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Demographics of the Kingdom of Belgium
Population pyramid of Belgium in 2022
Population	11,763,650 (January 2024) 82nd
Growth rate	0.54% (2021 est.)
Birth rate	9.4 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021)
Life expectancy	81.65 years (2021 est.)
• male	79.2 years (2021)
• female	84 years (2021)
Fertility rate	1.47 children born/woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate	3.24 (2021 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.1% (male 857,373/female 822,303)
15–64 years	66.3% (male 3,480,072/female 3,419,721)
65 and over	17.6% (male 760,390/female 1,074,477) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Under 15	1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.02 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.72 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Belgian(s) adjective: Belgian
Major ethnic	58% Flemish
Minor ethnic	31% Walloon, 11% Mixed/Other
Language
Spoken	Dutch, French, German

Demographic features of the population of Belgium include ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.

Population

As of January 1, 2024, Belgium had a population of 11,763,650 and is the 81st most populous country in the world. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on January 1, 2024 was 6,821,770 (58.0% of Belgium), 3,692,283 (31.4% of Belgium) and 1,249,597 (10.6% of Belgium), respectively. The population density of Belgium is 383/km (990/sq mi) as of January 1, 2024, making it the 38th most densely populated country in the world, and the 7th most densely populated country in Europe. The most densely populated province is Antwerp, the least densely populated province is Luxembourg.

As of January 1, 2020, Belgium had a population of 11,492,641, as compared to 2010 (10,839,905 people) an increase of about 653,000. 2010 compared to 2000 (10,239,085 people), an increase of about 601,000 people. 2000 compared to 1990 (9,947,782 people), an increase of about 291,000 people.

The following demographic statistics are from the World Population Review in 2019.

• One birth every 4 minutes
• One death every 5 minutes
• One net migrant every 12 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 9 minutes

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Life expectancy

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1841–1950

1950–2015

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Life expectancy at birth; total population: 81.65 years. Country comparison to the world: 32nd

male: 79.02 years

female: 84.4 years (2021 est.)

Fertility

The total fertility rate (TFR) gradually increased during the last decade from 1.60 in 1997, 1.65 in 2002 and 1.82 in 2007. The rates in Brussels are higher than the national average (1.79 in 1997, 1.93 in 2002 and 2.09 in 2007), while they are below the average in Flanders (1.54 in 1997, 1.56 in 2002 and 1.77 in 2007), due to the higher percentage of non-European immigrants with higher birth rates in Brussels.

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Total fertility rate; 1.71 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160st

Birth rate; 11.03 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 175st

Mother's mean age at first birth; 29 years (2018 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 17.22% (male 1,033,383/female 984,624)

15-24 years: 11.2% (male 670,724/female 642,145)

25-54 years: 39.23% (male 2,319,777/female 2,278,450)

55-64 years: 13.14% (male 764,902/female 775,454)

65 years and over: 19.21% (male 988,148/female 1,263,109)

Median age in 2020 (estimation); total: 41.6 years.

male: 40.4 years

female: 42.8 years

Density

Urbanization; urban population: 98.1% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Vital statistics

Note: Territorial changes in East-Belgium occurred in 1925, 1940 and 1944.

Current vital statistics

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - October 2023	92,693	91,261	+1,432
January - October 2024	91,447	92,392	-945
Difference	-1,246 (-1.34%)	+1,131 (+1.24%)	-2,377

Structure of the population

Immigration

Since the relaxation of the Belgian nationality law more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship and are now considered new Belgians. 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.

In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685 000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695 000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.

Net migration rate; 4.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Belgium migration data

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24; total: 15.8%.

male: 16.2%

female: 15.3% (2018 est.)

Education

Literacy; Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)

Total population: 99%

Male: 99%

Female: 99%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education); total: 20 years

male: 19 years

female: 21 years (2018)

Origin groups

Belgium does not collect data on ethnicity or race, but does collect data on the country of origin of citizens.

The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italian Belgians, with more than 450,000 people, which is well over 4% of Belgium's total population. The Moroccan Belgians are the third-largest group, and the largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 340,359. According to Michèle Tribalat in the beginning of 2020, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed 32.1% of the total population. According to Statbel, 65.5% of the Belgian population was Belgian with a Belgian background in 2024. The Belgian background by age group was 51.8% among those under 18, 62.1% among 18-64-year-olds and 85.5% among those aged 65 and over.

Of these 'New Belgians', 55.1% are of non-Belgian European ancestry and 44.9% are from non-Western countries.

The rest consists mostly of French-speaking people from Brussels, Turks, Kurds, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spaniards, Greeks, Bosniaks, Algerians, Congolese, Vietnamese, Poles, Indians, and Guineans (around 23% of Belgium's population is of non-Belgian origin). Approximately 30,000 Roma live in Belgium.

The exact number of French-speakers in Brussels is hard to determine, but it is estimated that 85% of the people living in Brussels use French and 10% use Dutch in their households, as the sole language or secondary language, while Arabic is also largely spoken. See the Brussels article for more details.

In the table are the top 30 countries by origin of the population of Belgium in 2020

Countries of origin of Belgian population (2020)

Country	Number (2020)	% of population of foreign origin	% of total population
Morocco	340,359	13.3%	3.0%
Italy	278,877	11.1%	2.4%
France	217,200	8.7%	1.9%
Netherlands	190,271	7.3%	1.7%
Turkey	161,581	6.2%	1.4%
Romania	120,929	4.8%	1.1%
Poland	97,183	3.9%	0.8%
Spain	78,745	3.1%	0.7%
Democratic Republic of the Congo	65,687	2.7%	0.6%
Russia	62,059	2.5%	0.5%
Portugal	54,719	2.1%	0.5%
Germany	50,772	2.0%	0.4%
Bulgaria	46,876	1.9%	0.4%
Syria	35,626	1.4%	0.3%
Algeria	31,956	1.2%	0.3%
United Kingdom	29,504	1.1%	0.3%
Greece	28,643	1.1%	0.2%
India	27,267	1.0%	0.2%
Afghanistan	25,727	1.0%	0.2%
Cameroon	24,267	0.9%	0.2%
China	22,283	0.9%	0.2%
Tunisia	20,921	0.8%	0.2%
Iraq	20,882	0.8%	0.2%
Guinea	19,244	0.7%	0.2%
Brazil	15,158	0.6%	0.1%
Rwanda	14,729	0.6%	0.1%
Pakistan	14,580	0.6%	0.1%
United States	13,820	0.5%	0.1%
Iran	12,891	0.5%	0.1%
Albania	12,641	0.5%	0.1%
Senegal	11,876	0.5%	0.1%
Other countries	414,327	16.2%	3.6%
Total	2,549,724	100%	22.2%

Languages

Belgium's three official languages are Dutch, spoken by about 60% of the population, French, spoken by about 40%, and German, spoken by less than 1%. The vast majority of Belgium's population, 99%, is literate as defined by the Belgian government, i.e. capable of reading and writing in an official language by the time a citizen has reached the age of 15. English is the official (meetings) language of the European Commission, 10% of the job market in Brussels; also, Arabic is 2nd most spoken language in Brussels according to fresh sources (around 10%).

Religion

As of 2012, 58% of Belgians identify as Roman Catholic. Other Christians comprise 7% of the population. Muslims comprise 5%. 27% of Belgians are agnostics, atheists or otherwise irreligious.

See also

• Belgian nationality law
• Metropolitan areas in Belgium

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
2. The number includes Belgian nationals who either previously were foreign nationals themselves or at least one of their parents was a foreign national.
3. This category includes;
   • Germany;
   • France;
   • Luxembourg;
   • the Netherlands;
   • the United Kingdom;
4. This category includes;
   • Germany;
   • France;
   • Luxembourg;
   • the Netherlands;
   • the United Kingdom;

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2016 edition.)

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8. Note: Crude migration change % is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
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Notes

• Demographics of Belgium
• Society of Belgium