The first sugar plantation was established in 1674 by Sir Christopher Codrington. By the end of the century, a plantation economy had developed, slaves were imported from Africa and the central valleys were deforested and replanted with sugar cane. To feed the slaves, Codrington leased the neighbouring island of Barbuda from the British Crown and planted it with food crops. As Antigua prospered, the British built fortifications around the island, turning it into one of their most secure bases in the Caribbean. The military could no secure the economy, however, and in the early 1800s the sugar market began to bottom out. With the abolition of slavery in 1834, the plantations fell apart.

Although the slave trade had been abolished by the time of Clark’s visit, slavery itself still existed. Yet his images, intended for publication in Britain, showed nothing of the suffering of the enslaved and, if taken at face value, would have given quite the wrong impression of slave conditions to the British public.

The original artefact or artwork has been assessed as public domain by age, and faithful reproductions of the two dimensional work are also public domain. No permission is required for reuse for any purpose.

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