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Ferdinand I & V
State portrait of Ferdinand I in the ceremonial robes of the Order of the Golden Fleece (by Leopold Kupelwieser, c. 1847)
Emperor of Austria King of Hungary (more...)
Reign	2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848
Coronations	28 September 1830, Pressburg 7 September 1836, Prague 6 September 1838, Milan
Predecessor	Francis I
Successor	Franz Joseph I
Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
In office 2 March 1835 – 12 July 1848
Preceded by	Francis I
Succeeded by	Franz Joseph I
Born	(1793-04-19)19 April 1793 Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died	29 June 1875(1875-06-29) (aged 82) Prague, Austria-Hungary
Burial	Imperial Crypt
Spouse	Maria Anna of Savoy ​(m. 1831)​
Names German: Ferdinand Karl Leopold Joseph Franz Marcellin English: Ferdinand Charles Leopold Joseph Francis Marcellin
House	Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Ferdinand I (German: Ferdinand I. 19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875) was Emperor of Austria from March 1835 until his abdication in December 1848. He was also King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), King of Lombardy–Venetia and holder of many other lesser titles (see grand title of the Emperor of Austria). Due to his passive but well-intentioned character, he gained the sobriquet The Benign (German: Der Gütige) or The Benevolent (Czech: Ferdinand Dobrotivý, Polish: Ferdynand Dobrotliwy).

Ferdinand succeeded his father Francis I upon his death on 2 March 1835. He was incapable of ruling the empire because of severe epilepsy, so his father, before he died, made a will promulgating that Ferdinand should consult his uncle Archduke Louis on all aspects of internal policy and urged him to be influenced by Prince Metternich, Austria's Foreign Minister.

Following the Revolutions of 1848, Ferdinand abdicated on 2 December 1848. He was succeeded by his nephew, Franz Joseph. Following his abdication, he lived in Hradčany Palace, Prague, until his death in 1875.

Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Savoy, the sixth child of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. They had no children.

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand was the eldest son of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. Possibly as a result of his parents' genetic closeness (they were double first cousins), Ferdinand had hydrocephalus, neurological problems including epilepsy, and a speech impediment. He was educated by Baron Josef Kalasanz von Erberg, and his wife Countess Josephine von Attems.

Reign

Ferdinand suffered from epilepsy. Although he has been depicted as feeble-minded and incapable of ruling, he kept a coherent and legible diary and has even been said to have had a sharp wit. However, suffering as many as twenty seizures per day severely restricted his ability to rule with any effectiveness. Though he was not declared incapacitated, a Regent's Council (Archduke Louis, Count Kolowrat, and Prince Metternich) steered the government.

When Ferdinand married Princess Maria Anna of Savoy, the court physician considered it unlikely that he would be able to consummate the marriage. When he tried to consummate the marriage, he had five seizures. He is also remembered for his command to his cook: when told he could not have apricot dumplings (Marillenknödel) because apricots were out of season, he said "I am the Emperor, and I want dumplings!" (German: Ich bin der Kaiser und ich will Knödel!).

1848 Revolution

As the revolutionaries of 1848 were marching on the palace, he is supposed to have asked Metternich for an explanation. When Metternich answered that they were starting a revolution, Ferdinand is supposed to have said "But are they allowed to do that?" (Viennese German: Ja, dürfen's denn des?) He was convinced by Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to abdicate in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (the next in line was Ferdinand's younger brother Franz Karl, but he was persuaded by his wife Sophie to renounce his succession rights in favour of his son) who would occupy the Austrian throne for the next 68 years.

Ferdinand recorded the events in his diary:

The affair ended with the new Emperor kneeling before his old Emperor and Lord, that is to say, me, and asking for a blessing, which I gave him, laying both hands on his head and making the sign of the Holy Cross ... then I embraced him and kissed our new master, and then we went to our room. Afterwards I and my dear wife heard Holy Mass ... After that I and my dear wife packed our bags.

In retirement (1848–1875)

Ferdinand was the last King of Bohemia to be crowned as such. Due to his sympathy with Bohemia (where he spent the rest of his life in Prague Castle) he was given the Czech nickname "Ferdinand V, the Good" (Ferdinand Dobrotivý). In Austria, Ferdinand was similarly nicknamed "Ferdinand der Gütige" (Ferdinand the Benign), but also ridiculed as "Gütinand der Fertige" (Goodinand the Finished).

Ferdinand was also the last ruler to be crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in his capacity as King of Lombardy-Venetia.

He is interred in tomb number 62 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.

Titles and honours

He used the titles:

His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Ferdinand the First, By the Grace of God

• Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, fifth by this name, King of Lombardy and Venice, King of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria;
• King of Jerusalem etc.
• Archduke of Austria
• Grand duke of Tuscany and Cracow ;
• Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Ragusa, and Zara;
• Grand prince of Transylvania;
• Margrave of Moravia;
• Princely Count of Habsburg, Kyburg, Tyrol, Gorizia and Gradisca;
• Prince of Trent and Brixen;
• Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria, Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.
• Lord of Trieste, Cattaro and over the Windic March.

Honours

•  Austrian Empire:
  • Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1793
  • Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1830
  • Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold
  • Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class
• France:
  • French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour
  • Kingdom of France: Knight of the Holy Spirit, 1816
•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1824
•  Duchy of Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar, 1826
•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 11 April 1830
• Electorate of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 26 December 1830
•  Baden:
  • Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1830
  • Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1830
•  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1830
•  Two Sicilies:
  • Knight of St. Januarius, 1830
  • Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit
•  Württemberg: Knight of the Golden Eagle, 1830
•  Kingdom of Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 12 January 1831
• Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 24 January 1831
•  Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 1 February 1831
•  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
• Kingdom of Portugal:
  • Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ
  • Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
•  Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, 28 February 1835
•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 2 April 1835
• Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 14 April 1835
• Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, May 1835
• Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 18 March 1837
•  Kingdom of Hanover:
  • Knight of St. George, 1847
  • Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1847
•  Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 23 April 1849
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph

Ancestry

Ferdinand's parents were double first cousins as they shared all four grandparents (Francis' paternal grandparents were his wife's maternal grandparents and vice versa). Therefore, Ferdinand only had four great-grandparents, being descended from each of them twice. Further back in his ancestry there is more pedigree collapse due to the close intermarriage between the Houses of Austria and Spain and other Catholic monarchies.

See also

• Charles II of Spain (1661–1700)
• List of heirs to the Austrian throne
• Rulers of Germany family tree. He was related to every other ruler of Germany.

References

1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand I. of Austria" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2. Thomas Nipperdey: Deutsche Geschichte 1800-1866. Bürgerwelt und starker Staat, C.H. Beck, broschierte Sonderausgabe 1998, S. 339.
3. Taylor, A. J. P.: "The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918" (Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1990, ISBN 978-0-14-013498-8), pp 52-53
4. van der Kiste, p. 16
5. Grafenauer, Bogo (1925–1991). "Erberg Jožef Kalasanc baron" [Erberg Joseph Calasanz baron]. In Cankar, Izidor; et al. (eds.). Slovenski biografski leksikon (in Slovenian). ISBN 978-961-268-001-5. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
6. van der Kiste, John. Emperor Francis Joseph London: Sutton Publishing, 2005 ISBN 0-7509-3787-4. p 2
7. According to A.J.P. Taylor, he was in fact asking for noodles - "But it is an unacceptable pun in English for a noodle to ask for noodles" - The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918
8. Regan, Geoffrey. Royal Blunders page 72
9. Velde, Francois R. "Royal Styles". heraldica.org.
10. "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1834, pp. 23, 34, 41, 57, retrieved 18 June 2020
11. Boettger, T. F. "Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece". La Confrérie Amicale. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
12. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
13. Teulet, Alexandre (1863). "Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578-1830)" [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578-1830)]. Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France (in French) (2): 114. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
14. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1833. Landesamt. 1833. p. 6.
15. Almanacco di corte (in Italian). 1858. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
16. Hessen-Darmstadt (1858), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1858 (in German), Darmstadt, p. 8, retrieved 12 March 2020{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
17. Hessen-Kassel (1858). Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1858. Waisenhaus. p. 15.
18. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 32, 50
19. Sachsen (1866). Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66. Heinrich. p. 3.
20. Angelo Scordo, Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie (PDF) (in Italian), p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016
21. Württemberg (1858). Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1858. Guttenberg. p. 31.
22. Luigi Cibrario (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri. Eredi Botta. p. 105.
23. Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 19
24. ^ J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter. Berling. pp. 166–167.
25. "Grand Crosses of the Order of the Tower and Sword". geneall.net. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
26. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 11
27. Sveriges och Norges Statskalender (in Swedish), 1864, p. 421, retrieved 20 February 2019 – via runeberg.org
28. "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden", Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1843, p. 4, retrieved 12 March 2020
29. Anhalt-Köthen (1851). Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851. Katz. p. 10.
30. Staat Hannover (1865). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865. Berenberg. pp. 37, 73.
31. "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Real y distinguida orden de Carlos Terceros", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1868, p. 167, retrieved 18 June 2020
32. Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855. Stamperia Granducale. 1855. p. 272.
33. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Franz I." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 208 – via Wikisource.
34. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 81 – via Wikisource.
35. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Theresia (deutsche Kaiserin)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 60 – via Wikisource.
36. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Ludovica (deutsche Kaiserin)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 53 – via Wikisource.
37. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 9.

External links

• Tomáš Kleisner, "Medals of the Emperor Ferdinand the Good 1793-1875" Prague 2013 ISBN 978-80-7036-396-6
• "Biography of Emperor Ferdinand" Archived 2019-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
• Literature by and about Ferdinand I in the German National Library catalogue
• Works by and about Ferdinand I of Austria in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
• Ferdinand I In: Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon (in German), vol. 2, Leipzig, 1837, pp. 25–26
• Ferdinand I In: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon (in German), vol. 1 (5 ed.), Leipzig, 1911, p. 569{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Ferdinand I of Austria in Austria-Forum (in German) (at AEIOU)
• Entry about Ferdinand I of Austria in the database Gedächtnis des Landes on the history of the state of Lower Austria (Lower Austria Museum)

v t e Monarchs of Bohemia
Přemyslid	Legendary Czech Krok Libuše Přemysl the Ploughman Valasca Nezamysl Mnata Vojen Vnislav Křesomysl Neklan Hostivít c. 870–1198 (Dukes) Bořivoj I Spytihněv I Vratislaus I Saint Wenceslaus Boleslaus I Boleslaus II Boleslaus III Vladivoj Boleslaus the Brave Jaromír Oldřich Bretislaus I Spytihněv II Vratislaus II (I) Conrad I Bretislaus II Bořivoj II Svatopluk the Lion Vladislaus I Sobeslaus I Vladislaus II (I) Frederick Sobeslaus II Frederick Conrad II Otto Wenceslaus II Ottokar I Henry Bretislaus Vladislaus III Henry 1198–1306 (Kings) Ottokar I Wenceslaus I Ottokar II Wenceslaus II Wenceslaus III
Non-dynastic	1306–1310 Henry the Carinthian Rudolph I
Luxembourg	1310–1437 John the Blind Charles IV (I) Wenceslaus IV Sigismund
Habsburg	1437–1457 Albert Interregnum Ladislaus the Posthumous
Non-dynastic	1457–1471 George Matthias I
Jagiellonian	1471–1526 Vladislaus II Louis
Habsburg	1526–1780 Ferdinand I Maximilian Rudolph II Matthias II Ferdinand II Frederick Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles II Charles Albert (II) Maria Theresa
Habsburg-Lorraine	1780–1918 Joseph II Leopold II Francis II (I) Ferdinand V Francis Joseph Charles I (III)
Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title Antiking Elector Palatine from the Wittelsbach dynasty Prince-elector of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty

v t e Monarchs of Hungary
Family tree
House of Árpád	Grand Princes Álmos (c. 850–c. 895) Árpád (c. 895–c. 907) Zoltán (c. 907–c. 947) Fajsz (c. 947–c. 955) Taksony (c. 955–c. 972) Géza (c. 972–997) Stephen (997–1000) Kings Stephen I (1000–1038) Peter (1038–1041; 1044–1046) Samuel (1041–1044) Andrew I (1046–1060) Béla I (1060–1063) Solomon (1063–1074) Géza I (1074–1077) Ladislaus I (1077–1095) Coloman (1095–1116) Stephen II (1116–1131) Béla II (1131–1141) Géza II (1141–1162) Stephen III (1162–1172) Ladislaus II (1162–1163) Stephen IV (1163–1165) Béla III (1172–1196) Emeric (1196–1204) Ladislaus III (1204–1205) Andrew II (1205–1235) Béla IV (1235–1270) Stephen V (1270–1272) Ladislaus IV (1272–1290) Andrew III (1290–1301)
House of Přemysl	Wenceslaus (1301–1305)
House of Wittelsbach	Otto (1305–1307)
Capetian House of Anjou	Charles I (1308–1342) Louis I (1342–1382) Maria (1382–1385; 1386–1395) Charles II (1385–1386)
House of Luxembourg	Sigismund (1387–1437)
House of Habsburg	Albert (1437–1439) Ladislaus V (1440–1457)
House of Jagiellon	Vladislaus I (1440–1444)
House of Hunyadi	Matthias I (1458–1490)
House of Jagiellon	Vladislaus II (1490–1516) Louis II (1516–1526)
House of Zápolya	John (1526–1540) John Sigismund (1540–1570)
House of Habsburg	Ferdinand I (1526–1564) Maximilian (1564–1576) Rudolph (1576–1608) Matthias II (1608–1619) Ferdinand II (1619–1637) Ferdinand III (1637–1657) Ferdinand IV (1647–1654) Leopold I (1657–1705) Joseph I (1705–1711) Charles III (1711–1740) Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine	Joseph II (1780–1790) Leopold II (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1835) Ferdinand V (1835–1848) Francis Joseph (1848–1916) Charles IV (1916–1918)
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

v t e German Confederations (1806–1871)
Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813	Protector Napoleon I (1806–1813) Prince primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg (1806–1813) Eugène de Beauharnais (1813)
German Confederation 1815–1866	Presidents Francis I of Austria (1815–1835) Ferdinand I of Austria (1835–1848) Francis Joseph I of Austria (1850–1866) Imperial regent Archduke Johann of Austria (1848–1849)
North German Confederation 1867–1871	President Wilhelm I of Prussia (1867–1871) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1867–1871)
List of German monarchs History of Germany House of Habsburg-Lorraine House of Hohenzollern

v t e Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Belligerents	Austrian Empire Hungarian Revolutionary Army Kingdom of Hungary Russian Empire
Pretext	April Laws
Major battles	Pákozd Schwechat Mór Kápolna Battles of Komárom First battle Second battle Third battle Isaszeg Buda Pered Segesvár Szőreg Temesvár Kishegyes
Other events	1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania Vienna Uprising
Influence	Hungarian Declaration of Independence Surrender at Világos Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Leaders for Austria	Ferdinand I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Eduard Clam-Gallas Julius Jacob von Haynau Josip Jelačić Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein Franz Schlik Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz
Leaders for Hungary	Lajos Batthyány Józef Bem János Damjanich Henryk Dembiński Antal Vetter Arisztid Dessewffy András Gáspár Artúr Görgey Richard Guyon György Klapka György Kmety Lajos Kossuth Vilmos Lázár Lázár Mészáros János Móga Alessandro Monti Ferenc Ottinger Mór Perczel István Széchenyi Bertalan Szemere
Leaders for Russia	Alexander von Lüders Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich Grigory Khristoforovich Zass Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm
Commons

• Ferdinand I of Austria
• 1793 births
• 1875 deaths
• 19th-century emperors of Austria
• 19th-century monarchs of Bohemia
• Dukes of Opole
• Monarchs who abdicated
• House of Habsburg-Lorraine
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• People with hydrocephalus
• 19th-century archdukes of Austria
• Burials at the Imperial Crypt
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