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Eastern black crested gibbon
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Hylobatidae
Genus:	Nomascus
Species:	N. nasutus
Binomial name
Nomascus nasutus (Künckel d'Herculais, 1884)
Eastern black crested gibbon area

The eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus), also called Cao-vit black crested gibbon or the Cao-vit crested gibbon, is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon from southeast China and northern Vietnam. The term "Cao-vit" originated from the sounds of their calls or songs that villagers of Ngoc Khe, Phong Nam and Ngoc Con communes of Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province of Vietnam use to name for them.

This name was officially used by gibbon experts since the rediscovery. From the 1960s until the 2000s there had been no confirmed sightings of the eastern black-crested gibbon and it was thought to be possibly extinct. In 2002 a small population was rediscovered by two FFI biologists in a karst forest of Trùng Khánh District, Cao Bằng Province, in northeast Vietnam. The species was endemic to Vietnam until 2006 when they were also found in a small forest in Guangxi Province of China, which is adjacent to Trung Khanh forests. In 2005 it was estimated that this population in Vietnam side was about 35–37 individuals.

The eastern black crested gibbon is one of the rarest and most critically endangered primates in the world. This status has resulted from deforestation of its habitat, encroachment, and poaching.

The eastern black crested gibbon is classified as separate from other crested gibbons based on molecular data, fur coloration, and differences in vocal communication. Previously it had been considered conspecific with the Hainan black crested gibbon or as a subspecies of the black crested gibbon. Until the sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene the Hainan black crested gibbon was thought to be Nomascus nasutus hainanus, a subspecies of eastern black crested gibbon. The researchers proposed that the genetic separation showed it was a distinct species.

Dance

Female eastern black crested gibbons have been observed to make rhythmic displays, researchers described as dancing. These have been suggested to be a form of non-aggressive competition among females. Females with a weaker relationship with the breeding male gained increased social and sexual access to them by increasing the frequency of these dancing displays. Researchers suggested such rhythmic displays "may offer new insights into our understanding of origin of human dance and language".

References

1. Rawson, B.M.; Roos, C.; Nguyen, M.H.; Bleisch, W.; Geissmann, T.; Fan, P.F. (2020). "Nomascus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41642A17969578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Geissmann, Thomas; La, Quang Trung; Trinh, Dinh Hoang; Vu, Dinh Thong; Dang, Ngoc Can (2003-01-01). "Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam". Asian Primates. 8.
4. La Quang Trung; Trinh Dinh Hoang (2002). "Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province". Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme. Hanoi, Vietnam.
5. "Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam". www.gibbons.de. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
6. Chan, Bosco; Tan, X.F.; Tan, W.J. (2008). "Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status". Asian Primates Journal. 1: 17–25.
7. Vu Ngoc Thanh, Nguyen Xuan Dang, Nguyen Manh Ha, Luu Tuong Bach, Nguyen Thi Hien (2005). Survey and assessment of the Cao-vit gibbon population in Phong Nam – Ngoc Khe Proposed Species/habitat Conservation Area, Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province. Fauna & Flora International, Vietnam.
8. Roos, C.; Thanh, V. N.; Walter, L.; Nadler, T. (2007). "Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates" (PDF). Vietnamese Journal of Primatology. 1: 41–53.
9. ^ Fan, Peng-Fei; Ma, Chang-Yong; Garber, Paul A.; Zhang, Wen; Fei, Han-Lan; Xiao, Wen (2016-09-30). "Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep34606. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5043361. PMID 27687686.

• IUCN Red List critically endangered species
• Nomascus
• Primates of East Asia
• Primates of Southeast Asia
• Mammals of China
• Mammals of Vietnam
• Critically endangered fauna of Asia
• Mammals described in 1884
• Species that are or were threatened by deforestation
• Taxa named by Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais