Demographics of Afghanistan

(Redirected from Ethnic minorities in Afghanistan)

This article is about the population of the country of Afghanistan. For ethnic groups, see Ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

Demographics of Afghanistan
Afghanistan population pyramid in 2020
Population	41,454,761 (2023)
Growth rate	+2.85% (2023)
Birth rate	35.44/1000 (2023)
Death rate	5.80/1000 (2023)
Life expectancy	59.1 years at birth (2021)
Fertility rate	4.84 children per woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate	▼44.0/1000 (2023)
Nationality
Nationality	Afghan
Major ethnic	Iranian (80.0%) Tajiks (27.0%) Pamiris (0.5%) Other Tajiks (26.5%) Pashtuns (35.0%) Hazaras (9.0%) Baloch (2.0%) Persian (5.0%) Shughni (2.0%) Turkic (11.0%) Uzbeks (9.0%) Turkmen (1.0%) Kyrgyz (1.0%)
Minor ethnic	Indo-Aryan (3.5%) Pashayis (1.0%) Nuristani (2.0%) Kalash (negligible) Other Nuristanis (1.999%) Gujjars (0.5%) Dravidian (0.5%) Brahui (0.5%) Isolated (1.5%) Burusho (1.0%) Other Isolates (0.5%) Semitic (0.5%) Localized Arabs (0.5%) Others (8.5%) Unidentified (7.5%) Localized Soviets (1.0%)

The population of Afghanistan is around 43.4 million as of 2024. The nation is composed of a multi-ethnic and multilingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Central Asia, South Asia, and Western Asia. Ethnic groups in the country include Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, as well as smaller groups such as Baloch, Nuristani, Turkmen, Aimaq, Mongol and some others which are less known. Together they make up the contemporary Afghan people.

Approximately 43% of the population is under 15 years of age, and 74% of all Afghans live in rural areas. The average woman gives birth to five children during her entire life, the highest fertility rate outside of Africa. About 6.8% of all babies die in child-birth or infancy. The average life expectancy of the nation was reported in 2019 at around 63 years, and only 0.04% of the population has HIV.

Persian (Dari) and Pashto are the official languages of the country. Dari functions as the inter-ethnic lingua franca for the vast majority. Pashto is widely used in the regions south of the Hindu Kush mountains and as far as the Indus River in neighbouring Pakistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are smaller languages spoken in parts of the north. Multilingualism is common throughout the country, especially in the major cities. Successive Afghan governments have given preferential treatment to Pashto despite it being a minority language. Birth certificates, passports, and the national anthem are exclusively in Pashto to the ire of Non-Pashto speakers.

Up to 69.7% of the population practices Sunni Islam and belongs to the Hanafi Islamic law school, while 30–35% are followers of Shia Islam; the majority of whom belong to the Twelver branch, with smaller numbers of Ismailis. The remaining 0.3% practice other religions such as Sikhism and Hinduism. Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most people are organised into tribal and other kinship-based groups, who follow their own traditional customs.

Population statistics

Further information: Afghan diaspora

Anatol Lieven of Georgetown University in Qatar wrote in 2021 that "it may be noted that in the whole of modern Afghan history there has never been a census that could be regarded as remotely reliable."

Historical

The first nationwide census of Afghanistan was carried out only in 1979, but previously there had been scattered attempts to conduct censuses in individual cities. According to the 1876 census, Kabul had a population of 140,700 people. In Kandahar in 1891 a population census was carried out, according to which 31,514 people lived in the city, of which 16,064 were men and 15,450 were women.

In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. From 1979 until the end of 1983, some 5 million people left the country to take shelter in neighbouring northwestern Pakistan and eastern Iran. This exodus was largely unchecked by any government. The Afghan government in 1983 reported a population of 15.96 million, which presumably included the exodus.

It is assumed that roughly 600,000 to as high as 2 million Afghans may have been killed during the various 1979–2001 wars. These figures are questionable and no attempt has ever been made to verify if they were actually killed or had moved to neighbouring countries as refugees.

Current and latest

Main article: List of cities in Afghanistan

As of 2021, the total population of Afghanistan is around 37,466,414, which includes the 3 million Afghan nationals living in both Pakistan and Iran. About 26% of the population is urbanite and the remaining 74% lives in rural areas.

Afghanistan's Central Statistics Organization (CSO) stated in 2011 that the total number of Afghans living inside Afghanistan was about 26 million and by 2017 it reached 29.2 million. Of this, 15 million are males and 14.2 million are females. The country's population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050.

Urban areas have experienced rapid population growth in the last decade, which is due to the return of over 5 million expats. The only city in Afghanistan with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul.

Age structure

Population structure of Afghanistan (2020 estimate)
Age group	Percentage	Male population	Female population
0–14 years	40.62%	7,562,703	7,321,646
15–24 years	21.26%	3,960,044	3,828,670
25–54 years	31.44%	5,858,675	5,661,887
55–64 years	4.01%	724,597	744,910
65 years and over	2.68%	451,852	528,831

Population growth rate

The population growth rate of Afghanistan was 2.34% in 2021, ranking 39th in the world in terms of population growth.

Urbanization

As of 2020, 26% of Afghanistan's population lived in urban areas, with an annual urbanization rate of 3.37% from 2015 to 2020.

Sex ratio

Sex ratio of Afghanistan (2020)
Age group	Sex ratio (male(s)/female)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
0–14 years	1.03 male(s)/female
15–24 years	1.03 male(s)/female
25–54 years	1.03 male(s)/female
55–64 years	0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over	0.85 male(s)/female
Total population	1.05 male(s)/female

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Period	Population	Live births	Deaths	Rate of Natural change %	Crude Migration rate (per 1000)	CBR	CDR	NC	TFR	Life expectancy (in years)	IMR
1950	7,480,464	365,303	283,668	+1.09%		48.9	37.9	10.9	7.25	27.73	285.8
1951	7,571,542	372,040	282,577	+1.18%	0.2	49.1	37.3	11.8	7.26	27.96	283.6
1952	7,667,534	378,290	280,803	+1.27%	-0.2	49.3	36.6	12.7	7.26	28.45	278.8
1953	7,764,549	384,933	279,684	+1.35%	-1.0	49.5	36.0	13.5	7.27	28.93	273.9
1954	7,864,289	390,412	280,476	+1.40%	-1.3	49.6	35.6	14.0	7.25	29.23	269.4
1955	7,971,933	397,156	277,695	+1.50%	-1.5	49.8	34.8	15.0	7.26	29.92	264.1
1956	8,087,730	404,134	277,328	+1.57%	-1.4	49.9	34.3	15.7	7.27	30.41	259.3
1957	8,210,207	410,977	276,560	+1.64%	-1.5	50.0	33.7	16.4	7.26	30.95	254.4
1958	8,333,827	418,266	275,681	+1.71%	-2.3	50.1	33.0	17.1	7.27	31.51	249.5
1959	8,468,220	425,334	274,920	+1.78%	-1.9	50.2	32.5	17.8	7.28	32.04	244.9
1960	8,622,473	434,057	275,239	+1.84%	-0.5	50.3	31.9	18.4	7.28	32.54	240.5
1961	8,790,140	443,319	275,508	+1.91%	0	50.4	31.3	19.1	7.28	33.07	236.2
1962	8,969,055	453,468	276,593	+1.97%	0.2	50.6	30.8	19.7	7.29	33.55	232.2
1963	9,157,463	464,225	277,961	+2.03%	0.3	50.7	30.4	20.3	7.30	34.02	228.2
1964	9,355,510	475,452	279,368	+2.10%	0.2	50.8	29.9	21.0	7.30	34.49	224.3
1965	9,565,154	486,406	281,003	+2.15%	0.4	50.9	29.4	21.5	7.31	34.95	220.6
1966	9,783,153	498,801	282,463	+2.21%	0.2	51.0	28.9	22.1	7.32	35.45	216.6
1967	10,010,037	511,245	284,203	+2.27%	0.0	51.1	28.4	22.7	7.34	35.92	212.9
1968	10,247,782	524,167	285,867	+2.33%	-0.1	51.1	27.9	23.3	7.36	36.42	209.1
1969	10,494,491	537,318	287,557	+2.38%	-0.3	51.2	27.4	23.8	7.39	36.91	205.3
1970	10,752,973	549,695	288,979	+2.42%	-0.2	51.1	26.9	24.2	7.40	37.42	201.5
1971	11,015,853	564,040	290,646	+2.48%	-0.9	51.2	26.4	24.8	7.43	37.92	197.7
1972	11,286,753	577,071	291,819	+2.53%	-1.3	51.1	25.8	25.3	7.45	38.44	194.0
1973	11,575,308	591,855	292,915	+2.58%	-0.9	51.1	25.3	25.8	7.49	39.00	190.1
1974	11,869,881	607,606	294,363	+2.64%	-1.6	51.1	24.8	26.4	7.53	39.55	186.2
1975	12,157,390	621,494	295,301	+2.68%	-3.2	51.0	24.2	26.8	7.54	40.10	182.2
1976	12,425,276	635,188	295,770	+2.72%	-5.6	50.9	23.7	27.2	7.56	40.65	178.3
1977	12,687,308	648,307	295,112	+2.77%	-7.0	50.9	23.2	27.7	7.59	41.23	174.2
1978	12,938,864	660,606	310,376	+2.69%	-7.5	50.8	23.9	26.9	7.60	40.27	172.7
1979	12,986,378	671,213	328,042	+2.64%	-22.7	50.7	24.8	25.9	7.61	39.09	171.7
1980	12,486,640	660,892	316,937	+2.75%	-67.5	50.5	24.2	26.3	7.59	39.62	167.8
1981	11,155,196	614,273	288,555	+2.92%	-148.6	50.3	23.6	26.7	7.57	40.16	163.6
1982	10,088,290	520,603.03	266,040	+2.52%	-131.0	50.1	25.6	24.5	7.55	37.77	165.2
1983	9,951,447	503,887	252,318	+2.50%	-38.8	50.1	25.1	25.0	7.54	38.19	161.4
1984	10,243,689	506,571	302,824	+2.02%	8.3	50.2	30.0	20.2	7.51	33.33	169.7
1985	10,512,220	536,861	314,987	+2.09%	4.6	50.6	29.7	20.9	7.52	33.55	166.4
1986	10,448,447	541,017	252,810	+2.76%	-33.7	50.7	23.7	27.0	7.52	39.40	150.3
1987	10,322,767	535,214	245,107	+2.81%	-40.3	50.8	23.3	27.6	7.53	39.84	146.5
1988	10,383,459	531,795	208,051	+3.10%	-25.2	51.0	19.9	31.0	7.53	43.96	136.0
1989	10,673,172	546,142	203,321	+3.21%	-5.0	51.2	19.0	32.1	7.53	45.16	131.1
1990	10,694,804	567,256	203,514	+3.40%	-32.0	51.4	18.4	33.0	7.56	45.97	127.0
1991	10,745,168	555,610	192,531	+3.38%	-29.1	51.8	17.9	33.8	7.61	46.66	123.4
1992	12,057,436	578,891	191,913	+3.21%	76.7	51.9	17.2	34.7	7.66	47.60	118.3
1993	14,003,764	698,469	199,165	+3.57%	103.3	52.0	14.8	37.2	7.72	51.47	110.8
1994	15,455,560	789,282	222,214	+3.67%	57.2	52.2	14.7	37.5	7.72	51.50	107.0
1995	16,418,911	853,355	230,943	+3.80%	20.7	52.1	14.1	38.0	7.71	52.54	104.2
1996	17,106,600	886,917	232,991	+3.82%	2.0	51.9	13.6	38.2	7.71	53.24	101.2
1997	17,788,818	914,412	237,216	+3.81%	0.3	51.4	13.3	38.1	7.67	53.63	98.9
1998	18,493,134	940,233	250,677	+3.73%	0.8	50.9	13.6	37.3	7.64	52.94	97.0
1999	19,262,854	967,977"	239,604	+3.79%	2.1	50.4	12.5	37.9	7.60	54.85	93.4
2000	19,542,986	995,813	242,535	+3.76%	-23.3	49.7	12.1	37.6	7.53	55.30	90.8
2001	19,688,634	969,246	231,795	+3.73%	-29.9	49.0	11.7	37.3	7.45	55.80	88.4
2002	21,000,258	980,458	229,450	+3.58%	26.7	48.2	11.3	36.9	7.34	56.45	85.8
2003	22,645,136	1,063,246	240,215	+3.63%	36.3	47.4	10.7	36.7	7.22	57.34	82.6
2004	23,553,554	1,097,160	243,367	+3.61%	2.5	46.3	10.3	36.1	7.07	57.94	79.9
2005	24,411,196	1,099,366	241,454	+3.53%	-0.2	45.3	9.9	35.3	6.91	58.36	77.5
2006	25,442,946	1,136,774	246,037	+3.50%	5.6	44.7	9.7	35.0	6.72	58.68	74.9
2007	25,903,306	1,156,957	246,898	+3.51%	-17.3	43.9	9.4	34.5	6.53	59.11	71.9
2008	26,427,204	1,091,824	232,339	+3.27%	-12.9	41.5	8.8	32.7	6.38	59.85	69.2
2009	27,385,310	1,128,666	234,065	+3.26%	2.4	41.2	8.5	32.6	6.24	60.36	67.2
2010	28,189,672	1,147,643	233,308	+3.23%	-3.8	40.6	8.3	32.3	6.10	60.85	64.8
2011	29,249,156	1,157,518	230,346	+3.19%	4.3	39.9	7.9	31.9	5.96	61.42	62.3
2012	30,466,484	1,217,396	234,629	+3.23%	7.7	40.0	7.7	32.3	5.83	61.92	60.0
2013	31,541,216	1,248,455	235,744	+3.21%	2.0	39.6	7.5	32.1	5.70	62.42	57.8
2014	32,716,214	1,274,665	241,055	+3.17%	4.2	39.1	7.4	31.7	5.56	62.55	56.3
2015	33,753,500	1,315,633	248,560	+3.15%	-0.8	38.8	7.3	31.5	5.41	62.66	54.5
2016	34,636,212	1,315,746	245,452	+3.09%	-5.4	37.9	7.1	30.9	5.26	63.14	52.5
2017	35,643,420	1,332,116	250,677	+3.03%	-2.0	37.3	7.0	30.3	5.13	63.02	49.4
2018	36,686,788	1,355,895	256,314	+2.99%	-1.5	36.9	7.0	29.9	5.00	63.08	47.8
2019	37,769,496	1,377,704	256,564	+2.97%	-1.0	36.5	6.8	29.7	4.87	63.57	46.7
2020	38,972,236	1,402,265	276,683	+2.89%	2.0	36.1	7.1	28.9	4.75	62.58	45.8
2021	40,099,460	1,440,941	295,236	+2.85%	-0.4	35.8	7.3	28.5	4.64	61.98	44.7
2022	41,128,771			+2.82%	-3.2	35.14	6.91	28.23	4.52	62.88	44.8
2023	42,239,854								4.41	64.23	37.7
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births
Source:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Fertility and births

Afghanistan 2024 total fertility rate has been estimated at 4.4. In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate. The rate has fallen since the early 1980s.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Wanted Fertility Rate (WFR):

year	crude birth rate (CBR)			total fertility rate (TFR)			wanted fertility rate (WFR)
year	total	urban	rural	total	urban	rural	total	urban	rural
2010	35.6	34.7	35.9	5.1	4.5	5.2
2015	36.8	35.8	37.1	5.3	4.8	5.4	4.4	3.7	4.6
2022-23	36.0	32.0	38.0	5.4	4.3	5.8

Fertility data by province in 2015 DHS Survey and 2022-23 MICS Survey:

Province	TFR
Province	2015	2023
Afghanistan	5.3	5.4
Kabul	4.6	3.8
Kapisa	4.8	5.6
Parwan	5.7	5.0
Wardak	4.2	5.3
Logar	4.2	6.2
Nangarhar	6.4	5.6
Laghman	7.3	6.2
Panjshir	3.2	3.5
Baghlan	4.4	5.4
Bamyan	5.4	4.2
Ghazni	2.8	5.6
Paktika	5.3	6.3
Paktia	5.2	5.7
Khost	5.6	5.3
Kunar	6.8	6.4
Nuristan	8.9	5.6
Badakhshan	5.3	5.1
Takhar	5.7	5.9
Kunduz	4.4	6.4
Samangan	5.1	4.3
Balkh	5.5	4.9
Sar-e Pol	4.8	5.5
Ghor	5.8	4.8
Daykundi	5.2	4.8
Urozgan	8.8	5.6
Zabul	5.1	7.8
Kandahar	6.5	6.3
Jawzjan	3.9	5.5
Faryab	6.2	6.4
Helmand	4.7	7.3
Badghis	6.6	5.8
Herat	4.8	4.4
Farah	5.4	7.1
Nimruz	5.4	6.2

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (2012.01.07) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included):

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	13,044,400	12,455,700	25,500,100	100
0–4	2,422,244	2,556,304	4,978,548	19.52
5–9	1,941,363	1,880,407	3,821,770	14.99
10–14	1,556,158	1,401,695	2,957,853	11.60
15–19	1,276,563	1,140,810	2,417,373	9.48
20–24	1,059,939	1,009,807	2,069,746	8.12
25–29	843 967	864 738	1,708,705	6.70
30–34	678 577	745 534	1,424,111	5.58
35–39	598 045	652 326	1,250,371	4.90
40–44	546 102	533 524	1,079,626	4.23
45–49	495 190	440 789	935 979	3.67
50–54	435 143	354 633	789 776	3.10
55–59	360 394	275 468	635 862	2.49
60–64	281 627	209 152	490 779	1.92
65–69	204 376	150 137	354 513	1.39
70–74	141 729	102 048	243 777	0.96
75–79	91 164	64 658	155 822	0.61
80–84	55 446	38 699	94 145	0.37
85+	56 373	34 971	91 344	0.36
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	5,919,765	5,838,406	11,758,171	46.11
15–64	6,575,547	6,226,781	12,802,328	50.21
65+	549 088	390 513	939 601	3.68

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.):

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	15,981,303	15,408,868	31,390,171	100
0–4	2,853,288	2,743,103	5,596,391	17.83
5–9	2,542,405	2,379,618	4,922,023	15.68
10–14	2,220,065	2,026,796	4,246,861	13.53
15–19	1,840,432	1,727,287	3,567,719	11.37
20–24	1,371,188	1,463,797	2,834,985	9.03
25–29	1,079,117	1,177,555	2,256,672	7.19
30–34	828 055	818 313	1,646,368	5.24
35–39	674 920	661 949	1,336,869	4.26
40–44	577 135	611 016	1,188,151	3.79
45–49	480 700	511 608	992 308	3.16
50–54	381 772	396 026	777 798	2.48
55–59	320 024	308 966	628 990	2.00
60–64	286 732	229 605	516 337	1.64
65-69	222 590	161 851	384 441	1.22
70-74	150 436	99 412	249 848	0.80
75-79	70 271	42 288	112 559	0.36
80-84	48 540	26 549	75 089	0.24
85+	33 633	23 129	56 762	0.18
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	7,615,758	7,149,517	14,765,275	47.04
15–64	7,840,075	7,906,122	15,746,197	50.16
65+	525 470	353 229	878 699	2.80

Life expectancy (2023)

Source:

total: 54.1 years (lowest in the world)
male: 52.5 years (lowest in the world)
female: 55.7 years (lowest in the world)

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	28.6	1985–1990	47.7
1955–1960	31.1	1990–1995	51.7
1960–1965	33.4	1995–2000	54.2
1965–1970	35.6	2000–2005	56.9
1970–1975	37.8	2005–2010	60.0
1975–1980	40.4	2010–2015	62.3
1980–1985	43.6	2015-2020	63.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Development and health indicators

Main articles: Health in Afghanistan, Healthcare in Afghanistan, and Education in Afghanistan

Literacy

Definition: People over the age of 15 that can read and write

Total population: 43% (2018)

Male: 55.5%

Female: 29.8%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 10 years
male: 13 years
female: 8 years (2018)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.04% (2015)

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

Up to 6,900 (2015 estimate)

In 2008, health officials in Afghanistan reported 504 cases of people living with HIV but by the end of 2012 the numbers reached 1,327. The nation's health ministry stated that most of the HIV patients were among intravenous drug users and that 70% of them were men, 25% women, and the remaining 5% children. They belonged to Kabul, Kandahar and Herat, the provinces from where people make the most trips to neighbouring and foreign countries. Regarding Kandahar, 22 cases were reported in 2012. "AIDS Prevention department head Dr Hamayoun Rehman said 1,320 blood samples were examined and 21 were positive. Among the 21 patients, 18 were males and three were females who contracted the deadly virus from their husbands. He said four people had reached a critical stage while three had died. The main source of the disease was the use of syringes used by drug addicts." There are approximately 23,000 addicts in the country who inject drugs into their bodies using syringes
country comparison to the world: 168

HIV/AIDS – deaths

Up to 300 (2015 estimate)

Major infectious diseases

Degree of risk: high

Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhoea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: malaria
Animal contact diseases: rabies

Note: WH5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk as of 2009.

Ethnic groups

Further information: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

An approximate distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups are listed in the chart below:

Population of Afghanistan by Ethnic Group (%) and Total Population of Afghanistan (1950-2023)
Year	Total Population	Pashtuns (%)	Tajiks (%)	Hazaras (%)	Uzbeks (%)	Aimaks (%)	Turkmens (%)	Baloch (%)	Nuristanis (%)	Pamiris (%)	Others (%)
1950	7,480,460	35.94%	32.87%	15.67%	10.02%	1.51%	1.05%	0.82%	0.61%	0.71%	0.80%
1960	8,622,466	41.21%	29.96%	13.29%	10.04%	1.71%	1.12%	0.91%	0.63%	0.83%	0.30%
1970	10,752,971	39.11%	29.07%	12.72%	10.03%	1.82%	1.23%	1.02%	0.71%	0.91%	3.38%
1980	12,486,631	38.53%	28.47%	13.12%	10.04%	1.93%	1.31%	1.11%	0.73%	1.06%	3.70%
1990	10,694,796	36.43%	27.28%	13.31%	9.71%	2.03%	1.41%	1.23%	0.75%	1.05%	6.80%
2000	19,542,982	35.63%	26.68%	13.28%	8.91%	2.08%	1.42%	1.21%	0.74%	1.05%	9.00%
2011	29,249,157	41.35%	27.56%	13.79%	8.64%	2.11%	1.54%	1.32%	0.83%	1.06%	1.80%
2013	31,541,209	41.97%	26.96%	14.02%	8.51%	2.13%	1.55%	1.35%	0.82%	1.09%	1.60%
2023	42,239,854	39.97%	25.96%	14.98%	8.02%	2.13%	1.52%	1.29%	0.81%	1.32%	4.00%

Population of Afghanistan by Ethnic Group (1950-2023)
Year	Total Population	Pashtuns	Tajiks	Hazaras	Uzbeks	Aimaks	Turkmens	Baloch	Nuristanis	Pamiris	Others
1950	7,480,460	2,686,898	2,458,171	1,172,403	749,747	112,943	78,545	61,341	45,631	53,108	59,844
1960	8,622,466	3,552,209	2,583,639	1,145,145	865,740	147,448	96,574	78,466	54,324	71,566	25,867
1970	10,752,971	4,204,300	3,125,342	1,367,907	1,078,161	195,714	132,258	109,674	76,347	97,851	363,417
1980	12,486,631	4,808,617	3,553,701	1,637,724	1,253,735	240,982	163,573	138,602	91,153	132,360	461,184
1990	10,694,796	3,895,053	2,915,145	1,422,465	1,038,408	217,108	150,797	131,555	80,211	112,295	727,759
2000	19,542,982	6,960,338	5,214,158	2,594,898	1,741,306	406,497	277,507	236,466	144,621	205,202	1,758,868
2011	29,249,157	12,095,608	8,067,136	4,033,665	2,526,132	617,164	450,437	386,089	242,767	310,040	526,118
2013	31,541,209	13,230,634	8,493,515	4,417,161	2,681,228	671,559	489,198	426,037	259,025	344,158	504,659
2023	42,239,854	16,886,189	10,957,637	6,321,916	3,386,262	899,473	641,740	545,694	342,319	557,047	1,689,594

Fertility Rate in Afghanistan by Ethnic Group (1950-2023)
Year	Afghanistan (overall)	Pashtuns	Tajiks	Hazaras	Uzbeks	Turkmens	Localized Arabs	Indo-Aryans (Pashayis, Nuristanis, etc.)	Localized Soviets	Others
1950	7.25	8.30	7.55	7.85	7.70	7.65	6.80	7.40	-	4.10
1960	7.28	8.28	7.48	7.72	7.64	7.62	6.75	7.35	-	4.00
1970	7.40	8.25	7.52	7.81	7.68	7.66	6.80	7.42	-	3.95
1980	7.64	8.35	7.60	7.88	7.74	7.73	6.90	7.50	-	3.85
1990	7.58	8.20	7.58	7.72	7.66	7.69	6.82	7.45	2.30	3.80
1995	7.77	8.32	7.66	7.85	7.75	7.78	6.88	7.58	2.95	3.77
2000	7.57	7.95	7.38	7.50	7.40	7.36	6.65	7.32	3.25	3.62
2010	5.54	5.60	5.10	5.25	5.30	5.25	4.80	5.20	3.10	3.30
2021	4.89	4.95	4.52	4.70	4.85	4.90	4.30	4.65	2.90	2.80
2023	4.84	4.90	4.49	4.68	4.82	4.87	4.28	4.62	2.85	2.77

Pie Chart

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1950)

Pashtuns (35.94%) Tajiks (32.87%) Hazaras (15.67%) Uzbeks (10.02%) Aimaks (1.51%) Turkmens (1.05%) Baloch (0.82%) Nuristanis (0.61%) Pamiris (0.71%) Others (0.80%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1960)

Pashtuns (41.21%) Tajiks (29.96%) Hazaras (13.29%) Uzbeks (10.04%) Aimaks (1.71%) Turkmens (1.12%) Baloch (0.91%) Nuristanis (0.63%) Pamiris (0.83%) Others (0.30%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1970)

Pashtuns (39.11%) Tajiks (29.07%) Hazaras (12.72%) Uzbeks (10.03%) Aimaks (1.82%) Turkmens (1.23%) Baloch (1.02%) Nuristanis (0.71%) Pamiris (0.91%) Others (3.38%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1980)

Pashtuns (38.53%) Tajiks (28.47%) Hazaras (13.12%) Uzbeks (10.04%) Aimaks (1.93%) Turkmens (1.31%) Baloch (1.11%) Nuristanis (0.73%) Pamiris (1.06%) Others (3.70%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1990)

Pashtuns (36.43%) Tajiks (27.28%) Hazaras (13.31%) Uzbeks (9.71%) Aimaks (2.03%) Turkmens (1.41%) Baloch (1.23%) Nuristanis (0.75%) Pamiris (1.05%) Others (6.80%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2000)

Pashtuns (35.63%) Tajiks (26.68%) Hazaras (13.28%) Uzbeks (8.91%) Aimaks (2.08%) Turkmens (1.42%) Baloch (1.21%) Nuristanis (0.74%) Pamiris (1.05%) Others (9.00%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2011)

Pashtuns (41.35%) Tajiks (27.56%) Hazaras (13.79%) Uzbeks (8.64%) Aimaks (2.11%) Turkmens (1.54%) Baloch (1.32%) Nuristanis (0.83%) Pamiris (1.06%) Others (1.80%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2013)

Pashtuns (41.97%) Tajiks (26.96%) Hazaras (14.02%) Uzbeks (8.51%) Aimaks (2.13%) Turkmens (1.55%) Baloch (1.35%) Nuristanis (0.82%) Pamiris (1.09%) Others (1.60%)

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2023)

Pashtuns (39.97%) Tajiks (25.96%) Hazaras (14.98%) Uzbeks (8.02%) Aimaks (2.13%) Turkmens (1.52%) Baloch (1.29%) Nuristanis (0.81%) Pamiris (1.32%) Others (4.00%)

Alternative Estimates for Afghanistan's Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan based on alternative estimates
Ethnic group	2023 estimate based on native mother tongue	2013 estimate	Pre-2004 estimates
Pashtun	45%	42%	38–50%
Tajik	33%	27%	20–25.3%
Hazara	33%	9%	12–19%
Uzbek	7%	9%	6–8%
Aimak	–	4%	–
Turkmen	3%	3%	2.5%
Baloch	1%	2%	–
Others (Pashai, Nuristani, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, etc.)	11%	4%	1–12%

This number represents Dari Persian native speakers including Tajiks, Hazaras, Aimaks, Qizilbash and other smaller ethnicities.

The recent estimate in the above chart is somewhat supported by the below national opinion polls, which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 8,706 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Ten surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2015 by the Asia Foundation (a sample is shown in the table below; the survey in 2015 did not contain information on the ethnicity of the participants) and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News, BBC, and ARD.

Answers regarding ethnicity provided by 804 to 13,943 Afghans in national opinion polls
Ethnic group	"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2004) "A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)	"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2005)	"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2006)	"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2007)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)	"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2009)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2014)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2018)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2019)
Pashtun	46%	40%	42%	38%	40.1%	40%	40%	40%	37%	39%
Tajik	39%	37%	37%	38%	35.1%	37%	33%	36%	37%	37%
Hazara	6%	13%	12%	6%	10.0%	11%	11%	10%	10%	11%
Uzbek	6%	6%	5%	6%	8.1%	7%	9%	8%	9%	8%
Aimak	0%	0%	0%	0%	0.8%	0%	1%	1%	1%	<0.5%
Turkmen	1%	1%	3%	2%	3.1%	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%
Baloch	0%	0%	0%	3%	0.7%	1%	1%	1%	1%	<0.5%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Kurdish, Arab, Qizilbash.)	3%	3%	1%	5%	2.1%	3%	3%	2%	2%	3%
Don't know	-%	-%	-%	-%	-%	-%	-%	-%	1%	-%

Languages

Dari and Pashto are both official languages of Afghanistan.

Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken as native languages in northern provinces, mainly among the Uzbeks and Turkmens. Smaller number of Afghans are also fluent in English, Urdu, Balochi, Arabic and other languages. An approximate distribution of languages spoken in the country is shown in the chart below:

Languages of Afghanistan
Language	Recent estimate including both L1 and L2 speakers	Pre-1992 estimates including both L1 and L2 speakers
Dari Persian (incl. Eastern, Hazaragi & Aimaqi)	48%	37-47% (incl. 25-50% Eastern, 9% Hazaragi & 3% Aimaqi)
Pashto (incl. Northern and Southern)	78%	78-90%
Uzbek	11%	9%
English	6%
Turkmen	3%	500,000 speakers
Urdu	3%
Pashayi	1%
Nuristani	1%
Arabic	1%
Balochi	1%	200,000
note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them

Based on information from the latest national opinion polls, up to 51% stated that they can speak or understand Pashto and up to 79% stated that they can speak or understand Dari. Uzbek was spoken or understood by up to 11% and Turkmen by up to 7%. Other languages that can be spoken are Arabic (4%) and Balochi (2%).

Religion

Main article: Religion in Afghanistan

Religion in Afghanistan (2015)
Religion			Percent
Sunni Islam			89.7%
Shia Islam			10%
others			0.3%

Almost the entire Afghan population is Muslim, with less than 1% being non-Muslim. Despite attempts to secularise Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Islam was used as the main basis for expressing opposition to the progressive reforms of Afghanistan by King Amanullah in the 1920s.

The members of Sikh and Hindu communities are mostly concentrated in urban areas. They numbered hundreds of thousands in the 1970s but over 90% have since fled due to the Afghan wars and persecution.

Islam: 99.7% of the total population
- Sunni Muslim: 84.7–89.7%
- Shia Muslim: 7-15%
others: 0.3%
- Baha'is In the hundreds
- Sikhism: In the hundreds
- Hinduism: In the hundreds
- Zoroastrianism: Unknown/unreported
- Christianity: Unknown
- Judaism: 0
- Buddhism: Unknown

National opinion polls (religion)
Religion	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2006)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2008)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2009)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2010)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2011)	"A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)
Sunni Islam	92%	"	87.3%	"	"	"	"	"
Shia Islam	7%	"	12.3%	"	"	"	"	"
Ismailism	1%	"	0.4%	"	"	"	"	"
Hinduism	0%	"	0.1%	"	"	"	"	"
Buddhism	0%	"	0%	"	"	"	"	"
Sikhism	0%	"	0%	"	"	"	"	"

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"Ethnic Groups". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2010. In 1996, approximately 40 percent of Afghans were Pashtun, 11.4 of whom are of the Durrani tribal group and 13.8 percent of the Ghilzai group. Tajiks make up the second largest ethnic group with 25.3 percent of the population, followed by Hazaras, 18 percent; Uzbeks, 6.3 percent; Turkmen, 2.5 percent; Qizilbash, 1.0; 6.9 percent other. The usual caveat regarding statistics is particularly appropriate here.
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^ See:
- "Afghanistan in 2019 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 277. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. D-14. Which ethnic group do you belong to?
- "Afghanistan in 2018 – A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. p. 243. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018. D-14. WHICH ETHNIC GROUP DO YOU BELONG TO?
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- "Afghanistan in 2009: A Survey of the Afghan People" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. The 2009 survey interviewed 6,406 Afghans (53% men and 47% women)
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External links

National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA) Archived 11 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Afghanistan - USAID
Afghanistan – Naval Postgraduate School
Afghan refugees in Pakistan - UNHCR

v t e Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups	Aimaq Arabs Baloch Brahui Dalak Dom Gurjars Jat Kho Moghol Nuristanis Pamiris Pashayi Pashtuns Punjabis Tajiks Turkic Hazaras Kyrgyz Qizilbash Turkmens Uzbeks Wakhi
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States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

v t e Ethnic groups in Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

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Demographics of Afghanistan

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