Misplaced Pages

Republic of Karelia
Republic
Республика Карелия
Other transcription(s)
• Karelian	Karjalan tašavalta
• Vepsian	Karjalan tazovaldkund
• Finnish	Karjalan tasavalta
• Livvi	Karjalan tazavaldu
FlagCoat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of the Republic of Karelia
Coordinates: 63°49′N 33°00′E / 63.817°N 33.000°E / 63.817; 33.000
Country	Russia
Federal district	Northwestern
Economic region	Northern
Capital	Petrozavodsk
Government
• Body	Legislative Assembly
• Head	Artur Parfenchikov
Area
• Total	180,520 km (69,700 sq mi)
• Rank	20th
Population
• Total	533,121
• Estimate	622,484
• Rank	70th
• Density	3.0/km (7.6/sq mi)
• Urban	79.5%
• Rural	20.5%
Time zone	UTC+3 (UTC+03:00 )
ISO 3166 code	RU-KR
License plates	10
OKTMO ID	86000000
Official languages	Russian
Recognised languages	Karelian, Veps, Finnish
Website	http://www.gov.karelia.ru

The Republic of Karelia, Karjala or Karelia (Russian: Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла; Karelian: Karjala) is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District, and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres (66,600 square miles), with a population of 533,121 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk.

The modern Karelian Republic was founded as an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR, by the Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) on 27 June 1923 and by the Decree of the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars of 25 July 1923, from the Karelian Labour Commune. From 1940 to 1956, it was known as the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the republics of the Soviet Union. In 1956, it was once again made an autonomous republic and remained part of Russia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Etymology

"Karelia" derives from the name of the ethnic group—Karelians. The name "Karjala" has unknown origins, however, it is theorised that it may come from the Proto-Finnish word karja, meaning "herd", which was borrowed from the Proto-Germanic harjaz ("army"); the ending -la means "earth".

Geography

The republic is in the northwestern part of Russia, between the White Sea and Lake Ladoga. The White Sea has a shoreline of 630 kilometers (390 mi). It has an area of 172,400 km (66,600 sq mi). It shares internal borders with Murmansk Oblast (north), Arkhangelsk Oblast (east/south-east), Vologda Oblast (south-east/south), and Leningrad Oblast (south/south-west), and it also borders Finland (Kainuu, Lapland, North Karelia, Northern Ostrobothnia, and South Karelia); the borders measure 723 km. The main bodies of water next to Karelia are the White Sea (an inlet of the Barents Sea) to the north-east and Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga both shared with neighboring Oblasts to the south. Its highest point is the Nuorunen peak at 576 m (1,890 ft).

Geology

As a part of the Fennoscandian Shield's ancient Karelian craton, most of the Republic of Karelia's surficial geology is Archaean or Paleoproterozoic, dated up to 3.4 billion years in the Vodlozero block. This area is the largest contiguous Archaean outcrop in Europe and one of the largest in the world.

Since deglaciation, the rate of post-glacial rebound in the Republic of Karelia has varied. Since the White Sea connected to the World's oceans uplift along the southern coast of Kandalaksha Gulf has totaled 90 m. In the interval 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was 9–13 mm/yr. Before the Atlantic period, uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate is 4 mm/yr.

Rivers

There are about 27,000 rivers in Karelia. Major rivers include:

• Vodla River (Vodlajoki, 149 km)
• Kem River (Kemijoki, 191 km)
• Kovda River (Koutajoki)
• Shuya River (Šuojogi)
• Suna River (Suunujoki) with Kivach Falls (Kivatšun vesiputous)
• Vyg River (Uikujoki)

Lakes

There are 60,000 lakes in Karelia. The republic's lakes and swamps contain about 2,000 km of high-quality fresh water. Lake Ladoga (Finnish: Laatokka) and Lake Onega (Ääninen) are the largest lakes in Europe. Other lakes include:

• Nyukozero (Nuokkijärvi)
• Pyaozero (Pääjärvi)
• Segozero (Seesjärvi)
• Syamozero (Säämäjärvi)
• Topozero (Tuoppajärvi)
• Vygozero (Uikujärvi)

The lakes Ladoga and Onega are located in the south of the republic.

Islands

White Sea coast:

• Oleniy Island
• Chernetskiye Island
• Kamestrov Island
• Kuzova Archipelago [ru]
• Shuy Island
• Kutulda Island
• Perkhludy Island
• Lesnaya Osinka Island
• Kotkano Island
• Vygnvolok Island
• Tumishche Island
• Sum Island
• Razostrov Island
• Sedostrov Island
• Myagostrov Island
• Zhuzhmuy Islands
• Kondostrov Island [ru]

In Lake Onega:

• Bolshoy Klimenetsky Island [ru]

In Lake Ladoga:

• Vossinovsari Island [ru]
• Valaam Island [ru]
• Mantsinsaari Island
• Lunkulansaari Island [ru]

National parks

• Vodlozero National Park
• Kalevala National Park
• Paanajärvi National Park

Natural resources

The majority of the republic's territory (148,000 km (57,000 sq mi), or 85%) is composed of state forest stock. The total growing stock of timber resources in the forests of all categories and ages is 807 million m³. The mature and over-mature tree stock amounts to 411.8 million m³, of which 375.2 million m³ is coniferous.

Fifty useful minerals are found in Karelia, located in more than 400 deposits and ore-bearing layers. Natural resources of the republic include iron ore, diamonds, vanadium, molybdenum, and others.

Climate

The Republic of Karelia is located in the Atlantic continental climate zone. The average temperature in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F) and +16.4 °C (61.5 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation is 500–700 mm.

Administrative divisions

The Republic of Karelia includes 18 administrative-territorial units, including:

• 2 city okrugs
• 16 districts (including 3 national districts) consisting of:
  • 21 urban settlements
  • 85 rural settlements (including 3 Vepsian rural settlements)

There are 818 settlements in the Republic of Karelia, including:

• 13 cities
• 11 urban-type settlements
• 794 settlements and villages

In 2006, the implementation of municipal reform began in the republic.

History

Middle ages

The Karelian people and culture developed during the Viking Age in the region to the west of Lake Ladoga. Karelians were first mentioned in Swedish sagas around the 10th century. Russians first mentioned Karelians in 1143, they called Karelians "Korela".

Sweden's interest in Karelia began a centuries-long struggle with Novgorod (later Russia) that resulted in numerous border changes following the many wars fought between the two, the most famous of which is the Pillage of Sigtuna of 1187. In 1137 the oldest documented settlement was established, the modern-day city of Olonets (Aunus). Karelians converted to Orthodox Christianity in 1227. The Karelians' alliance with Novgorod developed into domination by the latter in the 13th century, when Karelia became a part of Novgorod under the name of Obonezhie pyatina as an autonomy. Later Karelia had anti-Novgorod revolts in the 13th and 14th centuries. Later Karelia became a part of Muscovy when Novgorod was annexed in the second half of the 15th century.

Modern era

During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the modern-day capital of Karelia, the city of Petrozavodsk was founded as a cannon factory by Peter the Great.

19th century

On 9(21) September 1801 Olonets Governorate was created by order of Alexander I.

After Russian emperor Alexander I became the Grand Duke of Finland following the Finnish War, he transferred Old Finland to the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812. This move was regarded as a means of securing support of the Finnish nobility for the Russian emperor.

Early 20th century

In 1906, the Union of White Sea Karelians (Vienan karjalaisten liitto) was created. The Union's main goal was to improve the life of the common Karelians and additionally develop their own national identity. The union was temporarily dissolved in 1911 after series of repressions done by the local government.

In 1917, the Murmansk Railroad was built, leading to the Karelian lands becoming more strategically important. This led much of intelligentsia to believe that the Russian tourism and Immigration into the region would rise, leading to further assimilation of the Karelians to the Russian culture.

During the Finnish and the Russian Civil Wars the local peasantry rebelled against the new Soviet State due its Prodrazverstka policy, causing several squards of the "Whiteguard" to cross into the Karelian lands, where then was organized a government that later swiftly declared independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Republic, creating the Uhtua Republic. Later in 1920 Finnish forces occupied Olonets, creating another puppet government, which then merged with the other Karelian state into the United Karelian Government. The regions were reclaimed by the Red Army later the same year, the Tartu peace was signed and the Karelian United Government was dissolved.

As many other ethnically non-Russian states within RSFSR, the Karelia would receive autonomy within RSFSR, establishing the Karelian Labour Commune on 8 June 1920, which enjoyed a large de-facto autonomy approved by Lenin in early 1921.

In 1921, an uprising was started by the Forest Guerrillas in an attempt to gain control over Karelia yet again, but it was defeated by the Soviets shortly after.

During the years of its existence, the Commune was actively educating the people, opening the schools and libraries as of the Likbez policy were open and maintained, the Commune was later expanded in 1923 by transferring the Kolezhemskaya, Lapinskaya, Navodnitskaya and many other posads from Arkhangelsk Governorate.

In 1923, the Karelian Labour Commune became the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic due its de-facto large autonomy, with the government of the region directly managing the local economy without having to pay its taxes to the RSFSR's state budget. The formal increase of the autonomy was first vetoed by People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, but it was later accepted by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

After the Likbez policy was fulfilled, the Republic now shifted its goal from educating the people to expanding the production and electrifying the Republic according to the GOELRO plan. The first steps were the creation of Mevezegorsky and Pudozsky tree-cutting factories, the Kondopoga Paper Factory, and the launch of the Kem and the Uhta hydroelectrostations.

In the 1930s, the goal yet again shifted, now to improving the cultural and physical development and well-being of the locals by creation of many free clinics and hospitals, "Houses of Physical Culture", Theaters etc.

Many of the Finns who fled to Karelia were detained and most likely shot during The Great Purge of 1937, with the Karelian ethnic Finns' population dropping to 21%. Karelia has one of the biggest burial sites of Stalinist purges in Russia, Sandarmokh, where possibly thousands of victims were executed.

Winter War

During the Winter War, a Soviet puppet government was created in occupied territories. The Finnish Democratic Republic was to incorporate most of Finland's pre-war territories plus some western parts of the KASSR. Some members of the FDP government were also members of the KASSR government.

After the Moscow Peace Treaty territories of the Karelian Isthmus were transferred to the newly created Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. After the evacuation of Finnish Karelia, the new territories were left unpopulated, so migrants from Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, and other Soviet republics moved in. To this day, this area has one of the lowest percentages of Karelian and Finnish populations in the Republic.

World War II

After the beginning of World War II, mass rallies were held on the territory of the republic, at which the inhabitants of Karelia declared their readiness to stand up for the defense of the Soviet Union. Workers of the Onega Tractor Plant wrote “We will work only in such a way as to fully meet the needs of our Red Army. We will double, triple our forces and crush, destroy the German fascists".

On 24 June 1941, after the German army crossed Zapadnaya Dvina, Finnish president Risto Ryti announced declaration of war on the Soviet Union. The Finnish army crossed the Soviet border on 1 July.

Soon after the evacuation of border regions began, On 3 July, a republican evacuation commission was created. At its first meeting, it was decided to evacuate children under 14 out of Petrozavodsk. The same decision also refers to the evacuation of 150 families of leading party and Soviet workers in Karelia. Those residents who could work had to remain in the harvest and defense work.

By September the Finnish army already reached Petrozavodsk and captured Olonets. Petrozavodsk offensive began on 20 September. To protect the city, the 7th Army under the command of General K.A. Meretskov was directly subordinated to the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander.

On 30 September, the position of the defenders of the city deteriorated sharply. The Finnish army managed to break through Soviet defenses and cut the highway to Kondopoga in the area of the Sulazhgorsky brick factory. In the south Finns came close to the city outskirts. On 1 October, due to the threat of encirclement, an order was received from the command to withdraw the main units defending the city.

The fighting near Petrozavodsk allowed the authorities to evacuate most of the civilian population and a significant part of the production capacities. In total, more than 500 thousand people were evacuated from the republic to the east. Petrozavodsk University was temporarily relocated to Syktyvkar.

After the capture of Petrozavodsk, the capital of Soviet Karelia was transferred first to Medvezhyegorsk, then to Belomorsk. Less than 90 thousand people remained in the occupied territory, half of which are representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples: Karelians, Vepsians, and Finns. The Finnish administration has officially recognized them as a "kindred" population. The rest received the status of "unrelated" people. Most of them have been put into concentration camps, along with communists and people who could not speak Finnish or Karelian.

Former prisoners of the camps recalled that the staff often treated them more harshly than was supposed to according to the instructions. According to them, the Finns, in the presence of children, shot prisoners and beat women, children, and the elderly. One of the prisoners told the Finnish historian Helga Seppel that before leaving Petrozavodsk, the invaders shot several young people for unknown reasons.

During the occupation, Petrozavodsk was renamed to Äänislinna.

Only a few territories of the KFSSR managed to escape the Finnish occupation: the Belomorsky, Loukhsky, Kemsky, Pudozhsky regions, as well as part of the Medvezhiegorsky, Tungudsky and Ukhta regions. By 1942, about 70 thousand people lived here.

After the end of the Siege of Leningrad Soviet army was ordered to liberate Karelia.

On 21 June 1944 Svir-Petrozavodsk operation started. On 27 June the Finnish army left Petrozavodsk. By August the Soviet army reached pre-war borders.

Then the Soviet army got pushed back again and had to end the war with the help of pressure from its allies in the Moscow Armistice.

Post-war

After the end of World War II, the Karelian Isthmus was incorporated into the Leningrad Oblast and the city of Alakurtti was transferred to Murmansk Oblast.

After normalization of diplomatic relations between USSR and Finland the status of the Karelo-Finnish SSR was changed back to the Karelian ASSR in 1956. After this Karelian, Veps, and Finnish languages began a decline in usage due to the lack of support from the state and lack of education.

The transformation of the KFSSR into the Karelian ASSR was supposed to show that the USSR did not have aggressive goals against Finland.

In 1978, a Korean Air Lines Boeing 707-321B was shot down over Murmansk Oblast and landed near Louhi.

Present-day

• In August 1990 KASSR declared its sovereignty as an autonomous part of the Russian Federation, and later changed its name to the Republic of Karelia in 1991.
• In 2004 Veps National Volost was transferred to Prionezhsky District.
• In 2006 an ethnic conflict and later riot started in Kondopoga after a fight between locals and Caucasian immigrants led to 2 deaths. This caused an exodus of Muslims from Karelia.
• In 2011 a plane crashed near the village of Besovets killing 47 people.

Politics

The highest executive authority in the Republic of Karelia is the Head of the Republic. The acting Head of the Republic is Artur Parfenchikov, who was elected in February 2017 and later re-elected in 2022.

The parliament of the Republic of Karelia is the Legislative Assembly comprising fifty deputies elected for a four-year term.

The Constitution of the Republic of Karelia was adopted on 12 February 2001.

Legislature

The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Karelia is a permanent representative and the only legislative body of state power in the Republic of Karelia. Since 2016, it consists of 36 deputies elected by the inhabitants of the republic according to a mixed electoral system: 18 deputies according to party lists (proportional system), and 18 in single-member districts (majority system) based on universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The term of office of deputies of one convocation is five years.

The 7th convocation was elected in September 2021 and will last until 2026. Of the 36 deputies, 22 are from United Russia, 4 from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 2 from the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 4 from A Just Russia, 2 from Yabloko, 1 from New People, and 1 from the Party of Pensioners. Elissan Shandalovich (United Russia) was elected Chairman. Igor Zubarev (United Russia) was elected representative of the Legislative Assembly in the Federation Council.

Executive

Executive power is exercised by:

• The Head of the Republic of Karelia – the highest official of the Republic of Karelia
• the Government of the Republic of Karelia, headed by the Head of the Republic – the permanent supreme executive body of state power of the Republic of Karelia
• other executive authorities

The Head of the Republic is elected by the republic's inhabitants on the basis of universal, equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The term of office is 5 years and one person cannot hold office for more than two consecutive terms.

The current head of the republic is Artur Parfenchikov (appointed by President Vladimir Putin on 15 February 2017; on 10 September 2017, he was elected in the elections from the United Russia party). Alexander Rakitin has been appointed as the representative in the Federation Council.

Representatives in the Federal Assembly

Like every federal subject, Karelia has two representatives in the Federation Council: one from the legislative assembly and one from the republic's government.

Political parties

As of 1 March 2010, seven Russian political parties had their branches in the Republic of Karelia: United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Patriots of Russia, A Just Russia, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Yabloko, and Right Cause. The socio-political movement of the Russian People's Democratic Union also has its own branch.

Demographics

Population: 533,121 (2021 Census); 643,548 (2010 Census); 645,205 (2002 Census); 791,317 (1989 Soviet census).

Settlements

Largest cities or towns in the Republic of Karelia 2010 Russian Census
	Rank		Administrative Division	Pop.
Petrozavodsk Kondopoga	1	Petrozavodsk	Prionezhsky District	261,987	Segezha Kostomuksha
	2	Kondopoga	Kondopozhsky District	32,987
	3	Segezha	Segezhsky District	29,631
	4	Kostomuksha	Town of republic significance of Kostomuksha	28,436
	5	Sortavala	Town of republic significance of Sortavala	19,235
	6	Medvezhyegorsk	Medvezhyegorsky District	15,533
	7	Kem	Kemsky District	13,051
	8	Pitkyaranta	Pitkyarantsky District	11,429
	9	Belomorsk	Belomorsky District	11,217
	10	Suoyarvi	Suoyarvsky District	9,766

Vital statistics

Ethnic groups

According to the 2021 Census, ethnic Russians make up 86.4% of the republic's population, ethnic Karelians 5.5%. Other groups include Belarusians (2.0%), Ukrainians (1.2%), Finns (0.7%), Vepsians (0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Languages

Currently Russian is the only official language of the republic. Karelian, Veps, and Finnish have been officially recognized languages of the republic since 2004, and they are de jure supported by the government. In early 2000s Karelian and Veps language nests were created in Petrozavodsk, Kalevala, Tuksa and Sheltozero, but were later shut down. Now native languages of Karelia have little support from the government.

Finnish was the second official language of Karelia from the creation of the Karelian Labour Commune up until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Thereafter there were suggestions to raise Karelian as the second official language, but they were repeatedly turned down.

Religion

The Karelians have traditionally been Eastern Orthodox. Lutheranism was brought to Karelia during Sweden's conquest of Karelia and was common in regions that then belonged to Finland. Nowadays Lutherans can be found in most big settlements but they remain a minority.

Catholics have one parish in Petrozavodsk.

The Petrozavodsk Jewish Religious Community was registered in 1997.

Karelian Muslims were organized into Karelian muftiate in 2001.

According to a 2012 survey, 27% of the population of Karelia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% are unaffiliated Christians, and 1% are members of Protestant churches. In addition, 44% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 18% is atheist, and 8% follow other religions or did not answer the question.

Economy

Karelia's economy is based on forestry, mining, tourism, agriculture, fishing and the paper industry.

Despite being 0,4% of Russia's population, 65–70% of all Russian trout is grown in the Republic, 26% of iron ore pellets, 20% of paper, 12% of wood pulp and cellulose.

Karelia's gross regional product (GRP) in 2007 was 109.5 billion rubles. The Karelian economy's GRP in 2010 was estimated at 127733.8 million rubles. Karelia's GRP in 2021 was 176 billion rubles. This amounts to 291,841 rubles per capita, which is lower than national average.

The largest companies in the region include Karelsky Okatysh ($1319755601 of revenue in 2021), Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill ($86897488 of revenue in 2021), OAO Kondopoga ($20366599 of revenue in 2021).

In the structure of the gross regional product in 2017, the main types of economic activity were:mining – 17.6%; manufacturing industries – 16.9%; transportation and storage – 11.8%; wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles – 9.8%; public administration and military security; social security – 8.7%.

A fast fiber-optic cable link connecting Finnish Kuhmo and Karelian Kostomuksha was built in 2007, providing fast telecommunications.

Budget sector

In 2022, the republic's budget received 75 billion 198 million rubles of revenue. At the same time, expenses amounted to 82 billion 202 million rubles.

Tax revenues make up the majority of budget revenues and in 2008 amounted to 64% of operating income. The tax concentration is relatively high: the 10 largest taxpayers, mainly industrial enterprises, provided about 38% of all tax revenues in 2008.

Industry

Forestry

The forest and wood processing sector dominates industrial activity in Karelia. A large number of small enterprises carry out timber logging whereas pulp and paper production is concentrated in five large enterprises, which produce about a quarter of Russia's total output of paper. Three largest companies in the pulp and paper sector in 2021 were: OAO Kondopoga (sales of $369314325), Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill ($221317040) and RK-Grand (Pitkäranta Pulp Factory) ($78750849).

The timber industry complex of Karelia produces 28% of the republic's industrial output.

Mining

Karelia is a region with a lot of natural resources, including metals such as gold, silver, platinum, copper and palladium.

In 2007, extractive industries (including extraction of metal ores) amounted to 30% of the republic's industrial output. There are about 53 mining companies in Karelia, employing more than 10,000 people. One of the most important companies in the sector is AO Karelian Pellet, which is the 5th largest of Russia's 25 mining and ore dressing enterprises involved in ore extraction and iron ore concentrate production. Other large companies in the sector were OAO Karelnerud, Mosavtorod State Unitary Enterprise, and Pitkjaranta Mining Directorate State Unitary Enterprise.

Energy

As of 2021, there were 29 powerplants, of them 21 were hydroplants and 8 thermal power plants.

Agriculture

Due to Karelia's climate, only 1,2% of the land is used for farming. Most of the farmland is located on podzol.

20 agricultural organizations employing 2.3 thousand people. Animal husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture in the Republic, the main areas of which are dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, broiler poultry farming, and fur farming.

Annually agricultural enterprises of the region produce up to 59 thousand tons of milk. Based on its natural and climatic conditions, the plant growing industry is focused on the production of feed for livestock, the bulk of potatoes and vegetables are grown in small forms of management.

Fishing

Fishing enterprises of Karelia produced 91.9 thousand tons of aquatic biological resources in 2021.

In the Barents Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, 89.9 thousand tons of aquatic biological resources were caught, of them 34.6 thousand tons of cod and haddock, 34.1 thousand tons of blue whiting, 18 thousand tons of mackerel and 1.1 thousand tons of northern shrimp. 306 tons of fish were caught in the White Sea and 612 tons of kelp and fucus were harvested. The catch of freshwater fish amounted to 1.1 thousand tons.

Tourism

Karelia is popular for international and domestic tourism.

Traditional, active, cultural and ecological types of tourism are popular among tourists.

Karelia attracts ecotourists with its nature and wilderness and low population density. During the summer water tourism is also popular among many tourists.

Cultural tourism is also a big part of Karelia's tourism economy. The region attracts many tourists with its wooden architecture, local culture, and traditions.

Karelia also has the first Russian health resort – Martial Waters (1719).

Foreign trade

The economy of Karelia is export-orientated. By the volume of exports per capita, Karelia is among the leading regions of Russia. More than 50% of manufactured products (and up to 100% in several industries) are exported.

The Republic's main export partners in 2001 were Finland (32% of total exports), Germany (7%), Netherlands (7%), and the United Kingdom (6%). Main export products were lumber (over 50%), iron ore pellets (13–15%) paper and cardboard (6–9%) and sawn timber with (5–7%). Many of Karelia's companies have received investments from Finland.

Transportation

Railroad

Karelia is a strategically important railroad region due to the fact that it connects Murmansk with the rest of Russia by Kirov Railway, which was electrified in 2005.

There are also railways connections with Finland in Värtsilä and Kostomuksha, but they are not electrified.

Most of Karelia's railway lines are served by the Petrozavodsk branch of the Oktyabrskaya Railway, which is one of the largest budget-forming enterprises of the Republic.

All Karelian district capitals are connected by railroad, except for the Kalevalsky district and Prionezhsky district.

In total, Karelia has 1915 km of railways.

Water communications

Water communications connect Karelia with the Barents, Baltic, Black, White and Caspian Seas.

White sea-Baltic Canal was built in the 1930s to connect the Baltic and White seas. The 227 km long canal was built by the prisoners. Even though it has 19 locks, the canal cannot pass vessels with a draft of more than 5 meters. The canal is a part of the Volgo-Baltic Waterway.

There are also river ports on the coast of the White Sea, there were plans to upgrade them to ocean ports but they were deemed too expensive.

Highways

Automobile highway R-21 "Kola" crosses Karelia and connects Murmansk Region and Murmansk seaport with St. Petersburg and Moscow.

E105 European highway also goes through Karelia.

Other highways connect with Finland in Louhsky district Värtsilä and Kostomuksha.

Many of Karelian roads are still unimproved.

Air transportation

Petrozavodsk Airport is the only working airport in Karelia as of 2022.

There are other airports, such as Kalevala or Kostomuksha, but they are not used or used by firefighters.

Healthcare

In 2023, the incidence of cancer in Karelia amounted to 648 cases per 100,000 population. This is 88 more than in 2022.

According to Olga Ruotselainen, Deputy head of the Karelian Ministry of Health, today more than 20,000 people with a diagnosis of oncology are registered.

Women in Karelia most often suffer from breast cancer. Cancer of other skin growths is in second place, and colon cancer is in third place. Among men, the most common type of oncology is prostate cancer, second being cancer of the bronchi, trachea, lung, and third being skin cancer.

The healthcare system of the Republic of Karelia has 24 hospital institutions (republican and district hospitals), 5 dispensaries, the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, the Republican Blood Transfusion Station, 3 maternity and childhood care institutions, 10 outpatient clinics, 5 special type healthcare institutions, 7 social service institutions, 18 district social protection institutions, the autonomous educational institution of secondary vocational education of the Republic of Karelia Petrozavodsk Basic Medical College.

The regional target program Improvement of the Demographic Situation of the Republic of Karelia for the period 2008–2010 and up to 2015 has been adopted.

Culture

Karelia is very culturally diverse region that was influenced by Finno-Ugric, Slavic and Scandinavian cultures. The main unifying factor in the formation of the culture of the region was the Orthodox religion.

A lot is being done in the Republic of Karelia today to support the interests of more than 100 nationalities inhabiting it, including Karelians, Veps and Finns. More than 60 national public associations have been registered: unions, congresses, popular movements, autonomies, friendship societies, cultural societies. There is a regional target program Karelia – the Territory of Consent, a republican target program State support of Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish languages, a public council has been established to coordinate the implementation of these programs.

Literature

Karelia is sometimes called "the songlands", as Karelian poems constitute most of the Karelo-Finnish epic Kalevala and many of Russian Bylinas were documented in Pudozh.

The written literature of Karelia was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1930s Karelian and Veps languages gained a writing system, but during the Stalinist repressions many books in Veps and Karelian were burned and cultural figures were deported.

After the creation of the Karelian Labour Commune many American and Canadian finns moved to Karelia and began creating new literature. Many Karelians could understand Finnish so some authors, such as one of the most famous Karelian writers Antti Timonen, started to write in Finnish.

Writers of the Republic of Karelia are united in public organizations:

• Karelian regional branch of the Union of Writers of Russia
• Karelian Writers' Union
• Representation of the Union of Russian Writers in Karelia
• Union of Young Writers Northern Lights

Art

Karelian art history begun with Petroglyphs, which were created around 6,500 years ago. They became a UNESCO World Heritage Site, listed in 2021.

Icon painters were the first professional artists of Karelia.

Karelia has become a source of inspiration for many famous artists of the 19th–20th century such as: Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and N. K. Roerich.

The formation of professional painting in Karelia is associated with the name of the People's Artist of the KFSSR V. N. Popov (1869–1945). In 1934, the Union of Artists of the Autonomous Karelian SSR was established, the first chairman of which was elected Yu. O. Rautanen, since 2010, the Karelian branch of the Union of Artists of Russia. As part of the Karelian department, there is an Association of Young artists and Art Historians.

• Ivan Shishkin, In the Wild North... (1891)
• Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ladoga (1873)
• N. K. Roerich, Pomors, Evening (1907)

Architecture

Karelia is famous for its wooden architecture. Karelian architecture developed under the strong influence of Novgorod architecture. Examples of Karelian architecture are collected in the Kizhi Pogost Museum.

Later Karelian architecture was influenced by Finns, especially after the creation of the Karelian Labour Commune.

Music

Kantele is the most famous traditional Karelian musical instrument. In Kalevala the mage Väinämöinen makes the first kantele from the jawbone of a giant pike and a few hairs from Hiisi's stallion.

In 1933, the Karelian State Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra was founded. The orchestra belonged to the Karelian Radio and Television, part of the Ministry of Culture of Karelia. However, since 1997, the orchestra has been a part of the Karelian State Philharmonic Society.

In 1935, the Karelian Folk Segozer Choir (Padans), the Karelian Folk Olonets Choir Karelian birch (]) was founded.

In 1936, the National Song and Dance Ensemble of Karelia (Kantele), the Veps Folk Choir, and the Karelian Folk Petrovsky Choir were founded.

The Pomeranian Folk Choir (Medvezhyegorsk) was founded in 1937, and the Karelian Folk Vedlozersky Choir (Vedlozero) was founded in 1938.

In 1937, the Union of Karelian Composers was founded.

In 1938, the Petrozavodsk Music College (now the Petrozavodsk Music College named after K. E. Rautio) was opened.

In 1939, the Symphony Orchestra of the Karelo-Finnish State Philharmonic was founded.

In 1967, the Petrozavodsk branch of the Leningrad State Conservatory (now the Petrozavodsk Glazunov State Conservatory) was opened.

In 1973, Honored Artist of the Republic of Karelia L. P. Budanov founded the Karelia-Brass ensemble.

Throughout the years, many Karelian, Russian, Veps, Finnish and Pomor choirs were created, such as the Karelian choir "Oma pajo" in 1990, which is still active.

There are more than twenty children's music schools in the republic, including:

• Petrozavodsk Children's Music School No. 1 named after Sinisalo (opened in 1918). The school is the organizer of the international competition «Onega Wave», the international festival of the Barents region Northern Lights, the festival of music of the Nordic countries «Sankta Lucia».
• Olonets Children's Music School (opened in 1952)
• Belomorsk Children's Music School (opened in 1955)
• Kondopoga Children's Music School (opened in 1957)
• Petrozavodsk Children's Music and Choral School (opened in 1966)
• G. A. Vavilov Kostomukshi Children's Music School (opened in 1977)
• Petrozavodsk Children's Music School named after G. V. Sviridov (opened in 1983)
• Children's Art School of Petrozavodsk named after M. A. Balakirev (opened in 1991)

Musical groups: Sattuma family ensemble, Leo Sevets, Santtu Karhu & Talvisovat, Myllärit, Drolls Early Music Ensemble, WaTaGa.

Museums

Federal

• State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve "Kizhi"

Republican

• National Museum of the Republic of Karelia
• Museum of the Karelian Front in Belomorsk
• Lonin Museum of Veps Ethnography (branch)
• Marcial Waters Museum (branch of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia)
• Valaam Research, Church-Archaeological and Natural Museum-Reserve
• Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Karelia
• Museum of the History of Public Education of the Republic of Karelia

• Kizhi State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve
• National Museum of the Republic of Karelia
• Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Karelia
• Lonin Museum of Veps Ethnography
• Valaam
• Church of the Apostle Peter in Marcial Waters

District and city

• Regional Museum of the Northern Ladoga Region (Sortavalsky district)
• Olonets National Museum of Karelians-Livviks named after N. G. Prilukin
• Pudozhsky Local History Museum named after A. F. Korablev
• Medvezhegorsky District Museum
• Pitkyaranta Museum of Local Lore named after V. F. Sebin
• Belomorsky Regional Museum of Local Lore Belomorsky petroglyphs
• Kemsky Regional Museum of Local Lore Pomorie
• Kondopoga City Museum of Local Lore
• Cultural and Museum Center of Kostomuksha
• Segezha Museum Center
• Kurkiek Regional History Center
• Museum of Industrial History of Petrozavodsk (opened in 2011)

Private, departmental, enterprise museums

• Center for Fire Prevention Propaganda and Public Relations at the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk)
• Maritime Museum Polar Odyssey (opened on the territory of the Maritime Historical and Cultural Center, Petrozavodsk)
• Children's Museum of Local Lore (Palace of Creativity of Children and Youth, Petrozavodsk)
• Museum of the History of the Solomenskiy Timber Mill named after L. V. Serkina
• Post Office Museum
• School Museum of Local Lore Karelian hut Kotkozersky rural socio-cultural complex (Olonetsky district, village Kotkozero)
• Museum of the History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Karelia (Petrozavodsk)
• Historical and demonstration hall of the FSB of Russia in the Republic of Karelia
• Museum of Precambrian Geology of the Institute of Geology KarSC RAS
• Museum of the recent (in one of the workshops of the former Onega Tractor Plant)

Theaters

• Musical Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• National Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• Drama Theater of the Republic of Karelia "Creative Workshop"
• Non-state author's theater "Ad Liberum"

Theater companies

• Čičiliusku, a puppet theatre company

• Musical Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• National Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Karelia
• Drama Theater of the Republic of Karelia "Creative Workshop"
• Non-state author's theater "Ad Liberum"

Movie

In 1973, there were 16 cinemas in the Karelian ASSR.

In 2009, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation developed a digital film screening program in cities with a population of less than 500 thousand people, new cinemas were built in shopping malls. Today, out of 13 cities of the republic, cinemas are operating in all cities except Lahdenpohya.

Only the "Karelfilm" film studio, located in Petrozavodsk, is engaged in film production in Karelia.

Mass media

In 1957, the Karelian branch of the Union of Journalists of the USSR (now the Karelian branch of the Union of Journalists of Russia) was organized. In different years, the union was headed by F. A. Trofimov, A. I. Shtykov, K. V. Gnetnev, V. N. Kiryasov, V. A. Tolsky, N. N. Meshkova, A.M. Tsygankov. In 1960–1990, the creative work of the best republican journalists was awarded the annual prize named after K. S. Eremeev. Currently, every year on the eve of the Day of the Russian Journalist, the Union of Journalists of Karelia awards two special prizes: "For skill and dignity" and "For openness to the press".

Newspapers

• Karelia. It is published three times a week. Founder: Legislative Assembly, Government of the Republic of Karelia.
• TVR-Panorama weekly newspaper. Founders: Publishing house PetroPress and Karelian TV company Nika.
• Weekly newspaper Karelian Province.
• Weekly newspaper Moskovskij Komsomolets in Karelia. Founder: CJSC Editorial Office of the newspaper Moskovskij Komsomolets.
• Weekly newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda in Karelia. Founder: Publishing house Komsomolskaya Pravda.
• Weekly newspaper Arguments and facts in Karelia. Founder: Arguments and Facts.
• Weekly newspaper Youth Newspaper of Karelia. Founder: JSC Kondopoga (Kondopoga pulp and Paper Mill).
• Petrozavodsk University weekly newspaper. Founder: Petrozavodsk State University.
• Leninskaya Pravda. It is published twice a month. Founder: Karelian Republican Organization of the Communist Party.
• The Voice is published twice a month. Founder: Association of Trade Union Organizations of Karelia.
• Lyceum with an appendix-insert My Newspaper +. It is published once a month. Founder: State institution of the Republic of Karelia Publishing House».
• Newspaper Karelian sport. It is published once a month. Founder and publisher: publishing house Majestic.
• Weekly newspaper advertisements: The Bear, etc.

The Legislative Assembly, the Government and the Periodika publishing house produce four newspapers in national languages:

• newspaper Karjalan Sanomat (Karelian News) in Finnish
• newspaper Kodima (Native land) in Vepsian and Russian languages

together with the regional organization Union of Karelian People:

• newspaper Oma Mua (Native Land) in the Livvikov dialect of the Karelian language;
• newspaper Vienan Karjala (White Sea Karelia) in the Karelian dialect of the Karelian language.

Newspapers are published in the districts of Karelia: Kostomuksha News, Prionezhye, Olonia, Novaya Kondopoga, Belomorskaya Tribune, Ladoga-Sortavala, Kalevala News, Pudozhsky Vestnik, Suoyarvsky Vestnik, Circumpolar, Soviet White Sea, Novaya Ladoga, MuezerskLes, Call, Our life, Trust, Dialogue.

Magazines

• Sever – a monthly literary, artistic, socio-political magazine in Russian. Founder: the Government of Karelia.
• Carelia (Karelia) – a monthly literary and artistic magazine in Finnish, Karelian (Livvikov and Karelian dialects proper), Vepsian languages. Founders: Ministry of National Policy and Relations with Religious Associations of Karelia, Ingermanland Union of Finns of Karelia, Union of Karelian People, Vepsian Culture Society, Periodika publishing house.
• Kipinä (Sparkle) – monthly children's illustrated magazine in Finnish. Founders: The Ministry of Education of Karelia and the publishing house Periodika.
• Industrial Bulletin of Karelia is a periodical specialized magazine in Russian.

Radio

Nine radio stations are located in Petrozavodsk:

• Radio Karelia (State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company «Karelia»)
• Russian Radio on Onego
• Avtoradio-Petrozavodsk
• Radio Yunost Petrozavodsk. The radio station is part of the holding of VGTRK
• Road Radio. It is part of the media holding Nika
• Our Radio. Part of the media holding Nika
• Europe Plus Petrozavodsk
• Retro Fm on Onego
• Second Wave

Three radio stations broadcast in Kostomuksha:

• FM radio station of JSC Karelian okatysh
• Local radio
• Kostomuksha city radio edition Radio Kostomukshi

Television

On 29 April 1959, the television center and the Petrozavodsk Television Studio came into operation.

Regional TV companies:

• Branch of VGTRK GTRK Karelia
• Autonomous institution of the Republic of Karelia RTK Sampo
• Nika Archived 24 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine (LLC TC NKM)
• TNT-Onego (LLC RIA TV6 Moscow-Petronet)

The TV channel GTRK Karelia has daily news releases Viestit – Karjala in Finnish.

Online editions

According to a sociological study of the regional media market conducted in October 2013, the largest share of the media of the Republic of Karelia in terms of the number of published materials belongs to online publications – 77.3%.

• Official portal of state authorities of the Republic of Karelia
• Online magazine Republic
• Online newspaper Karelia
• Online newspaper Stolitsa na Onego
• Karelinform
• Center for Political and Social Research

and others.

Holidays

Along with Russian holidays, Karelia has its official public holidays as well as unofficial holidays.

Official

Religious

Cultural

See also

• Karelian Isthmus
• Music of Karelia
• Sami music
• Pegrema
• Aleksandr Balandin (gymnast)

Notes

1. Russian: Респу́блика Каре́лия, romanized: Respublika Kareliya; Russian pronunciation: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə kɐˈrʲelʲɪ(j)ə]; Karelian: Karjalan tašavalta; Finnish: Karjalan tasavalta; Veps: Karjalan Tazovaldkund; Livvi: Karjalan tazavaldu; Ludic: Kard’alan tazavald

References

1. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
2. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
3. "Карельский государственный архив новейшей истории. Путеводитель". Приложение "Административно-территориальное устройство Республики Карелия". 2003.
4. Constitution, Article 32
5. Constitution, Article 46.
6. Official website of the Republic of Karelia. Artur Olegovich Parfenchikov Archived 22 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
7. "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
8. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
9. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
10. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
11. Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
12. ^ Karelian, Vepps, and Finnish languages have got the state support in the Republic of Karelia Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Official Web Portal of the Republic of Karelia (2004)
13. "Официальный интернет-портал Республики Карелия". gov.karelia.ru. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
14. ^ "Karelia". Encyclopedia Britannica. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
15. "Karelia". Online Etymology Dictionary. 10 October 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021.
16. Romanenko, F.A.; Shilova, O.S. (2011). "The Postglacial Uplift of the Karelian Coast of the White Sea according to Radiocarbon and Diatom Analyses of LacustrineBoggy Deposits of Kindo Peninsula". Doklady Earth Sciences. 442 (2): 544–548. doi:10.1134/S1028334X12020079. S2CID 129656482.
17. "Karelia - the Beautiful Land of Lakes | Online Travel Guide". www.justgorussia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
18. ^ "Republic of Karelia". Russia: All Regions Trade & Investment Guide. CTEC Publishing LLC. 2003.
19. "Закон Республики Карелия от 03.07.2020 № 2483-ЗРК "О преобразовании муниципальных образований "Сортавальское городское поселение" и "Хелюльское городское поселение" Сортавальского муниципального района Республики Карелия и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Карелия"". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации. 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020.
20. "ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ от 1 декабря 2004 года N 824-ЗРК". Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов. 1 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020.
21. "ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ от 1 декабря 2004 года N 825-ЗРК". Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов. 1 December 2004. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017.
22. "Думайте сами, решайте сами…". karelinform.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2021., Информационное агентство «Карелинформ», 15.02.2006
23. "Рождение народа". Кирьяж. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
24. Кочуркина, С.И.; Куспак, Н.В.; Мамонтова, Н.Н.; Платонов, В.Г. (1994). Древний Олонец. Ин-т языка, лит-ры и истории Карельского науч. центра РАН. Петрозаводск. ISBN 9785201077280.
25. "Основные исторические даты и события". Карелия Официальная. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
26. "Петрозаводск". Академик. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
27. "Эволюция административно-территориального устройства Карелии в XVIII — начале XX века // Ученые записки Петрозаводского государственного университета. Серия: Общественные и гуманитарные науки.2013. февраль. № 1 — С.12–18" (PDF). uchzap.petrsu.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
28. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Finland, section: "The era of bureaucracy."
29. “Finland.” The American Political Science Review 4, no. 3 (1910): 350–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/1945868.
30. Левонтьев, П.Р. (2008). "УХТА НА ПЕРЕЛОМЕ ВЕКОВ (УХТИНСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА)". Войница. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
31. "История общества | Karjalan Sivistysseura" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
32. Оленев И В Карельский Край И Его Будущее Въ Связи Съ Постройкой Мурманской Железной Дороги. 1917.
33. "Toivo Nygård. Suomen paluelusväki 1600-luvulla: Palkollisten määrä, työ, palkkaus ja suhteet isäntäväkeen&lt. (Historiallisia Tutkimuksia, number 150.) Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura. 1989. Pp. 184". The American Historical Review. June 1992. doi:10.1086/ahr/97.3.870-a. ISSN 1937-5239. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
34. Kilin, Yuri (2020). Эдвард Александрович Гюллинг – первый руководитель советской Карелии [Edward Aleksandrovich Gylling - the first leader of Soviet Karelia] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Periodika. pp. 7–21. ISBN 978-5-88170-371-4.
35. Kilin, Yuri (2020). Эдвард Александрович Гюллинг – первый руководитель советской Карелии [Edward Aleksandrovich Gylling - the first leader of Soviet Karelia] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Pereodika. pp. 21–28. ISBN 978-5-88170-371-4.
36. Kilin, Yuri (2020). Эдвард Александрович Гюллинг – первый руководитель советской Карелии [Edward Aleksandrovich Gylling - the first leader of Soviet Karelia] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Pereodika. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-5-88170-371-4.
37. "Карельский государственный архив новейшей истории. Путеводитель. 2003". 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
38. Постановление ВЦИК и СНК СССР № 51 от 25 июля 1923 г.
39. "Памятные и знаменательные даты". 17 October 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
40. Takala, Irina (2018). "THE GREAT TERROR IN KARELIA". Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
41. "Павел Степанович Прокконен". Карелия СССР. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
42. ^ Макуров, В.Г. "Карелия в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг. Исторический очерк". Объекты историко-культурного наследия Карелии. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
43. ^ Лисаков, Евгений (29 March 2019). Лукьянова, Мария (ed.). "Карельский фронт". Республика. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
44. ^ Саввина, Карина. "Война: Карелия 1941–1945 гг". Regnum. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
45. "Оборона Петрозаводска. 1941 год". Объекты историко-культурного наследия Карелии. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
46. ^ Yarovoy, Gleb (21 February 2020). ""Вызывайте переводчика". Как коренные народы борются за сохранение языка". Север.Реалии. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
47. "Общественно-политическая жизнь в республике (часть 2)". Русский Север. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
48. Shtepa, Vadim (8 August 2012). "Забытый День республики". СТОЛИЦА на Онего. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
49. "Началось оглашение приговора по делу о драке в Кондопоге". РАПСИ. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
50. "Законодательная власть Республики Карелия" [Legislative power of the Republic of Karelia]. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
51. "The Electoral Committee decided to whom to transfer one more mandate of the deputy of the Parliament of Karelia. 29.10.2021". Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
52. "Структура исполнительной власти Республики Карелия" [The structure of the executive power of the Republic of Karelia]. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
53. "Igor Zubarev will continue to represent the Legislative Assembly of Karelia in the Federation Council. 6.10.2021". Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
54. "Список региональных отделений политических партий Республики Карелия" [List of regional branches of political parties of the Republic of Karelia]. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
55. "Правое дело, региональное отделение" [Right Cause, regional branch]. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
56. "Регионы, в которых созданы отделения РНДС" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
57. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
58. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
59. Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
60. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
61. ^ "Памятная книжка Олонецкой губернии на 1904 год – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
62. "Памятная книжка Олонецкой губернии на 1906 год – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
63. "Памятная книжка Олонецкой губернии на 1910 год – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
64. "Памятная книжка Олонецкой губернии на 1914 год – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
65. "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
66. "ВПН-2010". www.perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
67. "Информация о деятельности языковых гнезд в Карелии и результатах работы финно-угорского Проекта "Языковое гнездо"". Finnoug. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019.
68. "Рабочая группа минрегиона РФ похоронила "языковые" гнезда в России". Finugor. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
69. Karjalan ASNT:n Perustuslaki (in Finnish). Petroskoi: Karjala-Kustantamo. 1980. p. 162.
70. Vesti Karelia (14 July 2016). "Государственный статус карельского языка вызвал споры депутатов". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
71. ^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Sreda, 2012.
72. 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
73. "Карельское пробство". Евангелическо-Лютеранская Церковь Ингрии. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
74. "Католики в Карелии". Католики в Карелии. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
75. "Иудаизм". КАРЕЛИЯ ОФИЦИАЛЬНАЯ. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013.
76. "РОЦЕНТРАЛИЗОВАННАЯ РО ДУХОВНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ МУСУЛЬМАН РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ (КАРЕЛЬСКИЙ МУХТАСИБАТ)". РБК. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
77. ^ "Главное о регионе – Республика Карелия". Оценка регулирующего воздействия (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
78. ^ "The Republic of Karelia in 2007". Helsinki School of Economics. 7 February 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
79. ^ "Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО". СБИС (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
80. "Республика Карелия". Инвестиционный портал регионов России. 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
81. "Исполнение бюджета Республики Карелия за 2022 год - Министерство финансов Республики Карелия". minfin.karelia.ru (in Russian). 19 January 2023.
82. "Fitch подтвердило рейтинги Республики Карелия и изменило прогноз по рейтингам на «Стабильный», 2.09.2009" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 April 2013.
83. "Regional characteristics. Republic of Karelia". Helsinki School of Economics. 7 February 2024.
84. Лесной план Республики Карелия. Том 1 (in Russian). 2010.
85. "Republic of Karelia, Russia". Mindat. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
86. Matthis, Simon (16 February 2021). "Karelia Republic may become one of centers of mining in Russia in years to come". Mining Metal News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
87. "Mining industry of the republic has summed up its work in the first six months of the year". Republic of Karelia. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
88. "РАСПОРЯЖЕНИЕ Главы Республики Карелия, Page 53" (PDF). 30 April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
89. "Сельское хозяйство Республики Карелия". Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
90. ^ "Общая информация о сельском хозяйстве Республики Карелия". Агросоветник. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
91. "Почти 90 тысяч тонн рыбы выловили карельские рыбаки за три квартала этого года". Республика. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
92. "Karelia". Karelia. Tourism portal. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
93. "Karelia Travel Guide". 56 Parallel. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
94. Bennett, Mia (28 October 2015). "The Kirov Railway: A shot of steel through northwest Russia". CRYOPOLITICS. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
95. Fomina, Elena (30 August 2019). Lukjanova, Maria (ed.). "Железная дорога". Республика. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
96. Fomina, Elena. Lukjanova, Maria (ed.). "Беломорско-Балтийский канал". Республика. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
97. Bershtein, Maxim (20 August 2018). "Беломорский порт: построить можно – но не ясно, зачем". MKRU. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
98. Leonov, Dmitry (27 August 2019). "Дороги Карелии". Планета Дорог. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
99. "Единственный аэропорт Карелии закроется на месяц в октябре". Итерфакс. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
100. "Аэропорты Карелии". Аэропорты России. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
101. "Стало известно, каким видом рака чаще всего болеют в Карелии". karelinform.ru (in Russian). 24 July 2024.
102. "Государственные учреждения, подведомственные Министерству здравоохранения и социального развития Республики Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
103. "Программа «Улучшение демографической ситуации Республики Карелия на период 2008–2010 годов и до 2015 года»" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
104. Карелия: энциклопедия: в 3 т. / гл. ред. А. Ф. Титов. Т. 1: А — Й. — Петрозаводск: «ПетроПресс», 2007. — 400 с.: ил., карт.
105. "Национальные общественные объединения и национально-культурные автономии Республики Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 August 2011.
106. "Языковое многообразие". knk.karelia.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 May 2021.
107. Novikov, Y. A. (2007). "Об истоках пудожской былинной традиции". Электронная библиотека публикации о музее-заповеднике "Кижи". Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
108. Mishin, Armas (22 March 2007). "Современная культура вепсов". Финно-угорский информационный центр. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017.
109. "Финская национальная литература". Фольклорно-литературное наследие Русского Севера. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011.
110. Lobanova, Nadezhda. "Karelian Rock Art". Karelia. Tourism portal. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
111. "Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
112. Plotnikov, V. I. (1958). "Первые профессиональные художники — уроженцы Карелии // Труды карельского филиала Академии наук СССР. Вопросы истории Карелии. Выпуск Х. 1958. С.50-6" (PDF). resources.krc.karelia.ru. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2017.
113. Orfinskyi, V. P. (1972). Деревянное зодчество Карелии. Leningrad: Stroyizdat.
114. "Музыкальный фестиваль Ruskeala Symphony". Ruskeala Symphony. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
115. "Петрозаводский музыкальный колледж имени. К. Э. Раутио" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 May 2013.
116. "История". Карельская государственная филармония. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
117. "Концерт Oma pajo в честь 30-летия". Центр народного творчества и культурных инициатив. 2 March 2021. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
118. "Детская музыкальная школа № 1" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 June 2013.
119. "Музыкально-хоровая школа" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 June 2013.
120. "Музыкальная школа им. Г. В. Свиридова" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 June 2014.
121. "Детская школа искусств" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.
122. "Museums in Karelia". Karelia. Tourism portal. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
123. ^ "Государственные, автономные и образовательные учреждения, подведомственные Министерству культуры РК". Карелия официальная. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
124. Prokhorov, Ilja (20 November 2020). "Музей Карельского фронта". Respublika. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
125. "The Museum of Fine Arts of Republic of Karelia". russianmuseums. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
126. "Музей истории народного образования республики Карелия". kiro-karelia.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2016.
127. "МУ "Пудожский историко-краеведческий музей им. А. Ф. Кораблёва"". pudozh.clan.su (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2021.
128. "Центр противопожарной пропаганды и общественных связей при Главном управлении МЧС России по Республике Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2013.
129. "Морской музей "Полярный Одиссей"". polar-odyssey.org (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 August 2018.
130. "Детский краеведческий музей". dtdu.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2021.
131. "Соломенский лесозавод. апрель — июнь 2009" (PDF). solomenskiy.ru (in Russian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021.
132. "Музей почты Республики Карелия (Петрозаводск)". www.russianpost.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2016.
133. "Коткозерская средняя образовательная школа" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
134. "Музей геологии докембрия". geoserv.krc.karelia.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 October 2020.
135. "Музей недавнего открылся в Петрозаводске". rk.karelia.ru (in Russian). Online-magazine «Republic». 12 August 2023. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
136. "AdLiberum". Vkontakte. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
137. "Официальный интернет-портал Республики Карелия - Государственная организация". gov.karelia.ru. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
138. "История съездов работников культуры Республики Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
139. "Минкультуры снимает инвесторов. Ведомство проектирует сеть кинотеатров для небольших городов. Газета «Коммерсантъ», № 27/П (4082), 16.02.2009" (in Russian). Kommersant. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
140. "Народное» кино от Вани Кульнева. 6.12.2013 «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
141. "Сам себе режиссёр". novayagazeta.ru (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
142. "Союз журналистов Карелии" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2013.
143. "Союз журналистов Карелии — СМИ Карелии" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 August 2010.
144. ""Карелия"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. — общественно-политическая газета Республики Карелия]
145. "Карелия официальная. Редакции районных газет Республики Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2013.
146. ""Русское Радио на Онего"". www.rusradio.onego.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
147. ""Авторадио-Петрозаводск"" (in Russian).
148. ""Радио Юность Петрозаводск"<" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 December 2010.
149. ""Дорожное радио"". Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
150. "Наше радио" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 August 2016.
151. ""Европа плюс Петрозаводск"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 May 2010.
152. "Региональное радио и телевидение" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
153. "Интернет-издания лидируют на медиарынке Карелии" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 April 2014.
154. "Официальный портал органов государственной власти Республики Карелия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2017.
155. "Интернет-журнал "Республика"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 March 2014.
156. "Интернет-газета "Карелия"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 May 2014.
157. "Интернет-газета "Столица на Онего"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2016.
158. "Карелинформ". // Karelinform.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 November 2020.
159. "Центр политических и социальных исследований" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2014.
160. "Закон Республики Карелия от 5 февраля 1998 г. 258-ЗРК «Об установлении Дня пожарной охраны Республики Карелия»". Законодательное собрание Республики Карелия. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
161. "Закон Республики Карелия от 28 сентября 2000 г. 430-ЗРК «Об установлении Дня работника культуры Республики Карелия»". Законодательное собрание Республики Карелия. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
162. "День Республики Карелия 2022: Полная программа". ГТРК Карелия. 26 August 2022. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
163. "Закон Республики Карелия от 27 апреля 1999 г. N 346-ЗРК «Об установлении Дня Республики Карелия»". Законодательное собрание Республики Карелия. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
164. "Об установлении Дня образования профсоюзного движения в Карелии". Карелия Официальная. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
165. "Закон Республики Карелия от 21 октября 2011 г. N 1535-ЗРК «Об установлении Дня освобождения Карелии от фашистских захватчиков»". Законодательное собрание Республики Карелия.
166. ^ Елына, Э.Г. "Традиционные карельские праздники". Центр Народного Творчества и Культурных Инициатив. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
167. Parfenchikov, A.O. "Поздравление Главы Республики Карелия А.О.Парфенчикова с Днем карельской и вепсской письменности". Официальный интернет-портал Республики Карелия. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
168. ""Вселенная Калевала": Карелия и Финляндия отмечают день народного эпоса". RGRU. 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
169. "О внесении изменений в сводную бюджетную роспись Республики Карелия предусмотрев на 2022 год в целях организации и проведения в 2022 году сельскохозяйственной ярмарки в рамках праздника Урожая-Дня Кегри". Официальный интернет-портал Республики Карелия. 14 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
170. "Праздники и события". Карелия туристический портал. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
171. Sidorkin, Valery (17 August 2012). "Шелтозерское древо". Гудок РЖД ТВ. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

Sources

• Верховный Совет Карельской АССР. №473-ЗРК 30 мая 1978 г. «Конституция Республики Карелия», в ред. Закона №1314-ЗРК от 16 июля 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Карелия». Опубликован: отдельной брошюрой. (Supreme Soviet of the Karelian ASSR. #473-ZRK May 30, 1978 Constitution of the Republic of Karelia, as amended by the Law #1314-ZRK of July 16, 2009 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia. ).

External links

• (in English, Russian, and Finnish) Official website of the Republic of Karelia
• (in English, Russian, and Finnish) Heninen.net – various information about Karelia

v t e Administrative divisions of the Republic of Karelia
Capital: Petrozavodsk • Rural localities
Administrative districts	Belomorsky Kalevalsky Kemsky Kondopozhsky Lakhdenpokhsky Loukhsky Medvezhyegorsky Muyezersky Olonetsky Pitkyarantsky Prionezhsky Pryazhinsky Pudozhsky Segezhsky Suoyarvsky
Cities and towns	Belomorsk Kem Kondopoga Kostomuksha Lakhdenpokhya Medvezhyegorsk Olonets Petrozavodsk Pitkyaranta Pudozh Segezha Sortavala Suoyarvi
Urban-type settlements	Chupa Impilahti Kalevala Khelyulya Loukhi Muyezersky Nadvoitsy Pindushi Povenets Pryazha Pyaozersky Vyartsilya

• Republic of Karelia
• States and territories established in 1991
• 1991 establishments in Russia
• Fennoscandia
• Republics
• Republics of Russia