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Valladolid
Municipality
Panoramic viewThe Town Hall in the Plaza MayorCathedral of the AssumptionChurch of San PabloLandscaped sign installed in the Campo Grande; and the Academia de Caballería [es]
FlagCoat of arms
Anthem: Himno a Valladolid
Location of Valladolid
Coordinates: 41°39′10″N 4°43′25″W / 41.65278°N 4.72361°W / 41.65278; -4.72361
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Castile and León
Province	Valladolid
Founded	1072
Government
• Type	ayuntamiento
• Body	Ayuntamiento de Valladolid
• Mayor	Jesús Julio Carnero (2023)
Area
• Total	197.47 km (76.24 sq mi)
Elevation	698 m (2,290 ft)
Population
• Total	300,618
• Density	1,500/km (3,900/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Vallisoletan Vallisoletano, -a pucelano, -a (informal)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	47001–47016
Dialing code	983
Website	www.valladolid.es

Valladolid (Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of Valladolid. It has a population of 300,618 people (2024 est.).

The city is located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central, at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join the Duero, surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within the context of the Crown of Castile, being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint.

Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century.

The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably, the city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to the thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid.

Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week, the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships, and the Valladolid International Film Festival (Seminci). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as a City of Film as part of UNESCO's Creative Cities Network. Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants.

Name

There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid.

It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi, Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit, Valleoleti, Valleoliti (1095).

One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum, meaning "valley of waters", referring to the confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression (Arabic: بلد الوليد, Balad al-Walid), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I. Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum, meaning 'valley of the olives'; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in the south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum, meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female).

The city is also popularly called Pucela, a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc, known as La Pucelle. Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it.

Geography

Location

Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte, the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga, on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro.

Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares, hosting the Prison of Villanubla [es]) and El Rebollar (400 hectares).

Climate

The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa; Trewartha: Doak) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk; Trewartha: BSak). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude.

Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%.

History

Precedents

The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe, the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero.

Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade. Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found.

During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century.

Repopulation and growth

In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez. Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez [es]. By 1084 the project for the foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded the church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X.

Early modern period

In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile. In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him.

From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria, sister of Philip II, served as regent, establishing herself in Valladolid, with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party, one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas. The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla, an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city.

During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors.

Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric.

In the midst of the reign of Philip III, Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma, valido of Philip III. Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as the prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again.

The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva.

Contemporary history

From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s.

In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos. Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy [es] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León).

June 25th 2024, the church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works.

Jewish History

Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and the surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in the Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews.

Government and administration

Valladolid is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente (PSOE) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election.

Education

Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León, the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level.

Universities

University of Valladolid

The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León (Palencia, Soria and Segovia). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011.

It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science.

Miguel de Cervantes European University

The Miguel de Cervantes European University (Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and the Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library.

Primary and secondary schools

Lycée Français de Castilla y León, a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero. San Juán Bautista de La Salle School, a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School.

Architecture

12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín [es].

The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture (Isabelline gothic). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain.

The monumental Plaza Mayor, considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca [es] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of the façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets.

The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid, initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera [es] finished the work on the main front.

The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande, a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela [es] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in the late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall [es], the cavalry academy [es], Palace of Correos y Telégrafos [es] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and the neobaroque new building for the university.

The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense) style in the building for the Seminario Menor, clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air.

The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla. The Christopher Columbus House-Museum, by contrast, is a 1960s reconstruction.

Population

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As of 2024, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 300,618, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda, Zaratán, Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east.

After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán).

Economy

Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España. Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco. Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin, Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city.

Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury, Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers.

The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security.

The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers.

Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet.

Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600), the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol (849), cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares (204), sugar processing Acor (201), service group Grupo Norte (174), automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León (143), Sada (129) and Hipereco (108).

Transportation

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Public transport

Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933. A public urban bus system started in 1928, managed by different private tenders until 1982, when the service was taken over by the municipality. Today the public company AUVASA operates the network, with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines.

High-speed rail

Valladolid-Campo Grande railway station is integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE. The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007. The line links both cities, crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama through the namesake tunnel, the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe. Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country. Trainsets used on this line include S-114 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)), S-130 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) and the S102 (Pato, max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph). This line connects the city with Madrid, which can be reached in 56 minutes.

Roads

Several highways connect the city to the rest of the country.

Airport

The airport serving the city is not located within the municipal limits, but in Villanubla. The airport has connections to Barcelona, Málaga, and the Canary Islands.

Culture

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Languages

Spanish is the only official language throughout the city. Valladolid stands out for having been the residence of the author of Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes, as well as authors such as José Zorrilla or Miguel Delibes and the thrust of its University. The province stands out for receiving a significant number of people who want to learn the Spanish language (Language tourism).

Easter

Holy Week ("Semana Santa" in Spanish) holds one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid. The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture. On this day, in the morning, members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city. The "Sermon of the Seven Words" is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square. In the afternoon, thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession, comprising 31 pasos (religious statues), most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias, and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations, with the Salve Popular sung in her honour.

Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid. Religious devotion, art, colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ: the processions. Members of the different Easter brotherhoods, dressed in their characteristic robes, parade through the streets carrying religious statues (pasos) to the sound of drums and music.

Seminci

The city is also host to one of the foremost (and oldest) international film festivals, the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid (Seminci), founded in 1956. Valladolid, through various loopholes in state censorship, was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain. An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant, on numerous occasions, that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Franco's regime considered out of line with their ideology.

Even after the death of Franco in 1975, Valladolid continued to be the "testing ground" for films which had been banned. For example, the premiere in Spain of Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark.

Local cuisine

Although an inland province, fish is commonly consumed, some brought from the Cantabrian Sea. Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolid's cuisine.

The main speciality of Valladolid is, however, lechazo (suckling baby lamb). The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad.

Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms. Asparagus, endive and beans can also be found. Some legumes, like white beans and lentils are particularly good. Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities.

Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos, the famous pata de mulo (mule's foot) is usually unripened (fresh), but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain.

Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish, like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo, the muffins, the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos, with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce.

The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known, specially St. Mary's ring-shaped pastries, St. Claire's sponge cakes, pine nut balls and cream fritters.

Valladolid is also a producer of wines. The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good. White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality.

Sports

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Valladolid's main association football club is Real Valladolid, nicknamed Pucela, who play in the country's second-tier league, LaLiga Hypermotion. Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro, José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja. The municipally-owned stadium where Real Valladolid play their home matches, the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla, was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final.

CBC Valladolid is the city's new basketball team since the dissolution of CB Valladolid in 2015. Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played for the latter team. Currently playing in the Liga LEB Oro, the CBC Valladolid matches are held at the Polideportivo Pisuerga.

In handball Valladolid was represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL. They won 2 King's Cup, 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup Winners' Cup. After the disappearance of this club, BM Atlético Valladolid was born, which also competes in the Liga ASOBAL. They play their games at the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey.

Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid. VRAC and CR El Salvador, with 34 and 27 titles respectively, have dominated Spanish rugby for the last decades. They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo.

The Plaza de toros de Valladolid, a bullring, opened on 29 September 1890, and it has a capacity of 11,000.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Valladolid is twinned with:

• Florence, Italy (2007)
• Lecce, Italy (2009)
• Lille, France (1987)
• Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico (1978)
• Orlando, Florida, United States (2006)

Other partnerships

Valladolid cooperates with:

• Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
• Boston, Massachusetts, United States
• Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
• Kenitra, Morocco
• Lovech, Bulgaria (2004)

Notable people

• Anne of Austria (1601–1666), Queen of France
• Miriam Blasco (born 1963), judoka
• María Mercedes Capa Estrada (born 1970), goalball athlete
• José Manuel Capuletti (1925–1978), painter
• Jesús Cifuentes (born 1966), singer and founder of Celtas Cortos
• Miguel Delibes (1920–2010), writer
• Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (1607–1648), protomartyr saint of China
• Justo Garrán Moso (1867-1942), Traditionalist politician
• Alberto García (born 1970), musician for Celtas Cortos
• Henry IV of Castile (1425–1474), King of Castile and León, brother of Isabella I of Castile
• Cecilia del Nacimiento (1570–1646), nun, mystic, writer, and poet
• Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill, also known as Red Hugh O'Donnell (1572–1602), Irish Gaelic chieftain, buried here
• Philip II of Spain (1527–1598), King of Spain and Portugal and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland
• Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665), King of Spain and Portugal
• Roldán Rodríguez (born 1984), racing driver
• Sancho the Brave (1258–1295), King of Castile
• Carlos Soto (born 1968), musician and founder of Celtas Cortos
• Juan de Torquemada (1388–1468), Bishop and Cardinal
• Goyo Yeves (born 1968), musician and founder of Celtas Cortos
• José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 1960), Spanish Prime Minister
• José Zorrilla (1817–1893), writer
• Juan de Valladolid (1420-?), a converso poet and astrologer

See also

• English College, Valladolid

References

Informational notes

1. Morelia had been named Valladolid before Mexican independence in 1820; it was renamed in 1828 after the independence leader José María Morelos, born in the city in 1765.

Citations

1. Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
2. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute)". www.ine.es. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
3. "Constituida la Comunidad Urbana de Valladolid, que agrupa a la capital y 15 municipios del entorno". El Norte de Castilla. 23 February 2012.
4. ^ Martín Montes 1999, p. 162.
5. Marín, Manuela et al., eds. 1998. The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7
6. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. 23 The Zenith of the Marwanid House, transl. Martin Hinds, Suny, Albany, 1990
7. Cabarga, Gloria (17 November 2019). "¿Por qué no nieva en Valladolid?". Tribuna de Salamanca.
8. Pascual, Daniel (14 February 2008). "Valladolid tiene su 'Alaska' situado a 20 kilómetros del centro de la ciudad". 20minutos.es.
9. Becerro Alonso, Sara (27 December 2019). "La niebla de todos los días. ¿Por qué se produce?". El Norte de Castilla.
10. "Weather station data". opendata.aemet.es (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
11. "Valores extremos. Valladolid Aeropuerto" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
12. "Valladolid vuelve a batir su récord de calor: 41,1 grados" (in Spanish). El Dia de Valladolid. 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
13. "Extremes". opendata.aemet.es (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from the original on 12 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
14. "Normal". opendata.aemet.es (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
15. "AEMET OpeenData". Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
16. "Valores climatológicos normales. Valladolid" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
17. "Atlas Agroclimático Castilla y León. Valladolid" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
18. Martínez Martín 2006, pp. 374–375.
19. Martínez Martín 2006, p. 375.
20. ^ Martín López 2016, p. 123.
21. "De anonimato a ciudad próspera, Valladolid evocará 900 años de su repoblación". La Vanguardia. 28 September 2018.
22. Roger Crowley. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. NY: Random House, 2015, p. 161
23. ^ Caballero Romero 2015, p. 81.
24. ^ Moreno 2018, pp. 181–197.
25. Gutiérrez Alonso 1986, p. 11.
26. Vega García-Luengos 1997, p. 207.
27. ^ "El Duque de Lerma, precursor de la corrupción Inmobiliaria en España". Madridiario. 26 March 2019.
28. ^ "¿Cómo dio el 'pelotazo' el Duque de Lerma?". Xlsemanal. 9 April 2018.
29. Díez Abad 2004, p. 642.
30. ^ Díez Abad 2004, p. 643.
31. Ruiz 2013.
32. Malveille 2004, p. 259.
33. ^ Calderón Calderón & García Cuesta 2014, p. 100.
34. https://www.pressreader.com/spain/el-pais-nacional-1244/20240722/282063397208839 – via PressReader. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
35. "Valladolid". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
36. "Ayuntamiento de Valencia". Ayuntamiento de Valencia.
37. "Óscar Puente revalida la alcaldía de Valladolid y tendrá apoyo de afines a IU". La Vanguardia. 15 June 2019.
38. "Accueil Archived 17 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine"/"Inicio Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine." Lycée Français de Castilla y León. Retrieved on 13 February 2015. "Avenida de Prado Boyal, n° 28 47140 – Laguna de Duero Valladolid (ESPAÑA)"
39. "Home Archived 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine"/"Inicio ."
40. Pastor Coello 2014, p. 224.
41. ^ Pastor Coello 2014, p. 220.
42. Pastor Coello 2014, p. 225.
43. Navascués Palacio 2002, pp. 5, 16.
44. Navascués Palacio 2002, p. 30.
45. Navascués Palacio 2002, p. 16.
46. ÍÑIGO SALINAS (27 August 2008). "De la Riva confía en que las obras del Lope de Vega salgan adelante". El Norte de Castille (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
47. ^ Domínguez Burrieza 2002, p. 295.
48. Domínguez Burrieza 2002, pp. 298–301.
49. Parrado, Diego (21 February 2019). "10 restauraciones de edificios en España que todos lamentan y ya no tienen vuelta atrás". El País.
50. Brasas 1981, p. 496.
51. García Martín 1997, p. 596.
52. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Padrón 2024". Population figures from 1 January 2024.
53. "Las localidades que rodean Valladolid ya suman 100.000 vecinos" [The towns surrounding Valladolid already have 100,000 residents]. www.elnortedecastilla.es (in Spanish). 27 February 2015.
54. Data from Informe de Datos Económicos y Sociales de los Municipios de España Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, written by Caja España
55. Castilla y León Económica, no. 211, February 2013
56. World Cup 1982 finals. Rsssf.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
57. ^ "La plaza de las Ciudades Hermanas de Valladolid". info.valladolid.es (in Spanish). Valladolid. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
58. "Valladolid contempla el hermanamiento con el estado mexicano de Guanajuato ante la petición de cuatro de sus ciudades". 20minutos.es. 28 November 2019.
59. "Валядолид, Испания". lovech.bg (in Bulgarian). Lovech. Retrieved 31 December 2019.

Bibliography

• Brasas, José Carlos (1981). "Arquitectura ecléctica en Valladolid: la reforma de la Universidad" (PDF). Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología. 47. Valladolid: Ediciones Universidad de Valladolid: 496–502. ISSN 0210-9573.
• Caballero Romero, Sara (2015). "Epigrafía en el Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid: el sepulcro de Doña Juana de Austria" (PDF). Ab Initio. 6 (3): 73–92. ISSN 2172-671X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
• Calderón Calderón, Basilio; García Cuesta, José Luis (2014). "Capitalidad política regional y cambios en la estructura urbana de Valladolid (1987-2012)". Estudios Geográficos. 75 (276). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: 97–138. doi:10.3989/estgeogr.201403. ISSN 0014-1496.
• Díez Abad, María del Rosario (2004). "La dinámica de la estructura de clases en Valladolid durante el segundo franquismo" (PDF). In Navajas Zubeldia, Carlos (ed.). Actas del IV Simposio de Historia Actual: Logroño, 17-19 de octubre de 2002. Vol. 2. Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. pp. 635–648. ISBN 84-95747-79-0 – via Dialnet.
• Domínguez Burrieza, Francisco Javier (2002). "Modesto Coloma: medio siglo de arquitectura civil en Valladolid (1875-1925)" (PDF). Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología. 68. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid: 295–320. ISSN 0210-9573 – via Dialnet.
• García Martín, Enrique (1997). "Edificios históricos del Seminario Diocesano de Valladolid" (PDF). Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología. 63. Valladolid: Ediciones Universidad de Valladolid: 585–600. ISSN 0210-9573.
• Gutiérrez Alonso, Adriano (1986). "Un espectro poco conocido de la crisis del siglo XVII: el endeudamiento municipal: El ejemplo de la ciudad de Valladolid" (PDF). Investigaciones Históricas: Época Moderna y Contemporánea (6): 7–38. ISSN 0210-9425.
• Malveille, François (2004). "Consideraciones vallisoletanas a propósito de la capitalidad de Castilla y León". In Ludec, Nathalie; Dubosquet Lairys, Françoise (eds.). Centros y periferias: prensa, impresos y territorios en el mundo hispánico contemporáneo : homenaje a Jacqueline Covo-Maurice (PDF). PILAR. pp. 255–269. ISBN 2-9516865-3-6 – via Dialnet.
• Martín López, María Encarnación (2016). "La memoria del linaje Ansúrez: el sepulcro de Fernando Pérez en Gordaliza del Pino (León)". Documenta & Instrumenta - Documenta et Instrumenta. 14. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense: 117–138. doi:10.5209/rev_DOCU.2016.v14.52898. ISSN 1697-4328.
• Martínez Martín, Manuel (2006). "Claves para una tesis: las murallas medievales de Valladolid". Historia Instituciones Documentos (33). Seville: Universidad de Sevilla. ISSN 0210-7716.
• Martín Montes, Miguel Ángel (1999). "Aproximación a la génesis y desarrollo urbanístico de Valladolid durante la plena Edad Media (Siglos XI-XIII)" (PDF). Codex Aquilarensis: Cuadernos de Investigación del Monasterio de Santa María la Real (15): 153–186. ISSN 0214-896X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
• Moreno, Doris (2018). "El protestantismo castellano revisitado: geografía y recepción". In Boeglin, Michel; Fernández Terricabras, Ignasi; Kahn, David (eds.). Reforma y disidencia religiosa: la recepción de las doctrinas reformadas en la península ibérica en el siglo XVI. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. pp. 181–197. ISBN 9788490961759.
• Navascués Palacio, Pedro (2002). "La Plaza Mayor en España" (PDF). Papeles de Arquitectura Española. Vol. 5. Ávila: Fundación Cultural Santa Teresa. pp. 1–39. ISBN 84-932334-6-3 – via Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
• Pastor Coello, Miguel (2014). "Del deterioro del patrimonio a su puesta en valor e inclusión en la planificación turística: el caso de Valladolid". Cuadernos de Turismo (34). Universidad de Murcia: 213–232. ISSN 1139-7861.
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• Vega García-Luengos, Germán (1997). "La actividad teatral de la Corte vallisoletana de Felipe III, (1601-1606)" (PDF). In Sabik, Kazimierz (ed.). Actes du Congrès International: Théâtre, Musique et Arts dans les Cours Européennes de la Renaissance et du Baroque. Varsovie, 23-28 septembre 1996. Warsaw: Éditions de l’Université de Varsovie. pp. 205–225.

External links

• Ayuntamiento de Valladolid

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v t e Municipalities in the province of Valladolid Adalia Aguasal Aguilar de Campos Alaejos Alcazarén Aldea de San Miguel Aldeamayor de San Martín Almenara de Adaja Amusquillo Arroyo de la Encomienda Ataquines Bahabón Barcial de la Loma Barruelo del Valle Becilla de Valderaduey Benafarces Bercero Berceruelo Berrueces Bobadilla del Campo Bocigas Bocos de Duero Boecillo Bolaños de Campos Brahojos de Medina Bustillo de Chaves Cabezón de Pisuerga Cabezón de Valderaduey Cabreros del Monte Campaspero Camporredondo Canalejas de Peñafiel Canillas de Esgueva Casasola de Arión Castrejón de Trabancos Castrillo de Duero Castrillo-Tejeriego Castrobol Castrodeza Castromembibre Castromonte Castronuevo de Esgueva Castronuño Castroponce Castroverde de Cerrato Ceinos de Campos Cervillego de la Cruz Cigales Ciguñuela Cistérniga Cogeces de Íscar Cogeces del Monte Corcos Corrales de Duero Cubillas de Santa Marta Cuenca de Campos Curiel de Duero El Campillo El Carpio Encinas de Esgueva Esguevillas de Esgueva Fombellida Fompedraza Fontihoyuelo Fresno el Viejo Fuensaldaña Fuente el Sol Fuente-Olmedo Gallegos de Hornija Gatón de Campos Geria Herrín de Campos Hornillos de Eresma Íscar La Mudarra La Parrilla La Pedraja de Portillo La Seca La Unión de Campos La Zarza Laguna de Duero Langayo Llano de Olmedo Lomoviejo Manzanillo Marzales Matapozuelos Matilla de los Caños Mayorga Medina de Rioseco Medina del Campo Megeces Melgar de Abajo Melgar de Arriba Mojados Monasterio de Vega Montealegre de Campos Montemayor de Pililla Moral de la Reina Moraleja de las Panaderas Morales de Campos Mota del Marqués Mucientes Muriel de Zapardiel Nava del Rey Nueva Villa de las Torres Olivares de Duero Olmedo Olmos de Esgueva Olmos de Peñafiel Palazuelo de Vedija Pedrajas de San Esteban Pedrosa del Rey Pesquera de Duero Peñafiel Peñaflor de Hornija Piña de Esgueva Piñel de Abajo Piñel de Arriba Pollos Portillo Pozal de Gallinas Pozaldez Pozuelo de la Orden Puras Quintanilla de Arriba Quintanilla de Onésimo Quintanilla de Trigueros Quintanilla del Molar Ramiro Renedo de Esgueva Roales de Campos Robladillo Roturas Rubí de Bracamonte Rueda Rábano Saelices de Mayorga Salvador de Zapardiel San Cebrián de Mazote San Llorente San Martín de Valvení San Miguel del Arroyo San Miguel del Pino San Pablo de la Moraleja San Pedro de Latarce San Pelayo San Román de Hornija San Salvador San Vicente del Palacio Santa Eufemia del Arroyo Santervás de Campos Santibáñez de Valcorba Santovenia de Pisuerga Sardón de Duero Serrada Siete Iglesias de Trabancos Simancas Tamariz de Campos Tiedra Tordehumos Tordesillas Torre de Esgueva Torre de Peñafiel Torrecilla de la Abadesa Torrecilla de la Orden Torrecilla de la Torre Torrelobatón Torrescárcela Traspinedo Trigueros del Valle Tudela de Duero Urones de Castroponce Urueña Valbuena de Duero Valdearcos de la Vega Valdenebro de los Valles Valdestillas Valdunquillo Valladolid Valoria la Buena Valverde de Campos Vega de Ruiponce Vega de Valdetronco Velascálvaro Velilla Velliza Ventosa de la Cuesta Viana de Cega Villabaruz de Campos Villabrágima Villabáñez Villacarralón Villacid de Campos Villaco Villafrades de Campos Villafranca de Duero Villafrechós Villafuerte de Esgueva Villagarcía de Campos Villagómez la Nueva Villalar de los Comuneros Villalba de la Loma Villalba de los Alcores Villalbarba Villalán de Campos Villalón de Campos Villamuriel de Campos Villanubla Villanueva de Duero Villanueva de San Mancio Villanueva de la Condesa Villanueva de los Caballeros Villanueva de los Infantes Villardefrades Villarmentero de Esgueva Villasexmir Villavaquerín Villavellid Villaverde de Medina Villavicencio de los Caballeros Villán de Tordesillas Viloria Wamba Zaratán v t e Cities in Spain by population 1,000,000+ Madrid Barcelona 500,000 - 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• Valladolid
• Municipalities in the Province of Valladolid