates, D. etheria has been seen on rocks, turtle grass blades, mangrove roots, mollusk and crab shells, coral skeletons, algae, and even other sponges.
D. etheria is known to be distributed across the Caribbean as well as off the coasts of Florida and Georgia.
Ecology
Reproduction
Both sexual and asexual reproduction are utilized by poriferans. Sponges are hermaphroditic when sexual reproduction occurs, utilizing different timing of sperm and egg production. D. etheria asexually reproduce through fragmentation. The totipotent abilities of sponge cells allows for fragments of the sponge to regrow into a new sponge.
Predators
The nudibranch Felimare zebra, and the sea star Echinaster echinophorus have both been spotted preying on D. etheria.
Defenses
Through the collection and storage of spicule fragments within the mesohyl, D. etheria is capable of deterring predators. The production of toxins is also believed to act as a defense against predators. Chemical extracts from D. etheria have been shown to be deterrents to generalist reef fishes, hermit crabs, and sea stars.
Host species
D. etheria is registered as one of many host species of the invasive brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis. Utilizing a host species is believed to protect O. mirabilis from predation and allow for new environments to be colonized more easily.
Biochemistry
D. etheria was the first recorded sponge to have plant growth regulatory indoles isolated from it. The plant growth regulator, indole-3-acetamide, promotes the growth of roots in lettuce seedlings.
A new protein phosphatase inhibitor, named dysidiolide, was also isolated from D. etheria.
D. etheria has also been utilized in research to understand how sponges transport foreign particles to specific locations within their bodies. Mesohyl cells have been observed to migrate in a coordinated fashion that allows for organized transport of particles.
References
- ^ Wiedenmayer, F. (1977). Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum. Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-3-0348-5797-0.
- ^ Diaz M.C. (2011) Mangrove and coral reef sponge faunas: untold stories about shallow water Porifera in the Caribbean. In: Maldonado M., Turon X., Becerro M., Jesús Uriz M. (eds) Ancient Animals, New Challenges. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 219. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4688-6_15
- ^ Pechenik, J.A. (2000). Biology of the Invertebrates Fourth Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. p. 73.
- ^ Cowden, R.R. (1970). "Connective Tissue in Six Marine Sponges: A Histological and Histochemical Study". Special Edition Magazine for Microscopic-Anatomical Research. 82 (4): 557–569. PMID 5501157.
- ^ Grode, Stephen H.; Cardellina, John H. (1984). "Sesquiterpenes from the Sponge Dysidea etheria and the Nudibranch Hypselodoris zebra". Journal of Natural Products. 47 (1): 76–83. doi:10.1021/np50031a009. ISSN 0163-3864.
- ^ Mantelatto, Marcelo Checoli; Vidon, Lara Figueiredo; Silveira, Rosana Beatriz; Menegola, Carla; Rocha, Rosana Moreira da; Creed, Joel Christopher (2016-03-30). "Host species of the non-indigenous brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): an invasive generalist in Brazil?". Marine Biodiversity Records. 9 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0013-x. ISSN 1755-2672.
- ^ Cardellina, John H.; Nigh, David; VanWagenen, Bradford C. (1986). "Plant Growth Regulatory Indoles from the Sponges Dysidea etheria and Ulosa ruetzleri". Journal of Natural Products. 49 (6): 1065–1067. doi:10.1021/np50048a015. ISSN 0163-3864.
- ^ Gunasekera, Sarath P.; McCarthy, Peter J.; Kelly-Borges, Michelle; Lobkovsky, Emil; Clardy, Jon (1996-01-01). "Dysidiolide: A Novel Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor from the Caribbean Sponge Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 (36): 8759–8760. doi:10.1021/ja961961+. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Teragawa, Carolyn K. (1986-04-01). "Particle transport and incorporation during skeleton formation in a keratose sponge: dysidea etheria". The Biological Bulletin. 170 (2): 321–334. doi:10.2307/1541812. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1541812.
- De Laubenfels, Max Walker (1936). A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. . hdl:2027/wu.89036561199.
- ^ Sterrer, W. (1986). Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda: A Systematic Guide to Identification of Marine Organisms. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- ^ Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S; Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology. Seventh Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
- Teragawa, C.K. (1985). "Mechanical Function and Regulation of the skeletal Network in Dysidea". 3rd International Sponge Conference.
- Waddell, B.; Pawlik, J. R. (2000). "Defenses of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. II. Assays with sea stars". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195: 133–144. Bibcode:2000MEPS..195..133W. doi:10.3354/meps195133.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Dysidea etheria | |