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Electron quadruplets

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The condensate of electron quadruplets is a proposed state of matter in which Cooper pairs are formed but do not exhibit long-range order, but electron quadruplets do. Such states emerge in systems with multiple broken symmetries due to the partial melting of the underlying low-temperature order, which destroys the condensates of Cooper pairs but preserves the condensates formed by pairs of preformed fermion pairs. One example of the proposed electron quadruplet condensates is charge-4e superconductivity first proposed by Berg, Fradkin and Kivelson. Another example is "quartic metal" phase is related to but distinct from those superconductors explained by the standard BCS theory; rather than expelling magnetic field lines as in the Meissner effect, it generates them, a spontaneous Nernst effect that indicates the breaking of time-reversal symmetry.

Related states can form in pair-density-wave systems. In systems with a greater number of broken symmetries, theoretical studies have demonstrated the existence of charge-6e and more complex orders. After the theoretical possibility was raised, observations consistent with electron quadrupling were published using hole-doped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 in 2021, with evidence of vestigial quadrupling reported in CsV3Sb5 soon after, in early 2022.

See also

References

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  9. Agterberg, D. F.; Geracie, M.; Tsunetsugu, H. (26 July 2011). "Conventional and charge-six superfluids from melting hexagonal Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phases in two dimensions". Physical Review B. 84 (1). arXiv:1106.1685. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.014513.
  10. "Superconductor reveals new state of matter involving pairs of Cooper pairs". Physics World. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  11. "Charge-4⁢𝑒 and Charge-6⁢𝑒 Flux Quantization and Higher Charge Superconductivity in Kagome Superconductor Ring Devices". Physical Review X. 89 (14): 021025. arXiv:2201.10352.


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