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Farakka Barrage
Highway on the Farakka Barrage, with the railway track by its side
malda
Location	Malda & Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
Coordinates	24°48′16″N 87°55′59″E / 24.80444°N 87.93306°E / 24.80444; 87.93306
Construction began	1961
Opening date	1972
Construction cost	1 billion dollar
Dam and spillways
Impounds	Ganges River
Length	2,304 metres (7,559 ft)

Farakka Barrage is a barrage across the Ganga river located in Murshidabad district in the Indian state of West Bengal, roughly 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the border with Bangladesh near sahibganj. Farakka Barrage Township is located in Farakka (community development block) in Murshidabad district. Construction of the barrage started in 1962, and was completed in 1970 at a cost of 1 billion dollars. It became operational on 21 April 1975. The barrage is about 2,304 metres (7,559 ft) long. The Feeder Canal (Farakka) from the barrage to the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River is about 42 km (26 mi) long.

Geography

Location

Faraka Barrage is located at 24°48′16″N 87°55′59″E / 24.80444°N 87.93306°E / 24.80444; 87.93306.

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

Purpose

The barrage was constructed by Hindustan Construction Company. Out of 109 gates, 108 are over the river and one over the low-lying land in Malda, as a precaution. The Barrage serves water to the Farakka Super Thermal Power Station. There are also 60 small canals which can divert some water to other destinations for drinking purposes, etc.

The purpose of the barrage is to divert 1,800 cubic metres per second (64,000 cu ft/s) of water from the Ganges to the Hooghly River for flushing out sediment deposition from Kolkata harbour without the need of regular mechanical dredging. After commissioning the project, it was found that the diverted water flow from the Farakka barrage was not adequate to flush the sediment from the river satisfactorily. In addition, there are regular land/bank collapses in to the Ganga river due to the high level back waters of the Farakka barrage. Substantial high land is already converted into low level river bed causing displacement of huge populations. The water diverted from the Farakka barrage is less than 10% of Ganga river water available at Farakka.

Farakka water sharing treaty

As per the treaty between India and Bangladesh, signed in 1996, for sharing of the Ganges water at Farakka, the division is as follows:

Impact

Farakka barrage has led to following problems upstream of the barrage:

• Interception of the flow channel being changed from straight to oblique
• Sedimentation (640 x106 metric tonnes per year)
• Reduction of the cross-sectional area
• Declining slope of the long profile
• Widening of the river and increasing length
• Increase in flood frequency and magnitude

The Ganges is one of the major rivers of the world. It rises at an elevation of about 4,356 metres (14,291 ft) in Gangotri on the southern slope of the Himalayan range. About 70% of the total population of Bangladesh and about 50% of the Indian population live in the Ganges basin; 43% of the total irrigated area in India is also in the Ganges basin and there are about 100 urban settlements with a total population of about 120 million on its banks. As a result, Bangladesh and India have had many debates about how the Farakka Barrage cuts off Bangladesh's water supply and how to share the water. Right from the beginning, this created a concern for Bangladesh as it constitutes the low-lying part of the Gangetic valley. After the completion of the barrage at the end of 1975, it was agreed to run it with specified discharges for a period of 41 days from 21 April to 31 May during the remaining period of the dry season of 1975 under an accord announced as a joint press release on 18 April 1975. But after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975, relations between the two countries became greatly strained and India continued to withdraw water even after the agreed period. The diversions led to a crisis situation in Bangladesh in the dry season of 1976. In 1977, Bangladesh went to the United Nations and lodged a formal protest against India with the General Assembly of The United Nations, which adopted a consensus statement on 26 November 1976. Talks between the two countries were resumed in December 1976. No consensus was reached.

Twenty years later, in 1996, a 30-year agreement was signed. It did not contain any guarantee clause for unconditional minimum amounts of water to be supplied to Bangladesh or India, nor could the future hydrological parameters taken into account as is always the case when water resources are planned on historic data series. As a result, the agreement is sometimes perceived to be failed by some sections in Bangladesh to provide the expected result. Constant monitoring of the implementation of negotiations in lean season continue to the present today. In Bangladesh, it is perceived that the diversion has raised salinity levels, contaminated fisheries, hindered navigation, and posed a threat to water quality and public health. Lower levels of soil moisture along with increased salinity have also led to desertification. However, this barrage still has significant effect on the mutual relation of these two neighboring countries.

Environmental Impact

Farakka barrage has been criticized for the floods in Bihar as it is causing excessive siltation in the Ganga.

Farakkha barrage also greatly reduced fish migration up the Ganga river. Adult sea fish, like the Hilsa fish usually breed in fresh water river. After Farakkha Barrage was built, there were no llfish migration fish ladders built to provide spawning area for the fish. After the building of hilsha fish dwindles greatly in India, while the fish thrived in the lower Padma river river in Bangladesh.

After the construction of the Farakka Barrage in West Bengal, the maximum flows in the Ganga-Padma River were reduced significantly. The flow reduction caused many problems in India and Bangladesh, including the loss of fish species, the drying of Padma's distributaries, increased saltwater intrusion from the Bay of Bengal, and damage to the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.

Starting in 2016, some fish ladders have been built on the Farakkha barrage

See also

• Farakka Super Thermal Power Station
• Farakka Long March (1976 protest)
• Ganges Barrage Project
• Sharing the water of the Ganges
• River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts
• Indian Rivers Inter-link
• Kalpasar Project
• List of longest bridges in the world
• List of longest bridges above water in India

References

1. "Farakka Barrage - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
2. "Farakka Barrage Project Farakka". Archived from the original on 28 April 2012.
3. Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and cooperation on South Asia's international rivers: a legal perspective. World Bank Publications. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-8213-5352-3. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
4. "The Encroaching Ganga and Social Conflicts: The Case of West Bengal, India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
5. "Ganga river water flow data at Farakka, India". Retrieved 26 May 2014.
6. "Treaty between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh on sharing of the Ganga/ Ganges waters at Farakka" (PDF). ssvk. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
7. Abbas, B. M. (1984) . The Ganges Water Dispute (2nd ed.). Dhaka: University Press. pp. 5, 9, 10. OCLC 20820859.
8. Nurul Kobir, a journalist of Bangladesh on first day of India-Bangladesh dialogue held 7–8 November on Dhaka
9. Wolf, Aaron T. (2001). "Water and Human Security" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education. 118: 31.
10. Islam, Nahid (1992). "Indo-Bangladesh Common Rivers: The Impact on Bangladesh". Contemporary South Asia. 1 (2): 203–225. doi:10.1080/09584939208719682.
11. "Over 50 years ago, Bihar's chief engineer predicted that the Farakka dam would flood Bihar". September 2016.
12. Islam, Nazrul (29 April – 5 May 2006). "IRLP or the Ecological Approach to Rivers?". Economic and Political Weekly. 41 (17): 1693–1702. JSTOR 4418148.
13. "West Bengal: Hilsa to climb farakka ladders to jump onto Bengal plate! – ICSF". September 2016.

v t e Murshidabad district topics
Malda district topics Santhal Pargana division topics (Jharkhand) Birbhum district topics Purba Bardhaman district topics Nadia district topics Kushtia District (Bangladesh) Rajshahi District (Bangladesh)
General	Alkap Farakka Barrage Farakka Super Thermal Power Station Kankagrambhukti Karnasuvarna River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts Hazarduari Palace Nizamat Imambara Katra Masjid Madina Mosque Yellow Mosque Kherur Mosque Jama Masjid Tomb of Mir Madan Tomb of Azimunissa Begum Residency Cemetery, Babulbona Dutch Cemetery, Murshidabad House of Jagat Seth Kathgola Palace Nashipur
History	Alivardi Khan Battle of Plassey Ghaseti Begum Jagat Seth Mir Jafar Mir Madan Murshid Quli Khan Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad Nawazish Muhammad Khan Sarfaraz Khan Shashanka Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan Siraj ud-Daulah
Subdivisions	Berhampore Domkal Jangipur Kandi Lalbag
Municipalities	Beldanga Baharampur Dhuliyan Domkal Jangipur Jiaganj Azimganj Kandi Murshidabad
Community development blocks	Berhampore subdivision Berhampore Beldanga I Beldanga II Hariharpara Naoda Domkal subdivision Domkal Raninagar I Raninagar II Jalangi Jangipur subdivision Raghunathganj I Raghunathganj II Suti I Suti II Samserganj Sagardighi Farakka Kandi subdivision Kandi Khargram Burwan Bharatpur I Bharatpur II Lalbag subdivision Murshidabad-Jiaganj Bhagawangola I Bhagawangola II Lalgola Nabagram
Rivers	Bansloi Brahmani Dwarka Bhagirathi Jalangi Mayurakshi
Transport	NH 12 NH 33 NH 81 Panagarh–Morgram Highway Eastern Railway zone Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop Lalgola and Gede branch lines
Railway stations	Azimganj Junction New Farakka Junction
Institutes of higher learning	Murshidabad University Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore Krishnath College Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital
Lok Sabha constituencies	Baharampur Jangipur Murshidabad
Vidhan Sabha constituencies	Farakka Samserganj Suti Jangipur Raghunathganj Sagardighi Lalgola Bhagabangola Raninagar Murshidabad Nabagram Khargram Burwan Kandi Bharatpur Rejinagar Beldanga Baharampur Hariharpara Naoda Domkal Jalangi
Former Vidhan Sabha constituencies	Aurangabad
Villages	Ahiran Morgram Ramnagar Kachari Para
See also	Cities, towns and locations in Murshidabad district People from Murshidabad district Villages in Murshidabad district

v t e Bangladesh–India relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commissioners of Bangladesh to India High Commission of India, Dhaka List of High Commissioners of India to Bangladesh
Diplomacy	Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace Withdrawal of Feni River Water BCIM Economic Corridor
Incidents	Farakka Long March 2001 border conflict 2011 Bangladesh coup d'état attempt 2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests Border killings Felani Khatun Bangabhumi Anti-Bangladeshi disinformation in India 2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India
Military relations	Bangladesh Liberation War Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
Initiatives	Farakka Barrage Ganges water dispute Joint River Commission Rampal Power Station Ganges Barrage Project
Transport	Bandhan Express Maitree Express Mitali Express Maitri Setu
Related	Border Enclaves Dahagram–Angarpota Tin Bigha Corridor Border Haat East Bengali refugees Illegal immigration to India Assam Movement Greater Bangladesh Akhand Bharat Indo-Bangladesh joint production Indian reunification
Category:Bangladesh–India relations

• Dams in West Bengal
• Barrages in India
• Bangladesh–India relations
• Water and politics
• Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district
• Bridges over the Ganges
• 1972 establishments in West Bengal
• Dams completed in 1972
• Railway bridges in West Bengal
• 20th-century architecture in India