| Euptychiina | |
|---|---|
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| Arizona pine satyr (Paramacera allyni) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subfamily: | Satyrinae |
| Tribe: | Satyrini |
| Subtribe: | Euptychiina L. D. Miller |
| Genera | |
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About 50 | |
The butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a diverse group within the tribe Satyrini, occurring throughout Central and South America, in addition to a few species known from North America. Euptychiina is a predominantly lowland group, with the exception of one Asian taxon Palaeonympha opalina Butler, 1871 and the Andean genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973. The taxon was erected by Lee Denmar Miller.
Euptychiina
Despite its members being common, this subtribe has been a challenging subject for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies for many years because of their dull coloration, intraspecific variation, lack of clear morphological characters, and morphological homogeneity. However, with the exception of pioneering work by W. Forster and L. D. Miller, the group received little attention from butterfly researchers until recently due to their typically dull brownish coloration. Currently, 50 genera and over 400 described species are recognized within this subtribe, but the group is estimated to contain over 500 species in 70 genera. The current classification of Euptychiina is based on the Lamas checklist, who retained and reorganized many of the genera erected by Forster. Forster described 33 euptychiine genera that are now widely accepted, but since he erected these genera without testing monophyly and synapomorphies, many of his genera have been recovered as polyphyletic or paraphyletic in recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
History of classification
A. Butler was probably the first to propose a systematic classification for many euptychiine taxa, excluding species now in the "Taygetis clade". In his monograph of Euptychia (then used as a catch-all genus to include most euptychiine species), Butler divided the genus into seven groups (Division I to VII). Subsequently, Butler proposed an updated classification for the group and recognized 27 "species groups" within Euptychia sensu Butler (1867). G. Weymer recognized 29 "species group" within Euptychia sensu Butler, in addition to treating Taygetis and Amphidecta in his monograph of Satyridae in the "Macrolepidoptera of the American Faunistic region" by A. Seitz. Based on Weymer (1911)'s classification, Forster (1964) introduced 33 euptychiine genera and his classification is largely retained in Lamas (2004), a work considered as a vital foundation regarding Neotropical butterfly classification. The recent years have seen an explosion of interest in euptychiine systematics, resulting in many changes in generic classification of the group as well as improvement in our understanding of its species diversity. Although the subtribal name was first introduced by L. D. Miller when he treated Euptychiina as a tribal level taxon "Euptychiini", the genus Euptychia Hübner, 1818 was historically used to place many euptychiine species now no longer classified in that genus, perhaps explaining why the generic name Euptychia was used in a much broader sense to include many other euptychiine species. Consequently, Forster included this name "Euptychia" as part of new generic names he described, a trend also followed when the new generic name Atlanteuptychia was introduced for Euptychia ernestina Weymer, 1911. However, other recently described euptychiine genera do not follow this trend (references above).
Biology
There exist detailed early stage biology (i.e. complete life cycle documented) information for 30 euptychiine species. Larva of euptychiine species often lack body scoli and possessing short head scoli and caudal filaments, but there exist some variation. Hostplant records are known for approximately 100 species, those records are mainly grass and bamboo species, although the genus Euptychia is known to feed on mosses and lycopsids.
Euptychia westwoodi mating on its host plant (Selaginella species) in western Ecuador.
Early stage biology (egg, larva, pupa and adult) of Splendeuptychia quadrina
Generic classification and species
The following genera and species belong to subtribe Euptychina.
| genera | species and/or subspecies | images of example species |
|---|---|---|
| Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, 2019
Type species — Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 |
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| Amphidecta Butler, 1867
Type species — Euptychia pignerator Butler, 1867 |
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| Archeuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio cluena Drury, 1782 |
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| Argentaria Huertas & Willmott, 2023
Type species — Euptychia itonis Hewitson, 1862 |
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| Atlanteuptychia Freitas, Barbosa & Mielke, 2013
Type species — Euptychia ernestina Weymer, 1911 |
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| Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia caerulea Butler, 1867
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| Capronnieria Forster, 1964
Type species — Satyrus galesus Godart, |
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| Carminda Ebert & Dias, 1998
Type species — Satyrus paeon Godart |
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| Cepheuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio cephus Fabricius, 1775 |
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| Chloreuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio chloris Cramer, 1778 |
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_(30607745245).jpg) |
| Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, 2022
Type species — |
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| Cissia Doubleday, 1848
Type species — Papilio penelope Fabricius, 1775
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_(Euptychia_penelope).JPG)  |
| Colombeia Viloria, Andrade & Le Crom, 2019
Type species — |
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| Cristalinaia Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2019
Type species — Cristalinaia vitoria Mota, Zacca & Freitas, 2019 |
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| Cyllopsis R. Felder, 1869
Type species — Neonympha hedemanni R. Felder, 1869 |
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.jpg)  |
| Deltaya Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, 2023
Type species — Papilio ocypete Fabricius, |
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| Emeryus Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke, 2020
Type species — Papilio ocypete Fabricius, |
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| Erichthodes Forster, 1964
Type species — Neonympha antonina C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 |
New genus required:
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| Euptychia Hübner, 1818
Type species — Euptychia mollina Hübner, 1818 |
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_en_ventral_(right).jpg) _en_ventral_(right).jpg) |
| Euptychoides Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia saturnus Butler, 1867 |
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| Forsterinaria Gray, 1973
Type species — Satyrus necys Godart, |
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| Godartiana Forster, 1964
Type species — Satyrus byses Godart, |
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Graphita Nakahara, Marín & Barbosa, 2016 Type species — Neonympha griphe C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867
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| Harjesia Forster, 1964
Type species — Taygetis blanda Möschler, 1877 |
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Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 Type species — Papilio hermes Fabricius, 1775
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| Huberonympha Viloria & Costa, 2016
Type species — Huberonympha neildi Viloria, Costa, Fratello & Nakahara, 2016
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| Inbio Nakahara & Espeland, 2015
Type species — Neonympha hilara C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 |
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| Koutalina Viloria & Murienne, 2021
Type species — |
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| Lazulina Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, 2023
Type species — Euptychia hewitsonii Butler, 1867 |
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| Llorenteana Viloria & Luis-Martínez, 2019
Type species — Llorenteana pellonia (Godman, 1901) |
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| Magneuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio libye Linnaeus, 1767 |
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| Malaveria Viloria & Benmesbah, 2021
Type species — |
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| Megeuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio antonoe Cramer, 1775 |
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| Megisto Hübner,
Type species — Papilio cymela Cramer, 1777 |
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| Modestia Viloria & Benmesbah, 2021
Type species — |
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| Modica Zacca, Casagrande & Willmott, 2023
Type species — Euptychia confusa Staudinger, 1887 |
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| Moneuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia soter Butler, 1877 |
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| Neonympha Hübner, 1818
Type species — Papilio areolatus Smith, 1797 |
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| Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018
Type species — Nhambikuara cerradensis Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018 |
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| Occulta Nakahara & Willmott, 2023
Type species — Euptychia ocnus Butler, 1867 |
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| Omacha Andrade, Viloria, Henao & Le Crom, 2019 |
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| Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, 2019
Type species — |
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| Orotaygetis Nakahara & Zacca, 2018
Type species — Orotaygetis surui Nakahara, Zacca & Lamas, 2018 |
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| Paleonympha Butler, 1871
Type species — Paleonympha opalina Butler, 1871 |
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| Paramacera Butler, 1868
Type species — Neonympha xicaque Reakirt, |
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| Parataygetis Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia albinota Butler, 1867 |
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| Pareuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Pareuptychia hesionides Forster, 1964 |
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.jpg) |
| Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964
Type species — Neonympha polytis Prittwitz, 1865 |
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| Pharneuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Satyrus phares Godart, |
In need of new genus:
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| Pindis R. Felder, 1869
Type species — Pindis squamistriga R. Felder, 1869 |
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| Posttaygetis Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio penelea Cramer, 1777 |
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| Prenda Freitas & Mielke, 2011
Type species — Prenda clarissa Freitas & Mielke, 2011 |
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| Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia languida Butler, 1867 |
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| Pseudodebis Forster, 1964
Type species — Papilio valentina Cramer, 1779 |
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| Rareuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia clio Weymer, 1911 |
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| Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964
Type species — Taygetis satyrina Bates, 1865 |
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.jpg) |
| Saurona Huertas & Willmott, 2023
Type species — Euptychia aurigera var. triangula Aurivillius, 1929, |
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| Scriptor Nakhara & Espeland, 2020
Type species — |
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| Sepona Freitas & Barbosa, 2016
Type species — Euptychia punctata Weymer, 1911 |
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| Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia ashna Hewitson, 1869 |
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| Stegosatyrus Zacca, Mielke & Pyrcz, 2013
Type species — Satyrus periphas Godart, |
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| Stephenympha Viloria, 2022
Type species — |
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| Stevenaria Viloria, Costa, Neild & Nakahara, 2016
Type species — Stevenaria yutajensis Viloria & Costa, 2016 |
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| Taguaiba Freitas, Zacca & Siewert, 2023
Type species — Taygetis drogoni Siewert, Zacca et al., 2013 |
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| Taydebis Freitas, 2003
Type species — Euptychia peculiaris Butler, 1874 |
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| Taygetina Forster, 1964
Type species — Taygetis banghaasi Weymer, 1910 |
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| Taygetis Hübner,
Type species — Papilio mermera Cramer, 1776 |
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| Trico Nakahara & Espeland, 2023
Type species — Euptychia tricolor' Hewitson, 1850 |
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| Vanima Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke, 2020
Type species — |
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| Vareuptychia Forster, 1964
Type species — |
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| Xenovena Marín & Nakahara, 2023
Type species — Magneuptychia murrayae Brévignon, 2005 |
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| Yphthimoides Forster, 1964
Type species — Neonympha yphthima C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 |
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| Zischkaia Forster, 1964
Type species — Euptychia amalda Weymer, 1911 |
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| Incertae sedis |
Species in need of new genus assignment:
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References
- ^ Peña, C.; Nylin, S.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Wahlberg, N. (2010). "Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00421.x.
- ^ Peña, C.; Lamas, G. (2005). "Revision of the butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". Revista Peruana de Biología. 12 (1): 5–48. doi:10.15381/rpb.v12i1.2357.
- ^ Forster, W. (1964). "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae". Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 8: 51–188.
- ^ Miller, L. D. (1968). "The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. 24: + iii + 174 pp.
- Nakahara, Shinichi; Lamas, Gerardo; Tyler, Stephanie; Marín, Mario Alejandro; Huertas, Blanca; Willmott, Keith R.; Mielke, Olaf H. H.; Espeland, Marianne (2019). "A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. N., described for Papilio arnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". ZooKeys (821): 85–152. Bibcode:2019ZooK..821...85N. doi:10.3897/zookeys.821.31782. PMC 6367311. PMID 30740021.
- ^ Nakahara, S.; Willmott, K. R.; Mielke, O. H. H.; Schwartz, J.; Zacca, T.; Espeland, M.; Lamas, G. (2018). "Seven new taxa from the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with revisional notes on Harjesia Forster, 1964 and Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964". Insecta Mundi (639): 1–38.
- ^ Lamas, G. (2004). "Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea – Papilionoidea". In Heppner, J. B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5A. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers. pp. 430 pp.
- ^ Espeland, Marianne; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Barbosa, Eduardo P.; Casagrande, Mirna M.; Huertas, Blanca; Lamas, Gerardo; Marín, Mario A.; Mielke, Olaf H.H.; Miller, Jacqueline Y.; Nakahara, Shinichi; Tan, Denise; Warren, Andrew D.; Zacca, Thamara; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Freitas, André V.L.; Willmott, Keith R. (2019). "Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 131: 116–124. Bibcode:2019MolPE.131..116E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.039. PMID 30423438.
- Butler, A. G. (1867). "A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1866 (3): 484–504.
- Butler, A. G. (1877). "On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 13 (67): 116–128. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1877.tb02375.x.
- Weymer, G. 1910-1911. 4. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen. 5: 185-225.
- Nakahara, S.; Barbosa, E. P.; Freitas, A V L. (2017). "A Potentially Endangered New Species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Atlantic Coastal Forest of Brazil". Neotropical Entomology. 46 (3): 302–309. doi:10.1007/s13744-016-0466-y. PMID 28063143. S2CID 28364100.
- Freitas, André V. L.; Barbosa, Eduardo P.; Santos, Jessie P.; Mielke, Olaf H. H. (2013). "A new genus, Atlanteuptychia gen. Nov., for Euptychia ernestina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)". Zoologia (Curitiba). 30 (6): 661–668. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702013005000005.
- "Systematics of Euptychiina".
- Freitas, A. V. L., Carreira, J. Y. O., Santos, J. P., Barbosa, E. P. 2016. Immature stages and natural history of two species of Forsterinaria from southeastern Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 26(1): 13-18.
- Freitas, A. V. L., Barbosa, E. P., Marin, M. A. 2016. Immature stages and natural history of the neotropical satyrine Pareuptychia ocirrhoe interjecta (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 70(4): 271-276.
- Freitas, A. V. L. 2017. Immature stages of the Neotropical satyrine Taygetis acuta (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 27: 1-5.
- Freitas, A. V. L., Rosa, A. H. B., Carreira, J. Y. O., Gueratto, P. Y., Santos J. P., Tacioli A. 2018. Immature stages of two Moneuptychia from southeastern Brazil (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 28: 100-105.
- ^ See, J., Nakahara, S., Gallice, G. 2018 Immature stages of Splendeuptychia quadrina (Butler, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 28 (2): 49–53.
- Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K., Robinson, G. S. 2008. Catalogue of the Hostplants of the Neotropical Butterflies / Catálogo de las Plantas Huésped de las Mariposas Neotropicales. m3m-Monografías Tercer Milenio, Volume 8. Zaragoza, Spain: Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (SEA)/Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática (RIBES)/Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED)/Natural History Museum, London, U. K. (NHM)/Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela (IVIC). 1-536 pp.
- Singer, M. C., Ehrlich, P. R., Gilbert, L. E. 1971. Butterfly feeding on lycopsid. Science, 172: 1341-1342.
- DeVries, P. J. 1986. Hostplant records and natural history notes on Costa Rican butterflies (Papilionidae, Pieridae & Nymphalidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 24: 290‑333.
- Brévignon, C. 2008. Inventaire des Satyrinae de Guyane Française (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), pp. 62-94. In: Lacomme, D., Manil, L. (Eds.),Lépidoptères de Guyane, Tome 3, Rhopalocères 2. Paris, Lepidopteristes de France.
- Marianne Espeland; Shinichi Nakahara; Thamara Zacca; Eduardo P. Barbosa; Blanca Huertas; et al. (2023). "Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)". Systematic Entomology. 48 (4): 498–570. Bibcode:2023SysEn..48..498E. doi:10.1111/syen.12590. ISSN 1365-3113. S2CID 258075865.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Euptychiina | |