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Eskişehir
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: Eskişehir Fairy Tale Castle in Sazova Park, Lion Statue in Eskişehir, Porsuk River, Porsuk Bridge, Eskişehir Tram, Eskişehir Municipality
Emblem of Eskişehir Metropolitan Municipality
EskişehirLocation within TurkeyShow map of TurkeyEskişehirLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaEskişehirLocation within the worldShow map of Earth
Coordinates: 39°47′N 30°31′E / 39.783°N 30.517°E / 39.783; 30.517
Country	Turkey
Region	Central Anatolia
Province	Eskişehir
Government
• Metropolitan Mayor	Ayşe Ünlüce (CHP)
Area
• Metropolitan municipality	2,678.00 km (1,033.98 sq mi)
Elevation	788 m (2,585 ft)
Population
• Metropolitan municipality	789,023
• Density	335/km (868/sq mi)
• Urban	820,568
• Metro	848,002
GDP
• Metropolitan municipality	TRY 81.527 billion US$ 9.078 billion (2021)
• Per capita	TRY 91,234 US$ 10,158 (2021)
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code	26 xxx
Area code	(+90) 222
Registration plate	26
Website	www.eskisehir-bld.gov.tr

Eskişehir (US: /ˌɛskɪʃəˈhɪər/ ES-kish-ə-HEER, Turkish: [esˈciʃehiɾ]; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 898,369, with a metropolitan population of 797,708. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum. Known as a university town; Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of 2,678 km (1,034 sq mi).

Etymology

The name Eskişehir can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish. The name has been documented in Ottoman records since the late 15th century.

History

The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by Hittites.

Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia.

As with many towns in Anatolia, Christianity arrived after Constantine the Great legalized the religion in the Roman Empire. Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city was known as Dorylaeum (Δορύλαιον) in Greek in that period. One of these bishops, Eusebius, was heavily involved in shaping the evolving dogma of the church.

It was called Sultanönü during the Seljuk period. In 1097 it was the site of a battle of the First Crusade in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan I; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or the 13th century. From 1867 until 1922, Eskişehir was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet. In 1921, it was captured by the invading Greek Army. Eskişehir holds the title of Cultural Capital of the Turkish World and UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013.

Geography

The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of Porsuk River, which flows into the Sakarya River. Porsuk Dam, located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border controls the flow of the water in the river.

Climate

•   BSk
•   Dsb

Eskişehir has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate classification. The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

Economy

Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway.

As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for meerschaum mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by the state.

Devrim, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim never put into mass production and stayed a concept study and can be viewed in TÜLOMSAŞ factory Eskişehir. In addition to production, first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base was the command center of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO's southern flank during the Cold War.

Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum and refined sugar. Eti [tr], one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuit, chocolate and candy varieties) is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems has a plant in Eskişehir.

The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport.

Education

There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and the Eskişehir Technical University which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports. Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s. Allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any.

Culture

The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars. It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, North Macedonia and the Sandžak region of Serbia, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries. Eskişehir also hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest in 2013, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums.

Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum, Aviation Museum, Meerschaum Museum, Museum of Independence, Museum of Modern Glass Art, Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum, Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum and the Odunpazarı Modern Museum.

Attractions

Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.

Sports

Association football club Eskişehirspor, founded in 1965, plays in the TFF Second League after being relegated during the 2021-22 TFF First League. It plays its home games in the New Eskişehir Stadium.

Notable natives

• Eusebius of Dorylaeum – 5th-century bishop
• Battal Gazi – 8th-century Muslim saint buried in Seyitgazi
• Yunus Emre – 13th-century Turkish folk poet
• Adil Giray Pişiriçi – Crimean Khan, Ottoman Empire 1881–1941
• Sabrettin Giray Pişiriçi - Son of the Crimean Khan, Ottoman Empire Adil Giray Pişiriçi 1923-1976 Ağapınarı, Eskişehir Turkey
• Sheik Edebali – 13th century religious leader, spiritual founder of the Ottoman Empire
• Behiç Erkin - Turkish Schindler, first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, Minister of Public Works (1926–1928), Turkish Ambassador (Budapest 1928–1939, Paris and Vichy 1939-1943)
• Yakup Satar - last Turkish veteran of the First World War
• Fahrettin Kerim Gökay - Professor, former mayor of Istanbul (1949–1957), former Turkish ambassador (Bern), former minister of state
• Yılmaz Büyükerşen - Professor, Reporter, Columnist, Caricaturist, Editor, former rector of Anadolu University, former member of RTYK, Professional Wax Sculptor
• Cüneyt Arkın - Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Artist, Doctor in Medicine
• Nuri Alço - Actor, Director, Producer
• Eqrem Çabej - Linguist and scholar
• Melis Birkan - Actress
• Zeki Sezer - former Leader of the Democratic Left Party DSP, Chemical Engineer, Minister of State (57th government)
• Hasan Polatkan - Politician
• Mehmet Terzi - Long-Distance Runner
• Gamze Bulut - Mid-Distance Runner
• Zeki Önder Özen - Football Manager
• Ömer Çatkıç - Football Goalkeeper
• Neslihan Demir Darnel - Volleyball Player
• İpek Şenoğlu - Tennis Player
• Ersan İlyasova - Basketball Player
• Kerem Gönlüm - Basketball Player
• Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu - Basketball Coach
• Asya (singer) - Pop Singer, Song-Writer
• Tuna Kiremitçi - Author, Poet, Columnist, Composer
• Enis Batur - Author, Lecturer
• Alper Erturk - Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology
• Gürer Aykal - Conductor, adjunct professor at Bilkent University
• Banu Avar - Writer and journalist
• Mete Erpek (Joker) - Rapper
• Meryem Boz - Volleyball Player
• Sertan Saltan - Artist and winner of 2011 BP Young Artist Award

International relations

Eskişehir is twinned with:

• Shymkent, Kazakhstan (since 2018)
• Lansing, Michigan, US (since 2024)
• Cluj Napoca, Romania (since 2020)
• Changzhou, China (since 2009)
• Frankfurt am Main, Germany (since 2013)
• Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia (since 1995)
• North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus (since 2016)
• Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus (since 2016)
• Linz, Austria (since 2012)
• Bodrum, Turkey (since 2010)
• Paju, South Korea (since 2007)
• Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium (since 2014)

See also

• Anadolu University
• Boron
• Eskişehir Osmangazi University
• Meerschaum
• Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013
• Holy Trinity Church, Eskişehir

Notes

1. ^ "Turkey: Major cities and provinces". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
2. "Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts". www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
3. "Eskisehir". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
4. "Eskisehir". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
5. ^ Lewis Thomas (1 April 1986). Elementary Turkish. Courier Dover Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-0486250649.
6. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
7. Statoids. "Statistical information on districts and town centers in Turkey". Retrieved 12 April 2008.
8. Nişanyan, Sevan. "Eskişehir". nisanyanmap.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
9. ^ Chisholm 1911.
10. Türkiye İller Ansiklopedisi 1.Cilt s.409
11. "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214.
12. Öztürk, Mehmet Zeynel; Çetinkaya, Gülden; Aydın, Selman. "Köppen-Geiger İklim Sınıflandırmasına Göre Türkiye'nin İklim Tipleri/Climate Types of Turkey According to Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification". Coğrafya Dergisi – Journal of Geography. 35 (2017): 17–27. doi:10.26650/JGEOG295515. Retrieved 23 June 2020. (in Turkish and English)
13. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions
14. "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
15. "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
16. Prothero, G.W. (1920). Anatolia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 105.
17. "Kardeş Şehirler". eskisehir.bel.tr (in Turkish). Eskişehir. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
18. https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1897651.aspx

References

• Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Eskişehir, Turkey". Retrieved 3 April 2008.
• Municipality of Eskişehir, Turkey. "General information on Eskişehir". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.

External links

• District governor's official website (in Turkish)
• District municipality's official website (in Turkish)
• Eskişehir Police Headquarters (in Turkish)
• Eskişehir News (in Turkish)
• Eskişehirspor Sports Club
• Eskişehir Hava Durumu
• "Eski-Shehr" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 771.

v t e Eskişehir Province
Settlements Center city Eskişehir Districts (İlçe) Odunpazarı Tepebaşı Alpu Beylikova Çifteler Günyüzü Han İnönü Mahmudiye Mihalgazi Mihalıççık Sarıcakaya Seyitgazi Sivrihisar All settlements List of populated places in Eskişehir Province
Culture Universities Anadolu University Eskişehir Osmangazi University Museums etc. Eskişehir Aviation Museum Eskişehir Caricature Museum Eskişehir Eti Archaeology Museum Eskişehir Independence Museum Eskişehir Meerschaum Museum Modern Glass Art Museum Museum of woodworking Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum Tülomsaş Museum Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum İnönü Military Quarter and War Museum Monuments Monument of Sivrihisar Airplane
Buildings and structures Modern Sazova Park Eskişehir Zoo Mosques Kurşunlu Mosque and Complex Reşadiye Mosque Sivrihisar Grand Mosque Churches Holy Trinity Church Dams Beylikova Dam Gökçekaya Dam Kargı Dam Porsuk Dam Yenice Dam Industry and mining Tülomsaş Meerschaum (Sepiolite) Transportation Anadolu Airport Eskişehir Airport Alpu Railway Station Enveriye Railway Station Eskişehir Railway Station High Speed railway Eskişehir-Afyon Regional Sports venues New Eskişehir Stadium
Geographical features Sakarya River Porsuk River Gürleyik Waterfall
Eskişehir Province

v t e Largest cities or towns in Turkey TÜİK's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.

Rank Name Pop. Rank Name Pop. Istanbul Ankara 1 Istanbul 15,655,924 11 Mersin 1,938,389 İzmir Bursa 2 Ankara 5,803,482 12 Diyarbakır 1,818,133 3 İzmir 4,479,525 13 Hatay 1,544,640 4 Bursa 3,214,571 14 Manisa 1,475,716 5 Antalya 2,696,249 15 Kayseri 1,445,683 6 Konya 2,320,241 16 Samsun 1,377,546 7 Adana 2,270,298 17 Balıkesir 1,273,519 8 Şanlıurfa 2,213,964 18 Tekirdağ 1,167,059 9 Gaziantep 2,164,134 19 Aydın 1,161,702 10 Kocaeli 2,102,907 20 Van 1,127,612

v t e Eskişehir in Eskişehir Province of Turkey
Districts	Alpu Beylikova Çifteler Günyüzü Han İnönü Mahmudiye Mihalgazi Mihalıççık Odunpazarı Sarıcakaya Seyitgazi Sivrihisar Tepebaşı
List of provinces by region Istanbul Istanbul West Marmara Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Aegean Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak East Marmara Bilecik Bolu Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova West Anatolia Ankara Karaman Konya Mediterranean Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye Central Anatolia Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat West Black Sea Amasya Bartın Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak East Black Sea Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon Northeast Anatolia Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Central East Anatolia Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van Southeast Anatolia Adıyaman Batman Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.

39°46′36″N 30°31′14″E / 39.77667°N 30.52056°E / 39.77667; 30.52056

• Eskişehir
• Cities in Turkey
• Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey