Misplaced Pages

Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization. It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:

Vulnerable species

Endangered species

Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories. The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution. Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998. In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year. Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators. Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere. The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction. In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan, and reversed course. In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014. International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."

In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013. Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea. The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy". Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.

According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature, relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970. This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided, if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted, and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.

List

Order	Image	Scientific name	Common name	Population trend	IUCN status	Fish Base	FAO	CITES Appendix
Mackerel shark		Alopias pelagicus	Pelagic thresher	decreasing	Endangered
Mackerel shark		Alopias superciliosus	Bigeye thresher shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Mackerel shark		Alopias vulpinus	Common thresher	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Atelomycterus baliensis	Bali catshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Aulohalaelurus kanakorum	New Caledonia catshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Brachaelurus colcloughi	Bluegrey carpetshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Carcharhinus borneensis	Borneo shark	unknown	Critically Endangered			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus hemiodon	Pondicherry shark	unknown	Critically endangered			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus leiodon	Smoothtooth blacktip shark	unknown	Vulnerable			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus longimanus	Oceanic whitetip shark	decreasing	Critically endangered			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus obscurus	Dusky shark	decreasing	Vulnerable			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus plumbeus	Sandbar shark	decreasing	Vulnerable			II
Groundshark		Carcharhinus signatus	Night shark	unknown	Vulnerable			II
Mackerel shark		Carcharias taurus	Sand tiger	decreasing	Critically endangered
Mackerel shark		Carcharodon carcharias	Great white shark	unknown	Vulnerable			II
Dogfish		Centrophorus granulosus	Gulper shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Dogfish		Centrophorus harrissoni	Dumb gulper shark	decreasing	Endangered
Dogfish		Centrophorus lusitanicus	Lowfin gulper shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Dogfish		Centrophorus squamosus	Deepwater spiny dogfish	decreasing	Vulnerable
Mackerel shark		Cetorhinus maximus	Basking shark	decreasing	Endangered			II
Groundshark		Chaenogaleus macrostoma	Hooktooth shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Galeorhinus galeus	School shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Galeus mincaronei	Southern sawtail catshark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Glyphis gangeticus	Ganges shark	decreasing	Critically endangered			II
Groundshark		Glyphis garricki	New Guinea river shark	decreasing	Critically endangered			II
Groundshark		Glyphis glyphis	Speartooth shark	decreasing	Endangered			II
Groundshark		Glyphis siamensis	Irrawaddy river shark	unknown	Critically endangered			II
Groundshark		Haploblepharus fuscus	Brown shyshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Haploblepharus kistnasamyi	Natal shyshark	unknown	Critically endangered
Groundshark		Hemigaleus microstoma	Sickle fin weasel shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Hemipristis elongata	Snaggletooth shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Hemiscyllium hallstromi	Papuan epaulette shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Hemiscyllium strahani	Hooded carpet shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Hemitriakis leucoperiptera	Whitefin topeshark	unknown	Endangered
Groundshark		Holohalaelurus favus	Honeycomb Izak	decreasing	Endangered
Groundshark		Holohalaelurus punctatus	Whitespotted Izak	decreasing	Endangered
Groundshark		Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus	Daggernose shark	decreasing	Critically endangered
Mackerel shark		Isurus oxyrinchus	Shortfin mako	decreasing	Endangered
Mackerel shark		Isurus paucus	Longfin mako	decreasing	Endangered
Groundshark		Lamiopsis temminckii	Broadfin shark	decreasing	Endangered			II
Mackerel shark		Lamna nasus	Porbeagle	decreasing	Vulnerable			III (II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Mustelus fasciatus	Striped smooth-hound	decreasing	Critically endangered
Groundshark		Mustelus mustelus	Common smoothhound	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Mustelus schmitti	Narrownose smoothhound	decreasing	Endangered
Groundshark		Mustelus whitneyi	Humpback smoothhound	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Nasolamia velox	whitenose shark	decreasing	Endangered
Carpet shark		Nebrius ferrugineus	Tawny nurse shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Negaprion acutidens	Sharptooth lemon shark	decreasing	Vulnerable			II
Mackerel shark		Odontaspis ferox	Small-tooth sand tiger shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Dogfish		Oxynotus centrina	Angular rough shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum	Shorttail nurse shark	unknown	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Rhincodon typus	Whale shark	decreasing	Endangered			II
Groundshark		Schroederichthys saurisqualus	Lizard catshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Scylliogaleus quecketti	Flapnose houndshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Sphyrna lewini	Scalloped hammerhead	decreasing	Critically endangered			II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Sphyrna mokarran	Great hammerhead	decreasing	Critically Endangered			II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Sphyrna tiburo	Bonnethead shark	decreasing	Endangered			II
Groundshark		Sphyrna tudes	Smalleye hammerhead	decreasing	Vulnerable			II
Groundshark		Sphyrna zygaena	Smooth hammerhead	decreasing	Vulnerable			II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish		Squalus acanthias	Piked dogfish	decreasing	Vulnerable
Dogfish		Squalus montalbani	Philippines spurdog	decreasing	Vulnerable
Angel shark		Squatina aculeata	Sawback angelshark	decreasing	Critically endangered
Angel shark		Squatina albipunctata	Eastern angel shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Angel shark		Squatina argentina	Argentine angel shark	decreasing	Endangered
Angel shark		Squatina formosa	Taiwan angelshark	unknown	Endangered
Angel shark		Squatina guggenheim	Hidden angelshark	decreasing	Endangered
Angel shark		Squatina japonica	Japanese angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Angel shark		Squatina nebulosa	Clouded angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Angel shark		Squatina oculata	Smoothback angel shark	decreasing	Critically endangered
Angel shark		Squatina punctata	Angular angelshark	decreasing	Endangered
Angel shark		Squatina squatina	Angel shark	decreasing	Critically endangered
Angel shark		Squatina tergocellatoides	Ocellated angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable
Carpet shark		Stegostoma fasciatum	Zebra shark	decreasing	Vulnerable
Groundshark		Triakis acutipinna	Sharpfin houndshark	decreasing	Endangered
Groundshark		Triakis maculata	Spotted houndshark	decreasing	Vulnerable

See also

• List of threatened rays

References

1. Hoffmann M, C Hilton-Taylor and 173 others (2010) "The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates" Science, 330: 1503–1509. doi:10.1126/science.1194442
2. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
3. ^ "Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria" (PDF). IUCN. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
5. ^ CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
6. "The Greatest Threats to Sharks". Oceana. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
7. Pratt, H. L. Jr; Gruber, S. H.; Taniuchi, T (1990). Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rept.
8. Walker, T.I. (1998). Shark Fisheries Management and Biology.
9. Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites National Geographic, 28 October 2010.
10. HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
11. ^ "Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem—CNN.com". CNN. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
12. Urbina, Ian (17 February 2016). "Palau vs. the Poachers (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. "Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy". Retrieved 6 September 2007.
15. Sharkwater | Movies. EW.com (2007-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
16. Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction IUCN, 25 June 2009.
17. Camhi, M.D; Valenti, S.V.; Fordham, S.V.; Fowler, S.L.; Gibson, C., eds. (February 2007). "The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays" (PDF). Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. Oxford, England: IUCN Shark Specialist Group. ISBN 978-0-9561063-1-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
18. Jha, Alok (25 June 2009). "Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
19. Jolly, David (23 March 2010). "U.N. Group Rejects Shark Protections". The New York Times.
20. "Qatar. UN body flip-flops on shark protection". Tawa News, Canwest News Service. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010.
21. Opponents fail to overturn shark protection deal Dow Jones Newswires, 14 March 2013.
22. Five shark species win protection against finning trade The Guardian, 11 March 2013.
23. CITES Makes Historic Decision to Protect Sharks and Rays ScienceDaily, 14 March 2013.
24. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
25. "New measures to combat WA shark risks". Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
26. Arup, Tom (21 January 2014), "Greg Hunt grants WA exemption for shark cull plan", The Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, archived from the original on 22 January 2014
27. "Can governments protect people from killer sharks?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
28. Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats TVNZ, 20 January 2014.
29. ^ Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W.; Herman, Katelyn B.; Liu, Kwang-Ming; Marshall, Andrea D.; Pollom, Riley A.; Romanov, Evgeny V.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Yin, Jamie S.; Kindsvater, Holly K.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
30. Davidson, Lindsay N K.; Krawchuk, Meg A.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2016). "Why have global shark and ray landings declined: Improved management or overfishing?". Fish and Fisheries. 17 (2): 438–458. Bibcode:2016AqFF...17..438D. doi:10.1111/faf.12119.
31. Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Davidson, Lindsay N.K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Bräutigam, Amie; Sant, Glenn; Welch, David J. (2017). "Challenges and Priorities in Shark and Ray Conservation". Current Biology. 27 (11): R565–R572. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R565D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.038. PMID 28586694. S2CID 20632998.
32. Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2017). "Bright spots of sustainable shark fishing". Current Biology. 27 (3): R97–R98. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..R97S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.017. PMID 28171764. S2CID 46839247.
33. Sumaila, Ussif Rashid; Cheung, William; Dyck, Andrew; Gueye, Kamal; Huang, Ling; Lam, Vicky; Pauly, Daniel; Srinivasan, Thara; Swartz, Wilf; Watson, Reginald; Zeller, Dirk (2012). "Benefits of Rebuilding Global Marine Fisheries Outweigh Costs". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e40542. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740542S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040542. PMC 3396648. PMID 22808187.
34. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Alopias pelagicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161597A68607857. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161597A68607857.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
35. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Alopias pelagicus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
36. Alopias pelagicus (Nakamura, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
37. Amorim, A.; Baum, J.; Cailliet, G.M.; Clò, S.; Clarke, S.C.; Fergusson, I.; Gonzalez, M.; Macias, D.; Mancini, P.; Mancusi, C.; et al. (2009). "Alopias superciliosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161696A5482468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161696A5482468.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
38. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Alopias superciliosus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
39. Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
40. Goldman, K.J.; Baum, J.; Cailliet, G.M.; Cortés, E.; Kohin, S.; Macías, D.; Megalofonou, P.; Perez, M.; Soldo, A. & Trejo, T. (2009). "Alopias vulpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T39339A10205317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39339A10205317.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
41. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Alopias vulpinus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
42. Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
43. White, W.T.; Fahmi & Dharmadi (2009). "Atelomycterus baliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161736A5491875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161736A5491875.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
44. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Atelomycterus baliensis". FishBase. March 2013 version.
45. Fowler, S.L. & Lisney, T.J. (2003). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T41870A10581635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41870A10581635.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
46. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum". FishBase. March 2013 version.
47. Kyne, P.M.; Compagno, L.J.V.; Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2015). "Brachaelurus colcloughi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T39335A68610594. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39335A68610594.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
48. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Brachaelurus colcloughi". FishBase. March 2013 version.
49. Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Carcharhinus borneensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T39367A10182233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39367A10182233.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
50. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus borneensis". FishBase. March 2013 version.
51. Compagno, L.J.V.; White, W. & Fowler, S. (2003). "Carcharhinus hemiodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T39369A10185838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T39369A10185838.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
52. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pondicherry shark". FishBase. March 2013 version.
53. Simpfendorfer, C.; Jabado, R.W.; Valinassab, T.; Elhassan, I.; Moore, A. (2017). "Carcharhinus leiodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T39371A109876922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T39371A109876922.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
54. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus leiodon". FishBase. March 2013 version.
55. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B & Winker, H. (2019). "Carcharhinus longimanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39374A2911619. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39374A2911619.en. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
56. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus longimanus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
57. Musick, J.A.; Grubbs, R.D.; Baum, J. & Cortés, E. (2009). "Carcharhinus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3852A10127245. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3852A10127245.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
58. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus obscurus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
59. Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
60. Musick, J.A.; Stevens, J.D.; Baum, J.K.; Bradai, M.; Clò, S.; Fergusson, I.; Grubbs, R.D.; Soldo, A.; Vacchi, M. & Vooren, C.M. (2009). "Carcharhinus plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3853A10130397. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3853A10130397.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
61. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus plumbeus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
62. Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
63. Santana, F.M.; Lessa, R. & Carlson, J. (2006). "Carcharhinus signatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60219A12323765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60219A12323765.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
64. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharhinus signatus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
65. Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
66. Pollard, D. & Smith, A. (2009). "Carcharias taurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3854A10132481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
67. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharias taurus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
68. Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
69. Fergusson, I.; Compagno, L.J.V. & Marks, M. (2009). "Carcharodon carcharias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3855A10133872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3855A10133872.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
70. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carcharodon carcharias". FishBase. March 2013 version.
71. Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
72. Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Centrophorus granulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T162293947A2897883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
73. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Centrophorus granulosus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
74. Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
75. Graham, K. (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41740A16726236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41740A16726236.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
76. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Centrophorus harrissoni". FishBase. March 2013 version.
77. Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
78. Clarke, M.; White, W. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Centrophorus lusitanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
79. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Centrophorus lusitanicus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
80. Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
81. Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Centrophorus squamosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T41871A68614964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41871A68614964.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
82. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Centrophorus squamosus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
83. Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
84. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Romanov, E.; Kyne, P.M. (2021). "Cetorhinus maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T4292A194720078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4292A194720078.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
85. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Cetorhinus maximus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
86. Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
87. Rigby, C.L.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Fahmi, Haque, A.B.; Maung, A. (2021). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161695A173437577. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161695A173437577.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
88. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma". FishBase. March 2013 version.
89. Walker, T.I.; Rigby, C.L.; Pacoureau, N.; Ellis, J.; Kulka, D.W.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Herman, K. (2020). "Galeorhinus galeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39352A2907336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
90. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Galeorhinus galeus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
91. Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
92. Pollom, R.; Charvet, P.; Cuevas, J.M.; Herman, K.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Galeus mincaronei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44578A2995648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44578A2995648.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
93. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Galeus mincaronei". FishBase. March 2013 version.
94. Rigby, C.L.; Derrick, D.; Dulvy, N.K.; Grant, I.; Jabado, R.W. (2021). "Glyphis gangeticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169473392A124398647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169473392A124398647.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
95. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Glyphis gangeticus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
96. Kyne, P.M.; Rigby, C.L.; Cheok, J.; Darwall, W.R.T.; Grant, I.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021). "Glyphis garricki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T42712A68624151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T42712A68624151.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
97. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Glyphis garricki". FishBase. March 2013 version.
98. Kyne, P.M.; Rigby, C.L.; Darwall, W.R.T.; Grant, I.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2021). "Glyphis glyphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39379A68624306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39379A68624306.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
99. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Glyphis glyphis". FishBase. March 2013 version.
100. Barnett, L.A.K.; Quaranta, K.L.; Ebert, D.A.; White, W.T. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Glyphis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
101. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Glyphis siamensis". FishBase. March 2013 version.
102. Pollom, R.; Da Silva, C.; Gledhill, K.; Leslie, R.; McCord, M.E.; Winker, H. (2020). "Haploblepharus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39346A124403821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39346A124403821.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
103. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Haploblepharus fuscus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
104. Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Da Silva, C.; Ebert, D.A.; Leslie, R.; McCord, M.E.; Sink, K.; Winker, H. (2019). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161667A124524866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161667A124524866.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
105. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi". FishBase. March 2013 version.
106. Sherman, C.S.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Spaet, J.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Hemigaleus microstoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41816A124418711. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41816A124418711.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
107. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemigaleus microstoma". FishBase. March 2013 version.
108. White, W.T.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2016). "Hemipristis elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41874A68625034. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41874A68625034.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
109. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemipristis elongata". FishBase. March 2013 version.
110. Dudgeon, C.L.; Heupel, M.R.; Kyne, P.M.; Allen, G. (2016). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41875A70709453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41875A70709453.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
111. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi". FishBase. March 2013 version.
112. Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
113. VanderWright, W.J.; Allen, G.R.; Derrick, D.; Dudgeon, C.L.; Erdmann, M.V.; Sianipar, A. (2021). "Hemiscyllium strahani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41819A198886746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41819A198886746.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
114. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemiscyllium strahani". FishBase. March 2013 version.
115. Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
116. Sherman, C.S.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Seyha, L.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q.; Yuneni, R.R. (2021). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39353A124404742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39353A124404742.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
117. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera". FishBase. March 2013 version.
118. Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Fernando, S.; Leslie, R. (2020). "Holohalaelurus favus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161652A124522141. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161652A124522141.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
119. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Holohalaelurus favus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
120. Pollom, R.; Gledhill, K.; Leslie, R.; Samoilys, M.; Sink, K. (2020). "Holohalaelurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161675A124526498. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161675A124526498.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
121. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Holohalaelurus punctatus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
122. Pollom, R.; Charvet, P.; Faria, V.; Herman, K.; Lasso-Alcalá, O.; Marcante, F.; Nunes, J.; Rincon, G.; Kyne, P.M. (2020). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60218A3094144. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60218A3094144.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
123. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
124. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Isurus oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39341A2903170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39341A2903170.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
125. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Isurus oxyrinchus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
126. Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
127. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Isurus paucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T60225A3095898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60225A3095898.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
128. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Isurus paucus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
129. Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
130. Dulvy, N.K.; Al Mamari, T.; Bineesh, K.K.; Derrick, D.; Haque, A.B.; Maung, A.; Moore, A.; VanderWright, W.J. (2021). "Lamiopsis temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T169760690A124508850. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169760690A124508850.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
131. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Lamiopsis temminckii". FishBase. March 2013 version.
132. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Lamna nasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11200A500969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11200A500969.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
133. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Lamna nasus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
134. Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Herman, K.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Mustelus fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44581A2995765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44581A2995765.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
135. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Mustelus fasciatus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
136. Jabado, R.W.; Chartrain, E.; Cliff, G.; Da Silva, C.; De Bruyne, G.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; El Vally, Y.; Leurs, G.H.L.; Meissa, B.; Metcalfe, K.; Pacoureau, N.; Pires, J.D.; Seidu, I.; Serena, F.; Soares, A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B.; Winker, H. (2021). "Mustelus mustelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39358A124405881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39358A124405881.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
137. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Mustelus mustelus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
138. ^ Ruiz, C., Arauz, R., Pérez-Jiménez, J.C., Castillo-Geniz, J.L.& Soriano-Velásquez, S. (2009). Nasolamia velox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161355/124470861
139. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Mustelus schmitti". FishBase. March 2013 version.
140. Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
141. Dulvy, N.K.; Acuña, E.; Bustamante, C.; Cevallos, A.; Herman, K.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Mustelus whitneyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T63129A124461599. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63129A124461599.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
142. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Mustelus whitneyi". FishBase. March 2013 version.
143. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Nasolamia velox". FishBase. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
144. Simpfendorfer, C.; Derrick, D.; , D.; Bin Ali, A.; Fahmi, Vo, V.Q.; Tanay, D.; Seyha, L.; Haque, A.B.; Fernando, D.; Bineesh, K.K.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Yuneni, R.R.; Maung, A. (2021). "Nebrius ferrugineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41835A173437098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41835A173437098.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
145. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Nebrius ferrugineus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
146. Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
147. Simpfendorfer, C.; Derrick, D.; Yuneni, R.R.; Maung, A.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Seyha, L.; Haque, A.B.; Fahmi, Bin Ali, A.; , D.; Bineesh, K.K.; Fernando, D.; Tanay, D.; Vo, V.Q.; Gutteridge, A.N. (2021). "Negaprion acutidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41836A173435545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41836A173435545.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
148. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Negaprion acutidens". FishBase. March 2013 version.
149. Pollard, D.; Gordon, I.; Williams, S.; Flaherty, A.; Fergusson, I.K.; Dicken, M. & Graham, K. (2009). "Odontaspis ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
150. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Odontaspis ferox". FishBase. March 2013 version.
151. Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
152. Finucci, B.; Chartrain, E.; De Bruyne, G.; Derrick, D.; Ducrocq, M.; Williams, A.B.; VanderWright, W.J. (2021). "Oxynotus centrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T63141A124462573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T63141A124462573.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
153. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Oxynotus centrina". FishBase. March 2013 version.
154. Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
155. Pollom, R.; Bennett, R.; Jabado, R.W.; Kuguru, B.; Samoilys, M. (2019). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T44617A124435749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44617A124435749.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
156. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum". FishBase. March 2013 version.
157. Pierce, S.J.; Norman, B. (2016). "Rhincodon typus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19488A2365291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
158. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Rhincodon typus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
159. Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
160. Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44586A2996520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44586A2996520.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
161. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus". FishBase. March 2013 version.
162. Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). "Scylliogaleus quecketti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
163. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Scylliogaleus quecketti". FishBase. March 2013 version.
164. Rigby, C.L.; Dulvy, N.K.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna lewini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39385A2918526. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
165. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna lewini". FishBase. March 2013 version.
166. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
167. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna mokarran". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39386A2920499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39386A2920499.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
168. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna mokarran". FishBase. March 2013 version.
169. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna tiburo". FishBase. March 2013 version.
170. Pollom, R.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Faria, V.; Herman, K.; Lasso-Alcalá, O.; Marcante, F.; Mejía-Falla, P.A.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Motta, F.; Navia, A.F.; Nunes, J.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2020). "Sphyrna tudes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60202A3091946. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60202A3091946.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
171. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna tudes". FishBase. March 2013 version.
172. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna zygaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39388A2921825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39388A2921825.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
173. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna zygaena". FishBase. March 2013 version.
174. Finucci, B.; Cheok, J.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cotton, C.F.; Dulvy, N.K.; Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020). "Squalus acanthias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T91209505A124551959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T91209505A124551959.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
175. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squalus acanthias". FishBase. March 2013 version.
176. Squalus acanthias (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
177. Graham, K.J. (2019). "Squalus montalbani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161404A68645208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T161404A68645208.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
178. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squalus montalbani". FishBase. March 2013 version.
179. Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Bartolí, A.; Gordon, C.; Hood, A.; Jimenez-Alvarado, D.; Meyers, E.K.M. (2019). "Squatina aculeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61417A116768915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61417A116768915.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
180. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina aculeata". FishBase. March 2013 version.
181. Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
182. Pogonoski, J.; Pollard, D.A.; Rigby, C.L. (2016). "Squatina albipunctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42729A68645549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42729A68645549.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
183. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina albipunctata". FishBase. March 2013 version.
184. Cuevas, J.M.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2019). "Squatina argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39329A116841596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
185. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina argentina". FishBase. March 2013 version.
186. Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
187. Rigby, C.L.; Chen, X.; Ebert, D.A.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Hsu, H.; Zhang, J. (2020). "Squatina formosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161456A134193368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161456A134193368.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
188. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina formosa". FishBase. March 2013 version.
189. Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
190. Oddone, M.C.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Cuevas, J.M.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G.; Vooren, C.M. (2019). "Squatina guggenheim". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T130393378A130393975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T130393378A130393975.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
191. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina guggenheim". FishBase. March 2013 version.
192. Walls, R.H.L.; Rigby, C.L.; Derrick, D.; Dyldin, Y.V.; Ebert, D.A.; Herman, K.; Ishihara, H.; Jeong, C.-H.; Semba, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Volvenko, I.V.; Yamaguchi, A. (2021). "Squatina japonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161558A134194013. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161558A134194013.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
193. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina japonica". FishBase. March 2013 version.
194. Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
195. Rigby, C.L.; Walls, R.H.L.; Derrick, D.; Dyldin, Y.V.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Ishihara, H.; Jeong, C.-H.; Semba, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Volvenko, I.V.; Yamaguchi, A. (2021). "Squatina nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T161325A134193576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161325A134193576.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
196. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina nebulosa". FishBase. March 2013 version.
197. Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
198. Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Bartolí, A.; Gordon, C.; Hood, A.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Pollom, R. (2019). "Squatina oculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61418A116782036. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61418A116782036.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
199. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina oculata". FishBase. March 2013 version.
200. Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
201. IUCN Shark Specialist Group (2007). "Squatina punctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
202. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina punctata". FishBase. March 2013 version.
203. Morey, G.; Barker, J.; Hood, A.; Gordon, C.; Bartolí, A.; Meyers, E.K.M.; Ellis, J.; Sharp, R.; Jimenez-Alvarado, D.; Pollom, R. (2019). "Squatina squatina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39332A117498371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39332A117498371.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
204. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina squatina". FishBase. March 2013 version.
205. Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
206. Rigby, C.L.; Bin Ali, A.; Bineesh, K.K.; Chen, X.; Derrick, D.; Dharmadi, Ebert, D.A.; Fahmi, Fernando, D.; Gautama, D.A.; Haque, A.B.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Hsu, H.; Maung, A.; Vo, V.Q.; Sianipar, A.; Tanay, D.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Yuneni, R.R.; Zhang, J. (2020). "Squatina tergocellatoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161525A134193835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161525A134193835.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
207. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Squatina tergocellatoides". FishBase. March 2013 version.
208. Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
209. Dudgeon, C.L.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Pillans, R.D. (2019). "Stegostoma tigrinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41878A161303882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41878A161303882.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
210. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Stegostoma fasciatum". FishBase. March 2013 version.
211. Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
212. Kyne, P.M.; Cevallos, A.; Hernández, S.; Ebert, D.A. (2021). "Triakis acutipinna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39361A124406514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39361A124406514.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
213. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Triakis acutipinna". FishBase. March 2013 version.
214. Dulvy, N.K.; Acuña, E.; Bustamante, C.; Herman, K.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Triakis maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T63130A124461743. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63130A124461743.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
215. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Triakis maculata". FishBase. March 2013 version.

Further reading

• FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104514-3.
• Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey. ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.
• Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
• Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
• Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104361-2.
• Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.

v t e Fishery science topics
Fisheries science and wild fisheries Fisheries science Population dynamics of fisheries Shifting baseline Fish stock Fish mortality Condition index Stock assessment Fish measurement Standard weight in fish Fish counter Data storage tag Catch per unit effort Otolith microchemical analysis Biomass Fisheries acoustics Acoustic tag Coded wire tag GIS and aquatic science Pop-up satellite archival tag EcoSCOPE Age class structure Trophic level Trophic cascades Hydrographic containment Match/mismatch hypothesis Climate change and fisheries Marine biology Aquatic ecosystems Bioeconomics EconMult Ecopath FishBase Census of Marine Life OSTM/Jason-2 Fisheries databases Institutes Fisheries scientists Wild fisheries Ocean fisheries Diversity of fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Demersal fish Forage fish Pelagic fish Cod fisheries Crab fisheries Eel fisheries Krill fisheries Kelp fisheries Lobster fisheries Shrimp fishery Eel ladder Fish ladder Fish screen Migration Salmon run Sardine run Shoaling and schooling Marine habitat Marine snow Water column Upwelling Humboldt current Algal blooms Dead zones Fish kill
Fisheries law, management, sustainability and conservation Law Fisheries law Exclusive economic zone Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement Fisheries Convention Magnuson–Stevens Act Management Fisheries management Monitoring control and surveillance Vessel monitoring system Fishery Resources Monitoring System Catch reporting Fisheries observer Catch share Individual fishing quota Minimum landing size Pulse fishing Slot limit EU Common Fisheries Policy EU MLS European Fisheries Control Agency National Marine Fisheries Service Regional fishery body Regional fishery management organisation Sustainability Sustainable fishery Maximum sustainable yield List of commercially important fish species Sustainable seafood Overfishing Environmental impact of fishing Fishing down the food web Destructive fishing practices Future of Marine Animal Populations The Sunken Billions The End of the Line Bycatch Discards Incidental catch Cetacean bycatch Turtle excluder device Shrimp-Turtle case Conservation Marine protected area Marine reserve Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Salmon conservation Grey nurse shark conservation Shark sanctuary European Environmental Agency U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Advocacy FishAct Marine Stewardship Council Aquaculture Stewardship Council Friend of the Sea SeaChoice Seafood Watch Ocean Conservancy Ocean Outcomes Oceana Save Our Seas Foundation Sea Around Us WorldFish Defying Ocean's End HERMIONE PROFISH International Seafood Sustainability Foundation Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Greenpeace Related issues CalCOFI Fish slaughter Marine pollution Mercury in fish Shark culling Shark finning Threatened sharks Threatened rays Outline of fishing Index of fishing articles Glossary of fishery terms

v t e Threatened species
Template: Threatened species by region
IUCN Red List	Categories Extinct Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Threatened Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Lower risk Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Lower Risk (LR) Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) Not fully assessed Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III
By taxa	Threatened arthropods / Endangered arthropods / spiders / Decline in insect populations Decline in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened species
Conservation	Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation-reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility
Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics.

• Lists of endangered animals
• Endangered fish
• Lists of fishes
• Sharks
• Lists of threatened species