U.S. civil rights law
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| Long title | An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act (creating a National Foundation for Postsecondary Education and a National Institute of Education), the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Title IX |
| Enacted by | the 92nd United States Congress |
| Effective | June 23, 1972 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 92-318 |
| Statutes at Large | 86 Stat. 235 |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | |
| Titles amended | 20 U.S.C.: Education |
| U.S.C. sections created | 20 U.S.C. ch. 38 § 1681 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
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| Major amendments | |
| Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 | |
| United States Supreme Court cases | |
| Grove City College v. Bell (1984) | |
The Education Amendments of 1972, also sometimes known as the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 (Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235), were amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that were signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972. It is best known for its Title IX, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions receiving federal aid. It also modified government programs providing financial aid to students by directing money directly to students without the participation of intermediary financial institutions. Part D of Title III of the law enacted the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants.
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, or professionals; the Education Amendments of 1972 amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to these employees, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional worker's exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Bibliography
- James J. F. Forest (2002). Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 807. ISBN 978-1-57607-248-6. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
References
- Richard Nixon (June 23, 1972). Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (eds.). "Statement on Signing the Education Amendments of 1972". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara.
- "The Equal Pay Act Turns 40". The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012.
External links
- Education Amendments of 1972 (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
- Fountain, Joselynn H. (April 10, 2023). The Higher Education Act (HEA): A Primer (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
